Hormesis management of Moringa oleifera with exogenous application of plant growth regulators under saline conditions

References

• Abuelsoud W, Momtaz MH, Hamada AE, Gaurav Z, Han A. 2013. Ability of ellagic acid to alleviate osmotic stress on chickpea seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem. 71:173–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agathokleous E, Edward JC. 2019. Hormesis can enhance agricultural sustainability in a changing world. Glob Food Sec. 20:150–155. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.02.005.
   Google Scholar
• Aguirre-Becerra H, Vazquez-Hernandez MC, Alvarado-Mariana A, Guevara-Gonzalez RG, Garcia-Trejo JF, Feregrino-Perez AA. 2021. Role of stress and defense in plant secondary metabolites production. In: Bioactive natural products for pharmaceutical applications. Switzerland: Springer Nature; p. 151–195.
   Google Scholar
• Alabdallah NM, Hasan MM. 2021. Plant-based green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its effective role in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Saudi J Biol Sci. 28(10):5631–5639. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alharbi BM, Elhakem AH, Alnusairi GSH, Soliman MH, Hakeem KR, Hasan MM, Abdelhamid MT. 2021. Exogenous application of melatonin alleviates salt stress-induced decline in growth and photosynthesis in Glycine max (L.) seedlings by improving mineral uptake, antioxidant and glyoxalase system. Plant Soil Environ. 67(4):208–220. doi: 10.17221/659/2020-PSE.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali EMA, Ghada SMI. 2014. Tomato fruit quality as influenced by salinity and nitric oxide. Turk J Bot. 38:122–129. doi: 10.3906/bot-1210-44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arif Y, Sami F, Siddiqui H, Bajguz A, Hayat S. 2020. Salicylic acid in relation to other phytohormones in plant: a study towards physiology and signal transduction under challenging environment. Environ Exp Bot. 175:104040. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athar H, Khan A, Ashraf M. 2008. Exogenously applied ascorbic acid alleviates salt induced oxidative stress in wheat. Environ Exp Bot. 63(1-3):224–231. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.10.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam S, Nouman W, Rehman U, Ahmed U, Gull T, Shaheen M. 2020. Adaptability of Moringa oleifera Lam. under different water holding capacities. South Afr J Bot. 129:299–303. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettaieb I, Knioua S, Hamrouni I, Limam F, Marzouk B. 2011. Water-deficit impact on fatty acid and essential oil composition and antioxidant activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) aerial parts. J Agric Food Chem. 59(1):328–334. doi: 10.1021/jf1037618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bian X-H, Li W, Niu C-F, Wei W, Hu Y, Han J-Q, Lu X, Tao J-J, Jin M, Qin H, et al. 2020. A class B heat shock factor selected for during soybean domestication contributes to salt tolerance by promoting flavonoid biosynthesis. New Phytol. 225(1):268–283. doi: 10.1111/nph.16104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boz H. 2015. Ferulic acid in cereals: a review. Czech J Food Sci. 33(1):1–7. doi: 10.17221/401/2014-CJFS.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugnoli E, Lauteri M. 1991. Effects of salinity on stomatal conductance, photosynthetic capacity and carbon isotope discrimination of salt-tolerant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and saltsensitive (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) C3 non-halophytes. Plant Physiol. 95(2):628–635. doi: 10.1104/pp.95.2.628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunetti C, Fini A, Sebastiani F, Gori A, Tattini M. 2018. Modulation of phytohormone signaling: a primary function of flavonoids in plant–environment interactions. Front Plant Sci. 9:1042. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese EJ. 2013. Hormetic mechanisms. Crit Rev Toxicol. 43(7):580–606. doi: 10.3109/10408444.2013.808172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese EJ. 2014. Hormesis: a fundamental concept in biology. Microb Cell. 1(5):145–149. doi: 10.15698/mic2014.05.145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell CR, Plank CO. 1998. Preparation of plant tissue for laboratory analysis. In: Kalra YP, editor. Handbook of reference methods for plant analysis. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; p. 37–49.
   Google Scholar
• Chance M, Maehly AC. 1955. Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Meth Enzymol. 2:764–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran AKN, Kim JW, Yoo YH, Park HL, Kim YJ, Cho MH, Jung KH. 2019. Transcriptome analysis of rice-seedling roots under soil–salt stress using RNA-seq method. Plant Biotechnol Rep. 13(6):567–578. doi: 10.1007/s11816-019-00550-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawood MFA, Sofy MR, Mohamed HI, Sofy AR, Abdel-Kader HAA. 2022. Hydrogen sulfide modulates salinity stress in common bean plants by maintaining osmolytes and regulating nitric oxide levels and antioxidant enzyme expression. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 22(3):3708–3726. doi: 10.1007/s42729-022-00921-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinneny JR. 2019. Developmental responses to water and salinity in root systems. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 35(1):239–257. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062949.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunn GM, Neales TF. 1993. Are the effects of salinity on growth and leaf gas-exchange related? Photosynth. 29:33–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Es-Sbihi FZ, Hazzoumi Z, Aasfar A, Joutei KA. 2021. Improving salinity tolerance in Salvia officinalis L. by foliar application of salicylic acid. Chem Biol Technol Agric. 8(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s40538-021-00221-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etesami H, Fatemi H, Rizwan M. 2021. Interactions of nanoparticles and salinity stress at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels in plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 225:112769. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK. 1977. Superoxide dismutases: i. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol. 59(2):309–314. doi: 10.1104/pp.59.2.309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golan Y, Shirron N, Avni A, Shmoish M, Gepstein S. 2016. Cytokinins induce transcriptional reprograming and improve arabidopsis plant performance under drought and salt stress conditions. Front Environ Sci. 4:63. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2016.00063.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez KA, Gomez AA. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Gull T, Sultana B, Anwar F, Nouman W, Mehmood T, Sher M. 2018. Characterization of phenolics in different parts of selected Capparis species harvested in low and high rainfall season. Food Measure. 12(3):1539–1547. doi: 10.1007/s11694-018-9769-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta P, Seth CS. 2020. Interactive role of exogenous 24 epibrassinolide and endogenous NO in Brassica juncea L. under salinity stress: evidence for NR-dependent NO biosynthesis. Nitric Oxide. 97:33–47. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.01.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta P, Seth CS. 2023. 24-epibrassinolide regulates functional components of nitric oxide signalling and antioxidant defense pathways to alleviate salinity stress in Brassica juncea L. cv. Varuna. J Plant Growth Regul. 42(7):4207–4222. doi: 10.1007/s00344-022-10884-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, Amara, Fasiha Amjad, Syeda, Hamzah Saleem, Muhammad, Yasmin, Humaira, Imran, Muhammad, Riaz, Muhammad, Ali, Qurban, Ahmad Joyia, Faiz, Ahmed, Shakeel, Ali, Shafaqat, Abdullah Alsahli, Abdulaziz,. 2021. Foliar application of ascorbic acid enhances salinity stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through modulation of morpho-physio-biochemical attributes, ions uptake, osmo-protectants and stress response genes expression.Saudi J Biol Sci, 8. 28: 4276–4290. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoagland DR, Arnon DI. 1950. The water culture method for growing plants without soil. California Agric Exp Stat Circu. 347:1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Hoque TS, Sohag AAM, Burritt DJ, Hossain MA. 2020. Salicylic acid-mediated salt stress tolerance in plants. In: Lone R, Shuab R, Kamili A, editors. Plant phenolics in sustainable agriculture. Springer: Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-4890-1_1.
   Google Scholar
• Horváth E, Szalai G, Janda T. 2007. Induction of abiotic stress tolerance by salicylic acid signaling. J Plant Growth Regul. 26(3):290–300. doi: 10.1007/s00344-007-9017-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houle G, Morel L, Reynolds CE, Siegel J. 2001. The effect of salinity on different developmental stages of n endemic annual plant, Aster laurentianus (Asteraceae). American J of Botany. 88(1):62–67. doi: 10.2307/2657127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang X, Hou L, Meng J, You H, Li Z, Gong Z, Yang S, Shi Y. 2018. The antagonistic action of abscisic acid and cytokinin signaling mediates drought stress response in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant. 11(7):970–982. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husen A, Iqbal M, Sohrab SS, Ansari MKA. 2018. Salicylic acid alleviates salinity-caused damage to foliar functions, plant growth and antioxidant system in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata a. Br.). Agric Food Secur. 7(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s40066-018-0194-0.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain AI, Chatha SAS, Noor S, Khan ZA, Arshad MU, Rathore HA, Sattar MZ. 2012. Effect of extraction techniques and solvent systems on the extraction of antioxidant components from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) hulls. Food Anal Method. 5(4):890–896. doi: 10.1007/s12161-011-9325-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incesu M, Berken C, Turgut Y, Bilge Y. 2014. Growth and photosynthetic response of two persimmon rootstocks (Diospyros kaki and D. virginiana) under different salinity levels. Not Bot Horti Agrobo. 42(2):386–391. doi: 10.15835/nbha4229471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intrigliolo F, Roccuzzo G, Lacertosa G, Rapisarda P, Canali S. 1999. Effect of fertilizer on growth and yield of citrus. J Plant Nutr. 11:3–7.
