689
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Improving the rates of Aspergillus detection: an update on current diagnostic strategies

, & ORCID Icon
Pages 39-50 | Received 15 Oct 2018, Accepted 07 Dec 2018, Published online: 17 Dec 2018

References

  • Cornely OA, Lass-Florl C, Lagrou K, et al. Improving outcome of fungal diseases - guiding experts and patients towards excellence. Mycoses. 2017;60:420–425.
  • Hoenigl M, Gangneux JP, Segal E, et al. Global guidelines and initiatives from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology to improve patient care and research worldwide: new leadership is about working together. Mycoses. 2018;61:885–894.
  • Denning DW, Page ID, Chakaya J, et al. Case definition of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in resource-constrained settings. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24. DOI:10.3201/eid2408.171312
  • Garcia-Vidal C, Peghin M, Cervera C, et al. Causes of death in a contemporary cohort of patients with invasive aspergillosis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120370.
  • Shojania KG, Burton EC. The vanishing nonforensic autopsy. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:873–875.
  • Lewis RE, Cahyame-Zuniga L, Leventakos K, et al. Epidemiology and sites of involvement of invasive fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies: a 20-year autopsy study. Mycoses. 2013;56:638–645.
  • Patterson TF. Risk stratification for invasive aspergillosis: early assessment of host susceptibility. Med Mycol. 2009;47(Suppl 1):S255–60.
  • Prattes J, Lackner M, Eigl S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Aspergillus-specific bronchoalveolar lavage lateral-flow assay in haematological malignancy patients. Mycoses. 2015;58:461–469.
  • Busca A, Candoni A, Audisio E, et al. Long-lasting protective effect of posaconazole prophylaxis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22:2214–2219.
  • Lenczuk D, Zinke-Cerwenka W, Greinix H, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis with Posaconazole delayed-release tablet and oral suspension in a real-life setting: plasma levels, efficacy and tolerability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62.
  • Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:348–359.
  • Hoenigl M, Duettmann W, Raggam RB, et al. Impact of structured personal on-site patient education on low posaconazole plasma concentrations in patients with haematological malignancies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44:140–144.
  • Hoenigl M, Raggam RB, Salzer HJ, et al. Posaconazole plasma concentrations and invasive mould infections in patients with haematological malignancies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;39:510–513.
  • Prattes J, Duettmann W, Hoenigl M. Posaconazole plasma concentrations on days three to five predict steady-state levels. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:5595–5599.
  • Eigl S, Hoenigl M, Spiess B, et al. Galactomannan testing and Aspergillus PCR in same-day bronchoalveolar lavage and blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Med Mycol. 2017;55:528–534.
  • Eigl S, Prattes J, Reinwald M, et al. Influence of mould-active antifungal treatment on the performance of the Aspergillus-specific bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lateral-flow device test. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46:401–405.
  • Heldt S, Prattes J, Eigl S, et al. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in hematological malignancy patients: performance of cytokines, Asp LFD, and Aspergillus PCR in same day blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples. J Infect. 2018;77:235–241.
  • Hoenigl M, Orasch T, Faserl K, et al. Triacetylfusarinine C: a urine biomarker for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Infect. 2018 Sep 26. pii: S0163-4453(18)30279-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.09.006. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Schauwvlieghe AFAD, Rijnders BJA, Philips N, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6:782–792.
  • Ghez D, Calleja A, Protin C, et al. Early-onset invasive aspergillosis and other fungal infections in patients treated with ibrutinib. Blood. 2018;131:1955–1959.
  • Prattes J, Flick H, Pruller F, et al. Novel tests for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with underlying respiratory diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:922–929.
  • Denning DW, Cadranel J, Beigelman-Aubry C, et al. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:45–68.
  • Salzer HJF, Lange C, Honigl M. Aspergillus in airway material: ignore or treat? Internist (Berl). 2017;58:1150–1162.
  • Godet C, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Flick H, et al. A CPAnet consensus statement on research priorities for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: a neglected fungal infection that requires attention. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:280–286.
  • Geiser DM. Sexual structures in Aspergillus: morphology, importance and genomics. Med Mycol. 2009;47(Suppl 1):S21–6.
  • Barton RC. Laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: from diagnosis to prediction of outcome. Scientifica (Cairo). 2013;2013:459405.
  • Bongomin F, Gago S, Oladele RO, et al. Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases-estimate precision. J Fungi (Basel). 2017 Oct 18;3:4.
  • Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001–2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) database. Clinl Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 15;50(8):1091–1100.
  • Robin C, Cordonnier C, Sitbon K, et al. Mainly post-transplant factors are associated with invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. A study from the SAIF and SFGM-TC. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018 Sep 27. pii: S1083-8791(18)30595-0. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.09.028. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clinl Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 15;50(8):1101–1111.
  • Neofytos D, Chatzis O, Nasioudis D, et al. Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Transplant Infect Dis. 2018 Aug;20(4):e12898.
  • Gavalda J, Len O, San Juan R, et al. Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis in solid-organ transplant recipients: a case-control study. Clinl Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;41(1):52–59.
  • Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Invasive aspergillosis in glucocorticoid-treated patients. Med Mycol. 2009;47(Suppl. 1):S271–81.
  • Chamilos G, Luna M, Lewis RE, et al. Invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies in a tertiary care cancer center: an autopsy study over a 15-year period (1989–2003). Haematologica. 2006 Jul;91(7):986–989.
  • Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, et al. Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey. Clinl Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 1;43(5):577–584.
  • Blot SI, Taccone FS, Van den Abeele AM, et al. A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jul 1;186(1):56–64.
  • Stanzani M, Sassi C, Lewis RE, et al. High resolution computed tomography angiography improves the radiographic diagnosis of invasive mold disease in patients with hematological malignancies. Clinl Infect Dis. 2015 Jun 1;60(11):1603–1610.
  • Sassi C, Stanzani M, Lewis RE. Computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography discriminates invasive mould disease of the lung from lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2015 May;169(4):462.
  • Henzler C, Henzler T, Buchheidt D, et al. Diagnostic performance of contrast enhanced pulmonary computed tomography angiography for the detection of angioinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 30;7(1):4483.
  • Thornton CR. Molecular imaging of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using immunoPET/MRI: the future looks bright. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:691.
  • Sharma P, Mukherjee A, Karunanithi S, et al. Potential role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with fungal infections. AJR. 2014 Jul;203(1):180–189.
  • Rolle AM, Hasenberg M, Thornton CR, et al. ImmunoPET/MR imaging allows specific detection of Aspergillus fumigatus lung infection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Feb 23;113(8):E1026–33.
  • Sivak-Callcott JA, Livesley N, Nugent RA, et al. Localised invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis: characteristic features. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 May;88(5):681–687.
  • Ashdown BC, Tien RD, Felsberg GJ. Aspergillosis of the brain and paranasal sinuses in immunocompromised patients: CT and MR imaging findings. AJR. 1994 Jan;162(1):155–159.
  • Jenks JD, Salzer HJ, Prattes J, et al. Spotlight on isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: design, development, and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:1033–1044.
  • De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European organization for research and treatment of cancer/invasive fungal infections cooperative group and the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases mycoses study group (EORTC/MSG) consensus group. Clinl Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 15;46(12):1813–1821.
  • McClenny N. Laboratory detection and identification of Aspergillus species by microscopic observation and culture: the traditional approach. Med Mycol. 2005 May;43(Suppl 1):S125–8.
  • Neofytos D, Horn D, Anaissie E, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infection in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: analysis of Multicenter Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) Alliance registry. Clinl Infect Dis. 2009 Feb 1;48(3):265–273.
  • Horvath JA, Dummer S. The use of respiratory-tract cultures in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Am J Med. 1996 Feb;100(2):171–178.
  • Arvanitis M, Ziakas PD, Zacharioudakis IM, et al. PCR in diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: a meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Oct;52(10):3731–3742.
  • Heng SC, Morrissey O, Chen SC, et al. Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan alone or in combination with PCR for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in adult hematology patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2015 Feb;41(1):124–134.
  • Avni T, Levy I, Sprecher H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of PCR alone compared to galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Nov;50(11):3652–3658.
  • Springer J, Lackner M, Nachbaur D, et al. Prospective multicentre PCR-based Aspergillus DNA screening in high-risk patients with and without primary antifungal mould prophylaxis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Jan;22(1):80–86.
  • Buchheidt D, Reinwald M, Hoenigl M, et al. The evolving landscape of new diagnostic tests for invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients: strengths and weaknesses. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec;30(6):539–544.
  • Reischies FM, Raggam RB, Prattes J, et al. Urine galactomannan-creatinine ratio for detection of invasive Aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Mar;54(3):771-774.
  • Duarte RF, Sanchez-Ortega I, Cuesta I, et al. Serum galactomannan-based early detection of invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients receiving effective antimold prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1696–1702.
  • Bergeron A, Porcher R, Sulahian A, et al. The strategy for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis should depend on both the underlying condition and the leukocyte count of patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood. 2012;119:1831. 7; quiz 1956.
  • Maertens J, Maertens V, Theunissen K, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1688–1693.
  • Eigl S, Prattes J, Lackner M, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a lateral-flow device test for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients. Crit Care. 2015;19:178,015–0905-x.
  • Hoenigl M, Seeber K, Koidl C, et al. Sensitivity of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay for diagnosing breakthrough invasive aspergillosis under antifungal prophylaxis and empirical therapy. Mycoses. 2013 Jul;56(4):471–6.59.
  • Mercier T, Guldentops E, Lagrou K, et al. Galactomannan, a surrogate marker for outcome in invasive Aspergillosis: finally coming of age. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:661.
  • Seeber K, Duettmann W, Krause R, et al. Usefulness of the serum galactomannan assay for early response assessment and treatment stratifications of invasive Aspergillosis. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2012;6:198–205.
  • Hoenigl M, Perez-Santiago J, Nakazawa M, et al. (1–>3)-beta-d-Glucan: a biomarker for microbial translocation in individuals with acute or early HIV infection? Front Immunol. 2016;7:404.
  • Reischies FM, Prattes J, Woelfler A, et al. Diagnostic performance of 1,3-beta-D-glucan serum screening in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016;18:466–470.
  • Ellis M, Al-Ramadi B, Finkelman M, et al. Assessment of the clinical utility of serial beta-D-glucan concentrations in patients with persistent neutropenic fever. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:287–295.
  • Pruller F, Wagner J, Raggam RB, et al. Automation of serum (1–>3)-beta-D-glucan testing allows reliable and rapid discrimination of patients with and without candidemia. Med Mycol. 2014;52:455–461.
  • Reischies FM, Prattes J, Pruller F, et al. Prognostic potential of 1,3-beta-d-glucan levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. J Infect. 2016;72:29–35.
  • Raggam RB, Fischbach LM, Prattes J, et al. Detection of (1–>3)-beta-D-glucan in same-day urine and serum samples obtained from patients with haematological malignancies. Mycoses. 2015;58:394–398.
  • Theel ES, Jespersen DJ, Iqbal S, et al. Detection of (1, 3)-beta-D-glucan in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum samples collected from immunocompromised hosts. Mycopathologia. 2013;175:33–41.
  • Hoenigl M, de Oliveira MF, Perez-Santiago J, et al. (1–>3)-beta-D-Glucan levels correlate with neurocognitive functioning in HIV-infected persons on suppressive antiretroviral therapy: a cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e3162.
  • Prattes J, Raggam RB, Vanstraelen K, et al. Chemotherapy induced intestinal mucosal barrier damage: a cause of falsely elevated serum 1,3-beta-d-glucan levels? J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Mar;54(3):798-801.
  • Prattes J, Hoenigl M, Rabensteiner J, et al. Serum 1,3-beta-d-glucan for antifungal treatment stratification at the intensive care unit and the influence of surgery. Mycoses. 2014;57:679–686.
  • Shannon VR, Andersson BS, Lei X, et al. Utility of early versus late fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of new pulmonary infiltrates following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45:647–655.
  • Ullmann AJ, Aguado JM, Arikan-Akdagli S, et al. Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018 May;24 Suppl1:e1-e38.
