Is the relation of social class to change in hearing threshold levels from childhood to middle age explained by noise, smoking, and drinking behaviour?

References

• Baddeley A. The limitations of human memory. The Recall Method in Social Surveys, L. Moss, H. Goldstein. Heinemann, PortsmouthUSA 1979
   Google Scholar
• Barker D.J.P. Mothers, Babies, and Disease in Later Life. BMJ Publishing Group, London 1994
   Google Scholar
• Barrenas M.L., Bratthall A., Dahlgren J. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis and hearing problems. BMJ 2003; 327: 1199–200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrenas M.L. Rapid communication: High risk of sensorineural hearing loss in men born small for gestational age with and without obesity of height catch up growth: A prospective longitudinal register study on birth size in 245000 Swedish conscripts. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2005; 90, 8: 4452–4456
   Google Scholar
• Bowater R.J., Copas J.B., Machado O.A., Davis A. Hearing impairment and the log-normal distribution. Applied Statistics 1996; 45: 2203–217
   Google Scholar
• Brant L.J., Gordon-Stewart S., Pearson J.D., Klein L.L., Morrell C.H., et al. Risk factors related to age associated hearing loss in the speech frequencies. J Am Acad Audiol 1996; 7: 152–160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• British Society of Audiology. Recommended procedures for pure-tone audiometry using a manually operated instrument. Br J Audiol 1981; 15: 213–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• British Standard BS EN ISO 389-1. 2000. Acoustics: Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – part 1: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones and supra-aural earphones (identical to ISO 389-1. 1964).
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham D.R., Vise L.K., Jones L.A. Influence of cigarette smoking on extra-high frequency auditory thresholds. Ear Hear 1983; 4: 162–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecob R. Optimal modelling of hearing impairment in middle age in relation to hearing in childhood as measured by audiograms. CLS Working Paper. (In press). Institute of Education, London 2007
   Google Scholar
• Fogelman K. 1983. Growing up in Great Britain: Papers from the National Child Development Study. London: Macmillan for National Children's Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Haggard M.P., Hughes E. Screening Children's Hearing. HMSO, London 1991
   Google Scholar
• Haggard M.P. & Lutman M.E. 2007. Working group (Deafness Research UK) on the effects of noise and ageing on hearing thresholds. In preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Hales C.N., Barker D.J. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologica 1992; 35: 595–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson D., Subramaniam M., Boetcher F.A. Individual susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss: An old topic revisited. Ear Hear 1993; 14(3)152–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO. ISO 389-1: 1964. Acoustics-Standard reference zero for the calibration of pure-tone audiometers. ISO, Geneva 1964
   Google Scholar
• ISO. ISO 702: 1984. Acoustics - Threshold of hearing by air conduction as a function of age and sex for otologically normal persons. ISO, Geneva 1984
   Google Scholar
• Kuh D., & Ben Shlomo, Y.. 2004. A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology (2nd Edition). Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Lawton B.W. & Robinson D.W. 1989. The effects upon hearing of noise in combination with other agents: A critical review of the literature. Health and Safety Executive Contract Research Report No 14. ISBN 07176 0323.
   Google Scholar
• Lutman M.E., Davis A.C. The distribution of hearing threshold levels in the general population aged 18–30 years. Audiology 1994; 33: 327–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lutman M.E., Spencer H.S. Occupational noise and demographic factors in hearing. Acta Otolaryngol Supp 1990; 476: 74–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research MRCIHR. Damage to hearing arising from leisure noise. Br J Audiol 1986; 20: 157–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moss L. & Goldstein H. 1979. The Recall Method in Social Surveys. PortsmouthUSA: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson J.D., Morrell C.H., Gordon-Salant S., Brant L.J., Jeffrey E., et al. Gender differences in a longitudinal study of age-associated hearing loss. J Acoust Soc Am 1995; 97: 1196–1205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power C., Atherton K., Strachan D.P., Shepherd P., Fuller E. , et al 2007. Life-course influences on health in British adults: Effects of socio-economic position in childhood and adulthood. Int J Epidemiol, 36, Jan 25^th 2007, Epub ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Power C., Elliott J. Cohort profile: 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study). Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35: 34–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pykko I., Koskimies K., Starck J., Pekkarinen J., Imaba R. Evaluation of factors affecting sensory neural hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988; 449: 155–158
   Google Scholar
• Reimer M. Collecting event history data about work careers retrospectively: Mistakes that occur and ways to prevent them. Max Plank Institute for Human Development, Berlin 2005
   Google Scholar
• Robinson D.W. Relations between hearing loss and noise exposure. Hearing and Noise in Industry, Appendix 10, W. Burns, D.W. Robinson. HMSO, London 1970
   Google Scholar
• Roche A.F., Siervogel R.M., Himes J.H., Johnson D.L. Longitudinal study of hearing in children: Baseline data concerning auditory thresholds, noise exposure, and biological factors. J Acoust Soc Am 1978; 64: 1593–1616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royston P. Multiple imputation of missing values: Update of ice. The Stata Journal 2005; 5: 1–16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin D.B. Multiple imputation for non-response in surveys. Wiley & Sons, New York 1987
   Google Scholar
• Rudin R., Rosenhall U., Svardsudd K. Hearing capacity in samples of men from the general population. The study of men born 1913 and 1923. Scand Audiol 1988; 17: 3–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith P.A., Davis A.C., Ferguson M., Lutman M.E. The prevalence and type of social noise exposure in young adults in England. Noise & Health 2000; 2: 41–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Stavola B., Nitsch D., Silva I., de dos Santos S., McCormack V., et al. Statistical issues in life course epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 136: 1–13
   Google Scholar
• Strachan D.P., Rudnicka A.R., Power C., Shepherd P., Fuller E. , et al 2007. Lifecourse influences on health among British adults: Effects of region of residence in childhood and adulthood. J Epidemiol, 36, Jan 25th 2007, Epub ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor W., Pearson J., Mair A., Burns W. Study of noise and hearing in jute weaving. J Acoust Soc Am 1965; 3, 8: 113
   Google Scholar
• Ward W.D. Endogenous factors related to susceptibility to damage by noise. Occup Med 1995; 10: 561–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward W.D., Santi P.A., Duvall A.J., Turner C.W. Total energy and critical intensity concepts in noise damage. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90: 582–90
   Google Scholar
• Zelman S. Correlation of Smoking history with hearing loss. J Am Med Assoc 1973; 223: 920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar