Publication Cover
Natural Product Research
Formerly Natural Product Letters
Volume 36, 2022 - Issue 22
565
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Role of nutraceuticals on neurodegenerative diseases: neuroprotective and immunomodulant activity

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 5916-5933 | Received 05 Nov 2021, Accepted 07 Dec 2021, Published online: 29 Dec 2021

References

  • Aghraz A, Albergamo A, Benameur Q, Salvo A, Larhsini M, Markouk M, Gervasi T, Cicero N. 2020. Polyphenols contents, heavy metals analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from Cladanthus arabicus and Bubonium imbricatum of Moroccan Origin. Nat Prod Res. 34(1):63–70.
  • Akbik D, Ghadiri M, Chrzanowski W, Rohanizadeh R. 2014. Curcumin as a wound healing agent. Life Sci. 116(1):1–7.
  • Albergamo A, Vadala R, Metro D, Nava V, Bartolomeo G, Rando R, Macri A, Messina L, Gualtieri R, Colombo N, et al. 2021. Physicochemical, nutritional, microbiological, and sensory qualities of chicken burgers reformulated with mediterranean plant ingredients and health-promoting compounds. Foods. 10(9).2129.
  • Alesci A, Aragona M, Cicero N, Lauriano ER. 2021a. Can nutraceuticals assist treatment and improve covid-19 symptoms? Nat Prod Res. 1–20.DOI:10.1080/14786419.2021.1914032.
  • Alesci A, Cicero N, Salvo A, Palombieri D, Zaccone D, Dugo G, Bruno M, Vadala R, Lauriano ER, Pergolizzi S. 2014. Extracts deriving from olive mill waste water and their effects on the liver of the goldfish Carassius auratus fed with hypercholesterolemic diet. Nat Prod Res. 28(17):1343–1349.
  • Alesci A, Fumia A, Lo Cascio P, Miller A, Cicero N. 2021b. Immunostimulant and antidepressant effect of natural compounds in the management of Covid-19 symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr. 1–15.DOI:10.1080/07315724.2021.1965503.
  • Alesci A, Lauriano ER, Aragona M, Capillo G, Pergolizzi S. 2020. Marking vertebrates langerhans cells, from fish to mammals. Acta Histochem. 122(7):151622.
  • Alesci A, Miller A, Tardugno R, Pergolizzi S. 2021c. Chemical analysis, biological and therapeutic activities of Olea europaea L. extracts. Nat Prod Res. 1–14.DOI:10.1080/14786419.2021.1922404.
  • Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Lo Cascio P, Fumia A, Lauriano ER. 2021d. Neuronal regeneration: Vertebrates comparative overview and new perspectives for neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Zool.DOI:10.1111/azo.12397.
  • Alesci A, Salvo A, Lauriano ER, Gervasi T, Palombieri D, Bruno M, Pergolizzi S, Cicero N. 2015. Production and extraction of astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma and its biological effect on alcohol-induced renal hypoxia in Carassius auratus. Nat Prod Res. 29(12):1122–1126.
  • Alessio A, Pergolizzi S, Gervasi T, Aragona M, Lo Cascio P, Cicero N, Lauriano ER. 2020. Biological effect of astaxanthin on alcohol-induced gut damage in Carassius auratus used as experimental model. Nat Prod Res. 35(24):5737–5743.
  • Baghdasaryan A, Claudel T, Kosters A, Gumhold J, Silbert D, Thuringer A, Leski K, Fickert P, Karpen SJ, Trauner M. 2010. Curcumin improves sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2-/- mice by inhibition of cholangiocyte inflammatory response and portal myofibroblast proliferation. Gut. 59(4):521–530.
  • Baur JA, Sinclair DA. 2006. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 5(6):493–506.
  • Becher B, Spath S, Goverman J. 2017. Cytokine networks in neuroinflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 17(1):49–59.
  • Besednova NN, Andryukov BG, Zaporozhets TS, Kryzhanovsky SP, Fedyanina LN, Kuznetsova TA, Zvyagintseva TN, Shchelkanov MY. 2021. Antiviral effects of polyphenols from marine algae. Biomedicines. 9(2):200.
  • Bhattacharjee S, Bhattacharjee A, Majumder S, Majumdar SB, Majumdar S. 2012. Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses Cox-2-mediated anti-inflammatory responses during Leishmania donovani infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 67(8):1905–1914.
  • Bhuvaneswari S, Arunkumar E, Viswanathan P, Anuradha C. 2010. Astaxanthin restricts weight gain, promotes insulin sensitivity and curtails fatty liver disease in mice fed a obesity-promoting diet. Process Biochem. 45(8):1406–1414.
  • Bingman VP. 1992. The importance of comparative studies and ecological validity for understanding hippocampal structure and cognitive function. Hippocampus. 2(3):213–219.
  • Bonaterra GA, Schwendler A, Huther J, Schwarzbach H, Schwarz A, Kolb C, Abdel-Aziz H, Kinscherf R. 2017. Neurotrophic, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects of St. John's wort extract on differentiated mouse hippocampal HT-22 neurons. Front Pharmacol. 8:955.
  • Boozari M, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. 2019. Impact of curcumin on toll-like receptors. J Cell Physiol. 234(8):12471–12482.
  • Brenn A, Grube M, Jedlitschky G, Fischer A, Strohmeier B, Eiden M, Keller M, Groschup MH, Vogelgesang S. 2014. St. John's Wort reduces beta-amyloid accumulation in a double transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model-role of P-glycoprotein. Brain Pathol. 24(1):18–24.
  • Budantsev AL, Prikhodko VA, Varganova IV, Okovityi SV. 2021. Biological activity of hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae): A review. Farm Farmakol (Pâtigorsk). 9(1):17–31.
  • Cao Z, Wang F, Xiu C, Zhang J, Li Y. 2017. Hypericum perforatum extract attenuates behavioral, biochemical, and neurochemical abnormalities in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 91:931–937.
  • Checkoway H, Lundin JI, Kelada SN. 2011. Neurodegenerative diseases. IARC Sci Publ. (163):407–419.
  • Chen CJ, Raung SL, Liao SL, Chen SY. 2004. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by baicalein in endotoxin/cytokine-stimulated microglia. Biochem Pharmacol. 67(5):957–965.
  • Chew BP, Park JS, Wong MW, Wong TS. 1999. A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo. Anticancer Res. 19(3A):1849–1853.
  • Choi S, Koo S. 2005. Efficient syntheses of the keto-carotenoids canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, and astacene. J Org Chem. 70(8):3328–3331.
  • Choi RC, Zhu JT, Yung AW, Lee PS, Xu SL, Guo AJ, Zhu KY, Dong TT, Tsim KW. 2013. Synergistic action of flavonoids, baicalein, and daidzein in estrogenic and neuroprotective effects: a development of potential health products and therapeutic drugs against Alzheimer's Disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013:635694.
  • Crispi S, Filosa S. 2021. Novel perspectives for neurodegeneration prevention: effects of bioactive polyphenols. Neural Regen Res. 16(7):1411–1412.
  • Di Meo F, Cuciniello R, Margarucci S, Bergamo P, Petillo O, Peluso G, Filosa S, Crispi S. 2020. Ginkgo biloba prevents oxidative stress-induced apoptosis blocking p53 activation in neuroblastoma cells. Antioxidants (Basel). 9(4):279.
  • Di Meo F, Margarucci S, Galderisi U, Crispi S, Peluso G. 2019. Curcumin, gut microbiota, and neuroprotection. Nutrients. 11(10):1–14.
  • Dinda B, Dinda S, DasSharma S, Banik R, Chakraborty A, Dinda M. 2017. Therapeutic potentials of baicalin and its aglycone, baicalein against inflammatory disorders. Eur J Med Chem. 131:68–80.
  • Dugger BN, Dickson DW. 2017. Pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 9(7):a028035.
  • Eckert A, Keil U, Scherping I, Hauptmann S, Muller WE. 2005. Stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential and improvement of neuronal energy metabolism by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1056:474–485.
  • Efenberger-Szmechtyk M, Nowak A, Czyzowska A. 2021. Plant extracts rich in polyphenols: antibacterial agents and natural preservatives for meat and meat products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 61(1):149–178.
  • Fang P, Schachner M, Shen YQ. 2012. HMGB1 in development and diseases of the central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol. 45(3):499–506.
  • Faraco G, Park L, Anrather J, Iadecola C. 2017. Brain perivascular macrophages: characterization and functional roles in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl). 95(11):1143–1152.
  • Fazio F, Habib SS, Naz S, Filiciotto F, Cicero N, Rehman HU, Saddozai S, Rind KH, Rind NA, Shar AH. 2021. Effect of fortified feed with olive leaves extract on the haematological and biochemical parameters of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia). Nat Prod Res. 1–6.DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1883606
  • Feigin VL, Vos T. 2019. global burden of neurological disorders: From global burden of disease estimates to actions. Neuroepidemiology. 52(1–2):1–2.
  • Feng L, Zhu MM, Zhang MH, Wang RS, Tan XB, Song J, Ding SM, Jia XB, Hu SY. 2013. Protection of glycyrrhizic acid against AGEs-induced endothelial dysfunction through inhibiting RAGE/NF-κB pathway activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 148(1):27–36.
  • Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, Hall K, Hasegawa K, Hendrie H, Huang Y, Alzheimer's Disease International, et al. 2005. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 366(9503):2112–2117.
  • Fiala M, Liu PT, Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Rosenthal MJ, Bernard G, Ringman JM, Sayre J, Zhang L, Zaghi J, Dejbakhsh S, et al. 2007. Innate immunity and transcription of MGAT-III and Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease patients are improved by bisdemethoxycurcumin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104(31):12849–12854.
  • Fujii T, Mashimo M, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H, Ono S, Horiguchi K, Kawashima K. 2017. Expression and function of the cholinergic system in immune cells. Front Immunol. 8:1085
  • Fujita Y, Yamashita T. 2018. Sirtuins in neuroendocrine regulation and neurological diseases. Front Neurosci. 12:778.
  • Gaiardo RB, Abreu TF, Tashima AK, Telles MM, Cerutti SM. 2018. Target proteins in the dorsal hippocampal formation sustain the memory-enhancing and neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba. Front Pharmacol. 9:1533.
  • Garcia-Alloza M, Borrelli LA, Rozkalne A, Hyman BT, Bacskai BJ. 2007. Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model. J Neurochem. 102(4):1095–1104.
  • Gervasi T, Oliveri F, Gottuso V, Squadrito M, Bartolomeo G, Cicero N, Dugo G. 2016. Nero d'Avola and Perricone cultivars: determination of polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins in grapes and wines. Nat Prod Res. 30(20):2329–2337.
  • Gervasi T, Pellizzeri V, Benameur Q, Gervasi C, Santini A, Cicero N, Dugo G. 2018a. Valorization of raw materials from agricultural industry for astaxanthin and β-carotene production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Nat Prod Res. 32(13):1554–1561.
  • Gervasi T, Pellizzeri V, Calabrese G, Di Bella G, Cicero N, Dugo G. 2018b. Production of single cell protein (SCP) from food and agricultural waste by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nat Prod Res. 32(6):648–653.
  • Gitler AD, Dhillon P, Shorter J. 2017. Neurodegenerative disease: models, mechanisms, and a new hope. Dis Model Mech. 10(5):499–502.
  • Gómez del Rio MA, Sánchez-Reus MI, Iglesias I, Pozo MA, García-Arencibia M, Fernández-Ruiz J, García-García L, Delgado M, Benedí J. 2013. Neuroprotective properties of standardized extracts of hypericum perforatum on rotenone model of parkinson's disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 12(5):665–679.
  • Gratwicke J, Jahanshahi M, Foltynie T. 2015. Parkinson's disease dementia: a neural networks perspective. Brain. 138(Pt 6):1454–1476.
  • Grieco F, Carluccio MA, Giovinazzo G. 2019. Autochthonous Saccharomyces cerevisiae starter cultures enhance polyphenols content, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory response of Apulian Red Wines. Foods. 8(10):453.
  • Grundmann O, Lv Y, Kelber O, Butterweck V. 2010. Mechanism of St. John's wort extract (STW3-VI) during chronic restraint stress is mediated by the interrelationship of the immune, oxidative defense, and neuroendocrine system. Neuropharmacology. 58(4–5):767–773.
  • Gu J, Li Z, Chen H, Xu X, Li Y, Gui Y. 2021. Neuroprotective effect of trans-resveratrol in mild to moderate alzheimer disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Neurol Ther. 10(2):905–917.
  • Han YS, Bastianetto S, Dumont Y, Quirion R. 2006. Specific plasma membrane binding sites for polyphenols, including resveratrol, in the rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 318(1):238–245.
  • Han YS, Zheng WH, Bastianetto S, Chabot JG, Quirion R. 2004. Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons: involvement of protein kinase C. Br J Pharmacol. 141(6):997–1005.
  • Hardy J, Selkoe DJ. 2002. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science. 297(5580):353–356.
  • Heemels MT. 2016. Neurodegenerative diseases. Nature. 539(7628):179.
  • Holland N, Bolognesi C, Kirsch-Volders M, Bonassi S, Zeiger E, Knasmueller S, Fenech M. 2008. The micronucleus assay in human buccal cells as a tool for biomonitoring DNA damage: the HUMN project perspective on current status and knowledge gaps. Mutat Res. 659(1–2):93–108.
  • Hung KC, Huang HJ, Wang YT, Lin AM. 2016. Baicalein attenuates α-synuclein aggregation, inflammasome activation and autophagy in the MPP+-treated nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol. 194:522–529.
  • Jacobson A, Yang D, Vella M, Chiu IM. 2021. The intestinal neuro-immune axis: crosstalk between neurons, immune cells, and microbes. Mucosal Immunol. 14(3):555–565.
  • Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Iijima K, Gross MD. 2000. Antitumor activity of astaxanthin and its mode of action. Nutr Cancer. 36(1):59–65.
  • Katagiri M, Satoh A, Tsuji S, Shirasawa T. 2012. Effects of astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract on cognitive function: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 51(2):102–107.
  • Kiasalari Z, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. 2016. Hypericum perforatum hydroalcoholic extract mitigates motor dysfunction and is neuroprotective in intrastriatal 6-Hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 36(4):521–530.
  • Kim YH, Koh HK, Kim DS. 2010. Down-regulation of IL-6 production by astaxanthin via ERK-, MSK-, and NF-κB-mediated signals in activated microglia. Int Immunopharmacol. 10(12):1560–1572.
  • Kong ZH, Chen X, Hua HP, Liang L, Liu LJ. 2017. The oral pretreatment of glycyrrhizin prevents surgery-induced cognitive impairment in aged mice by reducing neuroinflammation and alzheimer's-related pathology via HMGB1 inhibition. J Mol Neurosci. 63(3–4):385–395.
  • Kuang S, Yang L, Rao Z, Zhong Z, Li J, Zhong H, Dai L, Tang X. 2018. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on A53T α-synuclein transgenic mouse models of Parkinson's Disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 45(2):182–187.
  • Kumar GP, Khanum F. 2012. Neuroprotective potential of phytochemicals. Pharmacogn Rev. 6(12):81–90.
  • Kwiecień I, Nicosia N, Ekiert H. 2021. Chapter Chapter. Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) and biotechnological approaches for improvement of plant raw material quality. Med Plants. 8:253–291.
  • Kwiecień I, Szydłowska A, Kawka B, Beerhues L, Ekiert H. 2015. Accumulation of biologically active phenolic acids in agitated shoot cultures of three Hypericum perforatum cultivars: ‘Elixir’, ‘Helos’ and ‘Topas. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult. 123(2):273–281.
  • Kwon KJ, Kim HJ, Shin CY, Han SH. 2010. Melatonin potentiates the neuroprotective properties of resveratrol against beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration by modulating amp-activated protein kinase pathways. J Clin Neurol. 6(3):127–137.
  • LaFerla FM, Green KN, Oddo S. 2007. Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 8(7):499–509.
  • Lauriano ER, Aragona M, Alesci A, Lo Cascio P, Pergolizzi S. 2021. Toll-like receptor 2 and α-smooth muscle actin expressed in the tunica of a urochordate, Styela plicata. Tissue Cell. 71:101584.
  • Lauriano ER, Icardo JM, Zaccone D, Kuciel M, Satora L, Alesci A, Alfa M, Zaccone G. 2015. Expression patterns and quantitative assessment of neurochemical markers in the lung of the gray bichir, Polypterus senegalus (Cuvier, 1829). Acta Histochem. 117(8):738–746.
  • Lauriano ER, Pergolizzi S, Capillo G, Kuciel M, Alesci A, Faggio C. 2016. Immunohistochemical characterization of Toll-like receptor 2 in gut epithelial cells and macrophages of goldfish Carassius auratus fed with a high-cholesterol diet. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 59:250–255.