  • Jenks J, Reed S, Taplitz R, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay versus aspergillus-specific lateral flow device test for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. J Infect. 2018 Nov 2. pii: S0163-4453(18)30319-0.
  • Prattes J, Heldt S, Eigl S, et al. Point of care testing for the diagnosis of fungal infections: are we there yet? Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2016;10:43–50.
  • Heldt S, Hoenigl M. Lateral flow assays for the diagnosis of invasive Aspergillosis: current status. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2017;11:45–51.
  • Hoenigl M, Eigl S, Heldt S, et al. Clinical evaluation of the newly formatted lateral-flow device for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses. 2018;61:40–43.
  • Orasch T, Prattes J, Faserl K, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) determination for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. J Infect. 2017;75:370–373.
  • Castillo CG, Kauffman CA, Zhai J, et al. Testing the performance of a prototype lateral flow device using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in high-risk patients. Mycoses. 2018;61:4–10.
  • White PL, Parr C, Thornton C, et al. Evaluation of real-time PCR, galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a novel lateral-flow device for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:1510–1516.
  • Wiederhold NP, Thornton CR, Najvar LK, et al. Comparison of lateral flow technology and galactomannan and (1->3)-beta-D-glucan assays for detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009;16:1844–1846.
  • Wiederhold NP, Najvar LK, Bocanegra R, et al. Interlaboratory and interstudy reproducibility of a novel lateral-flow device and influence of antifungal therapy on detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:459–465.
  • Thornton CR. Development of an immunochromatographic lateral-flow device for rapid serodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:1095–1105.
  • Pan Z, Fu M, Zhang J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a novel lateral-flow device in invasive aspergillosis: a meta-analysis. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64:702–707.
  • Hoenigl M, Prattes J, Spiess B, et al. Performance of galactomannan, beta-d-glucan, Aspergillus lateral-flow device, conventional culture, and PCR tests with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:2039–2045.
  • Jenks JD, Mehta SR, Taplitz R, et al. Point-of care diagnosis of invasive Aspergillosis in in non-neutropenic patients: Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay versus Aspergillus-specific lateral flow device test in bronchoalveolar lavage. Mycoses. 2018. Accepted manuscript.
  • Marr KA, Datta K, Mehta S, et al. Urine antigen detection as an aid to diagnose invasive Aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018.
  • Haas H. Iron - A key nexus in the virulence of aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol. 2012;3:28.
  • Haas H. Fungal siderophore metabolism with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Prod Rep. 2014;31:1266–1276.
  • Haas H, Petrik M, Decristoforo C. An iron-mimicking, trojan horse-entering fungi–has the time come for molecular imaging of fungal infections? PLoS Pathog. 2015;11:e1004568.
  • Goncalves SM, Lagrou K, Rodrigues CS, et al. Evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines as biomarkers for invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis in at-risk patients. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2362.
  • Borger P, Koeter GH, Timmerman JA, et al. Proteases from Aspergillus fumigatus induce interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production in airway epithelial cell lines by transcriptional mechanisms. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:1267–1274.
  • Koo S, Thomas HR, Daniels SD, et al. A breath fungal secondary metabolite signature to diagnose invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1733–1740.
  • Vidal-Garcia M, Redrado S, Domingo MP, et al. Production of the invasive Aspergillosis biomarker bis(methylthio)gliotoxin within the genus Aspergillus: in vitro and in vivo metabolite quantification and genomic analysis. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1246.
  • Lowes D, Al-Shair K, Newton PJ, et al. Predictors of mortality in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Eur Respir J. 2017 Feb;49(2):1601062.
  • Salzer HJ, Cornely OA. Awareness of predictors of mortality may help improve outcome in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Eur Respir J. 2017 Feb;49(2).
  • Salzer HJ, Heyckendorf J, Kalsdorf B, et al. Characterization of patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis according to the new ESCMID/ERS/ECMM and IDSA guidelines. Mycoses. 2017 Feb;60(2):136–142.
  • Salzer HJF, Kuempers C, Pasternack H, et al. An unexpected endobronchial mass appearing during bronchoscopy. Chest. 2018 Jul;154(1):e13–e21.