  • Lauriano ER, Żuwała K, Kuciel M, Budzik KA, Capillo G, Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Dugo G, Zaccone G. 2016. Confocal immunohistochemistry of the dermal glands and evolutionary considerations in the caecilian,Typhlonectes natans(Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Acta Zool. 97(2):154–164.
  • Lauriano ER, Silvestri G, Kuciel M, Zuwała K, Zaccone D, Palombieri D, Alesci A, Pergolizzi S. 2014. Immunohistochemical localization of Toll-like receptor 2 in skin Langerhans' cells of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Tissue Cell. 46(2):113–121.
  • Li F, Gong Q, Dong H, Shi J. 2012. Resveratrol, a neuroprotective supplement for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Des. 18(1):27–33.
  • Li FQ, Wang T, Pei Z, Liu B, Hong JS. 2005. Inhibition of microglial activation by the herbal flavonoid baicalein attenuates inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. J Neural Transm (Vienna)). 112(3):331–347.
  • Li Y, Zhao J, Holscher C. 2017. Therapeutic potential of Baicalein in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs. 31(8):639–652.
  • Li XL, Zhou AG. 2012. Evaluation of the immunity activity of glycyrrhizin in AR mice. Molecules. 17(1):716–727.
  • Lien E, Means TK, Heine H, Yoshimura A, Kusumoto S, Fukase K, Fenton MJ, Oikawa M, Qureshi N, Monks B, et al. 2000. Toll-like receptor 4 imparts ligand-specific recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Clin Invest. 105(4):497–504.
  • Lin TS, Tsai HJ, Lee CH, Song YQ, Huang RS, Hsieh-Li HM, Liang MC, Lin Y. 2017. An improved drugs screening system reveals that Baicalein Ameliorates the Aβ/AMPA/NMDA-induced depolarization of neurons. J Alzheimers Dis. 56(3):959–976.
  • Liu JA, Yu J, Cheung CW. 2021. Immune actions on the peripheral nervous system in pain. Int J Mol Sci. 22(3): 1–18.
  • Luo P, Liu D, Li J. 2020. Pharmacological perspective: glycyrrhizin may be an efficacious therapeutic agent for COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 55(6):105995.
  • Marrelli M, Statti G, Conforti F. 2020. Hypericum spp.: an update on the biological activities and metabolic profiles. Mini Rev Med Chem. 20(1):66–87.
  • Mishra CB, Kumari S, Manral A, Prakash A, Saini V, Lynn AM, Tiwari M. 2017. Design, synthesis, in-silico and biological evaluation of novel donepezil derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem. 125:736–750.
  • Molteni M, Rossetti C. 2017. Neurodegenerative diseases: the immunological perspective. J Neuroimmunol. 313:109–115.
  • Monroy-Ruiz J, Sevilla MA, Carron R, Montero MJ. 2011. Astaxanthin-enriched-diet reduces blood pressure and improves cardiovascular parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Res. 63(1):44–50.
  • Moosmann B, Behl C. 2002. Antioxidants as treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 11(10):1407–1435.
  • Ni Y-F, Kuai J-K, Lu Z-F, Yang G-D, Fu H-Y, Wang J, Tian F, Yan X-L, Zhao Y-C, Wang Y-J, et al. 2011. Glycyrrhizin treatment is associated with attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. J Surg Res. 165(1):e29–e35.
  • Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Kotake S, Nishida T, Mizuki N, Yazawa K, Ohno S. 2003. Effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 44(6):2694–2701.
  • Okhti ZA, Abdalah ME, Hanna DB. 2021. Phytochemical structure and Biological Effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves:A review. Int J Pharm Res. 13(02).
  • Oomen CA, Farkas E, Roman V, van der Beek EM, Luiten PG, Meerlo P. 2009. Resveratrol preserves cerebrovascular density and cognitive function in aging mice. Front Aging Neurosci. 1:4.
  • Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP. 2010. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond). 7(1):18.
  • Patterson C. 2018. World Alzheimer report. 2018. Published by Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), London. 1–42.
  • Penninkilampi R, Eslick EM, Eslick GD. 2017. The association between consistent licorice ingestion, hypertension and hypokalaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens. 31(11):699–707.
  • Pergolizzi S, Rizzo G, Favaloro A, Alesci A, Pallio S, Melita G, Cutroneo G, Lauriano ER. 2021. Expression of VAChT and 5-HT in ulcerative colitis dendritic cells. Acta Histochem. 123(4):151715.
  • Pribiag H, Stellwagen D. 2013. TNF-α downregulates inhibitory neurotransmission through protein phosphatase 1-dependent trafficking of GABA(A) receptors. J Neurosci. 33(40):15879–15893.
  • Rahman SO, Panda BP, Parvez S, Kaundal M, Hussain S, Akhtar M, Najmi AK. 2019. Neuroprotective role of astaxanthin in hippocampal insulin resistance induced by Aβ peptides in animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 110:47–58.
  • Raikkonen K, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Lahti J, Komsi N, Eriksson JG, Seckl JR, Jarvenpaa AL, Strandberg TE. 2009. Maternal licorice consumption and detrimental cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in children. Am J Epidemiol. 170(9):1137–1146.
  • Rao AR, Sindhuja HN, Dharmesh SM, Sankar KU, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA. 2013. Effective inhibition of skin cancer, tyrosinase, and antioxidative properties by astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. J Agric Food Chem. 61(16):3842–3851.
  • Reitz C, Mayeux R. 2014. Alzheimer disease: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, risk factors and biomarkers. Biochem Pharmacol. 88(4):640–651.
  • Richard T, Poupard P, Nassra M, Papastamoulis Y, Iglesias ML, Krisa S, Waffo-Teguo P, Merillon JM, Monti JP. 2011. Protective effect of ε-viniferin on β-amyloid peptide aggregation investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Bioorg Med Chem. 19(10):3152–3155.
  • Sharifzadeh M, Shamsa F, Shiran S, Karimfar MH, Miri AH, Jalalizadeh H, Gholizadeh S, Salar F, Tabrizian K. 2008. A time course analysis of systemic administration of aqueous licorice extract on spatial memory retention in rats. Planta Med. 74(5):485–490.
  • Sharma N, Nehru B. 2018. Curcumin affords neuroprotection and inhibits α-synuclein aggregation in lipopolysaccharide-induced Parkinson's disease model. Inflammopharmacology. 26(2):349–360.
  • Sharma P, Srivastava P, Seth A, Tripathi PN, Banerjee AG, Shrivastava SK. 2019. Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol. 174:53–89.
  • Shi DD, Dong CM, Ho LC, Lam CTW, Zhou XD, Wu EX, Zhou ZJ, Wang XM, Zhang ZJ. 2018. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, prevents chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment: involvement of cytokine modulation and neuroprotection. Neurobiol Dis. 114:164–173.
  • Singh SK, Srivastav S, Castellani RJ, Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. 2019. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of ginkgo biloba extract against AD and other neurological disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 16(3):666–674.
  • Solomonov Y, Hadad N, Levy R. 2018. The combined anti-inflammatory effect of Astaxanthin, Lyc-O-Mato and carnosic acid in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of peritonitis. J Nutr Food Sci. 08(01): 1–7.
  • Song JH, Lee JW, Shim B, Lee CY, Choi S, Kang C, Sohn NW, Shin JW. 2013. Glycyrrhizin alleviates neuroinflammation and memory deficit induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice. Molecules. 18(12):15788–15803.
  • Sun X, Zeng H, Wang Q, Yu Q, Wu J, Feng Y, Deng P, Zhang H. 2018. Glycyrrhizin ameliorates inflammatory pain by inhibiting microglial activation-mediated inflammatory response via blockage of the HMGB1-TLR4-NF-kB pathway. Exp Cell Res. 369(1):112–119.
  • Suzuki Y, Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Jin XH, Ilieva I, Koyama Y, Yazawa K, Yoshida K, Kase S, Ohno S. 2006. Suppressive effects of astaxanthin against rat endotoxin-induced uveitis by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Exp Eye Res. 82(2):275–281.
  • Szewczyk A, Kwiecień I, Grabowski M, Rajek K, Cavò E, Taviano MF, Miceli N. 2021. Phenylalanine increases the production of antioxidant phenolic acids in Ginkgo biloba cell cultures. Molecules. 26(16):4965.