  • Denning DW, Pleuvry A, Cole DC. Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequel to pulmonary tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ. 2011 Dec 1;89(12):864–872.
  • Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cadranel J, Flick H, et al. Treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: current standards and future perspectives. Respiration. 2018;96(2):159–170.
  • Salzer HJ, Wassilew N, Kohler N, et al. Personalized medicine for chronic respiratory infectious diseases: tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases, and chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis. Respiration. 2016;92(4):199–214.
  • Denning DW, Cadranel J, Beigelman-Aubry C, et al. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J. 2016 Jan;47(1):45–68.
  • Denning DW, Page ID, Chakaya J, et al. Case definition of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in resource-constrained settings. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Aug;24(8); e171312.
  • Stelzmueller I, Huber H, Wunn R, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT in the initial assessment and for follow-up in patients with tuberculosis. Clin Nucl Med. 2016 Apr;41(4):e187–94.
  • Lange C, Alghamdi WA, Al-Shaer MH, et al. Perspectives for personalized therapy for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Intern Med. 2018 May 28;284:163–188.
  • Malherbe ST, Shenai S, Ronacher K, et al. Persisting positron emission tomography lesion activity and Mycobacterium tuberculosis mRNA after tuberculosis cure. Nat Med. 2016 Oct;22(10):1094–1100.
  • Baxter CG, Bishop P, Low SE, et al. Pulmonary aspergillosis: an alternative diagnosis to lung cancer after positive [18F]FDG positron emission tomography. Thorax. 2011 Jul;66(7):638–640.
  • Huber H, Hodolic M, Stelzmuller I, et al. Malignant disease as an incidental finding at (1)(8)F-FDG-PET/CT scanning in patients with granulomatous lung disease. Nucl Med Commun. 2015 May;36(5):430–437.
  • Kim JY, Yoo JW, Oh M, et al. (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings are different between invasive and noninvasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2013 Jul-Aug;37(4):596–601.
  • Petrik M, Haas H, Laverman P, et al. 68Ga-triacetylfusarinine C and 68Ga-ferrioxamine E for Aspergillus infection imaging: uptake specificity in various microorganisms. Mol Imaging Biol. 2014 Feb;16(1):102–108.
  • Petrik M, Zhai C, Novy Z, et al. In vitro and in vivo comparison of selected Ga-68 and Zr-89 labelled siderophores. Mol Imaging Biol. 2016 Jun;18(3):344–352.
  • Moore MM. The crucial role of iron uptake in Aspergillus fumigatus virulence. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013 Dec;16(6):692–699.
  • Davies G, Rolle AM, Maurer A, et al. Towards translational immunoPET/MR imaging of invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis: the humanised monoclonal antibody JF5 detects Aspergillus lung infections in vivo. Theranostics. 2017;7(14):3398–3414.
  • Izumikawa K, Yamamoto Y, Mihara T, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Med Mycol. 2012 Nov;50(8):811–817.
  • Urabe N, Sakamoto S, Sano G, et al. Usefulness of two aspergillus PCR assays and aspergillus galactomannan and beta-d-glucan testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2017 Jun;55(6):1738–1746.
  • Kono Y, Tsushima K, Yamaguchi K, et al. The utility of galactomannan antigen in the bronchial washing and serum for diagnosing pulmonary aspergillosis. Respir Med. 2013 Jul;107(7):1094–1100.
  • Park SY, Lee SO, Choi SH, et al. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan assays in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Apr 1;52(7):e149–52.
  • Salzer HJ, Prattes J, Flick H, et al. Evaluation of galactomannan testing, the aspergillus-specific lateral-flow device test and levels of cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis. Front Microbiol. 2018.
  • Page ID, Richardson MD, Denning DW. Comparison of six Aspergillus-specific IgG assays for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). J Infect. 2016 Feb;72(2):240–249.
  • Page ID, Baxter C, Hennequin C, et al. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of four Aspergillus-specific IgG assays for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018 May;91(1):47–51.
  • Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;63(4):e1–e60.
  • Godet C, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Flick H, et al. A CPAnet consensus statement on research priorities for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: a neglected fungal infection that requires attention. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Feb 1;73(2):280–286.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.