  • Tardugno R, Gervasi T, Nava V, Cammilleri G, Ferrantelli V, Cicero N. 2021. Nutritional and mineral composition of persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.) from Central and Southern Italy. Nat Prod Res. 1–6.DOI:10.1080/14786419.2021.1921768.
  • Taylor JP, Brown RH, Jr., Cleveland DW. 2016. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism. Nature. 539(7628):197–206.
  • Vella A, Cammilleri G, Pulvirenti A, Galluzzo F, Randisi B, Giangrosso G, Macaluso A, Gennaro S, Ciaccio G, Cicero N, et al. 2021. High hydroxycinnamic acids contents in fennel honey produced in Southern Italy. Nat Prod Res. 35(21):4104–4109.
  • Walker KA. 2018. Inflammation and neurodegeneration: chronicity matters. Aging (Albany NY). 11(1):3–4.
  • Wang CY, Kao TC, Lo WH, Yen GC. 2011. Glycyrrhizic acid and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response by suppression of NF-κB through PI3K p110δ and p110γ inhibitions. J Agric Food Chem. 59(14):7726–7733.
  • Wang XM, Walitt B, Saligan L, Tiwari AF, Cheung CW, Zhang ZJ. 2015. Chemobrain: a critical review and causal hypothesis of link between cytokines and epigenetic reprogramming associated with chemotherapy. Cytokine. 72(1):86–96.
  • Yan J, Hu J, Liu A, He L, Li X, Wei H. 2017. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of multitarget-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease based on the fusion of donepezil and curcumin. Bioorg Med Chem. 25(12):2946–2955.
  • Yang F, Lim GP, Begum AN, Ubeda OJ, Simmons MR, Ambegaokar SS, Chen PP, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Frautschy SA, et al. 2005. Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo. J Biol Chem. 280(7):5892–5901.
  • Yang Q, Wang G, Zhang F. 2020. Role of peripheral immune cells-mediated inflammation on the process of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol. 11:582825.
  • Yin Y, Ren Y, Wu W, Wang Y, Cao M, Zhu Z, Wang M, Li W. 2013. Protective effects of bilobalide on Aβ(25-35) induced learning and memory impairments in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 106:77–84.
  • Zaccone D, Icardo JM, Kuciel M, Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Satora L, Lauriano ER, Zaccone G. 2017a. Polymorphous granular cells in the lung of the primitive fish, the bichirPolypterus senegalus. Acta Zool. 98(1):13–19.
  • Zaccone G, Lauriano ER, Kuciel M, Capillo G, Pergolizzi S, Alesci A, Ishimatsu A, Ip YK, Icardo JM. 2017b. Identification and distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and neurochemical markers in the neuroepithelial cells of the gill and the skin in the giant mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri. Zoology (Jena). 125:41–52.
  • Zaccone G, Lauriano ER, Silvestri G, Kenaley C, Icardo JM, Pergolizzi S, Alesci A, Sengar M, Kuciel M, Gopesh A. 2015. Comparative neurochemical features of the innervation patterns of the gut of the basal actinopterygian, Lepisosteus oculatus, and the euteleost,Clarias batrachus. Acta Zool. 96(2):127–139.
  • Zhang L, Han Z, Granato D. 2021. Polyphenols in foods: classification, methods of identification, and nutritional aspects in human health. Adv Food Nutr Res. 98:1–33.
  • Zhao Q, Chen XY, Martin C. 2016. Scutellaria baicalensis, the golden herb from the garden of Chinese medicinal plants. Sci Bull (Beijing). 61(18):1391–1398.
  • Zhao X, Kong D, Zhou Q, Wei G, Song J, Liang Y, Du G. 2021. Baicalein alleviates depression-like behavior in rotenone- induced Parkinson's disease model in mice through activating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 140:111556.
  • Zheng ZV, Cheung CY, Lyu H, Chan HY, Li Y, Bian ZX, Wang KKW, Poon WS. 2019. Baicalein enhances the effect of low dose Levodopa on the gait deficits and protects dopaminergic neurons in experimental Parkinsonism. J Clin Neurosci. 64:242–251.
  • Zhu X, Chen C, Ye D, Guan D, Ye L, Jin J, Zhao H, Chen Y, Wang Z, Wang X, et al. 2012. Diammonium glycyrrhizinate upregulates PGC-1α and protects against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity. PLoS One. 7(4):e35823

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.