   Google Scholar
• James RA, Blake C, Byrt CS, Munns R. 2011. Major genes for Na + exclusion, Nax1 and Nax2 (wheat HKT1; 4 and HKT1; 5), decrease Na + accumulation in bread wheat leaves under saline and waterlogged conditions. J Exp Bot. 62(8):2939–2947. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jan R, Khan MA, Asaf S, Waqas M, Park JR, Asif S, Kim N, Lee IJ, Kim KM. 2022. Drought and UV radiation stress tolerance in rice is improved by overaccumulation of non-enzymatic antioxidant flavonoids. Antioxidants (Basel), 5, 11: 917. doi: 10.3390/antiox11050917.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jan R, Kim N, Lee SH, Khan MA, Asaf S, Lubna, Park JR, Asif S, Lee IJ, Kim KM. 2021. Enhanced flavonoid accumulation reduces combined salt and heat stress through regulation of transcriptional and hormonal mechanisms. Front Plant Sci. 12: 796956. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.796956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jindal A, Seth CS. 2023. Nitric oxide mediated post-translational modifications and its significance in plants under abiotic stress. In: Nitric oxide in developing plant stress resilience. Cambridge: Academic Press; p. 233–250.
   Google Scholar
• Julkowska MM, Hoefsloot HCJ, Mol S, Feron R, de Boer GJ, Haring MA, Testerink C. 2014. Capturing arabidopsis root architecture dynamics with root‐fit reveals diversity in responses to salinity. Plant Physiol. 166(3):1387–1402. doi: 10.1104/pp.114.248963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang G, Li G, Xu W, Peng X, Han Q, Zhu Y, Guo T. 2012. Proteomics reveals the effects of salicylic acid on growth and tolerance to subsequent drought stress in wheat. J Proteome Res. 11(12):6066–6079. doi: 10.1021/pr300728y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur H, Bhardwaj RD, Grewal SK. 2017. Mitigation of salinity-induced oxidative damage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings by exogenous application of phenolic acids. Acta Physiol Plant. 39(10):221–236. doi: 10.1007/s11738-017-2521-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaled T, Fadhila T, Leila AA, Amel E, Moulay B, Jose MM. 2016. Effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems in Phaseolus vulgaris L. South Afr J Bot. 105:306–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan WUD, Aziz T, Waraich EA, Khalid M. 2015. Silicon application improves germination and vegetative growth in maize grown under salt stress. Pakistan J Agric Sci. 52:937–944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan T, Khan T, Hano C, Abbasi BH. 2019b. Effects of chitosan and salicylic acid on the production of pharmacologically attractive secondary metabolites in callus cultures of Fagonia indica. Ind Crops Prod. 129:525–535. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Khan T, Riaz MS, Ullah N, Ali H, Nadhman A. 2019a. Plant cell nanomaterials interaction: growth, physiology and secondary metabolism. Compreh Anal Chem. 84:23–54.
   Google Scholar
• Kiani R, Arzani A, Maibody SAMM. 2021. Polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity involved in salt tolerance in wheat, Aegilops cylindrica and their amphidiploids. Front Plant Sci. 12:646221. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolbert Z, Pető A, Lehotai N, Feigl G, Erdei L. 2012. Long-term copper (Cu2?) exposure impacts on auxin, nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana L. Plant Growth Regul. 68(2):151–159. doi: 10.1007/s10725-012-9701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korver RA, van den Berg T, Meyer AJ, Galvan‐Ampudia CS, ten Tusscher KHWJ, Testerink C. 2020. Halotropism requires phospholipase Dζ1‐mediated modulation of cellular polarity of auxin transport carriers. Plant Cell Environ. 43(1):143–158. doi: 10.1111/pce.13646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar D, Dhankher OP, Tripathi RD, Seth CS. 2023. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles potentially regulate the mechanism (s) for photosynthetic attributes, genotoxicity, antioxidants defense machinery, and phytochelatins synthesis in relation to hexavalent chromium toxicity in Helianthus annuus L. J Hazard Mater. 454:131418. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Kumar P, Khan A. 2020. Optimization of PGPR and silicon fertilization using response surface methodology for enhanced growth, yield and biochemical parameters of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under saline stress. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 23:101463. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamers J, van der Meer T, Testerink C. 2020. How plants sense and respond to stressful environments. Plant Physiol. 182(4):1624–1635. doi: 10.1104/pp.19.01464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Herrera-Estrella L, Tran LSP. 2016. The Yin–Yang of cytokinin homeostasis and drought acclimation/adaptation. Trends Plant Sci. 21(7):548–550. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.05.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariyam S, Bhardwaj R, Khan NA, Sahi SV, Seth CS. 2023. Review on nitric oxide at the forefront of rapid systemic signaling in mitigation of salinity stress in plants: Crosstalk with calcium and hydrogen peroxide. Plant Sci. 336:111835. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minh LT, Khang DT, Ha PTT, Tuyen PT, Minh TN, Quan NV, Xuan TD. 2016. Effects of salinity stress on growth and phenolics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). ILNS. 57:1–10. doi: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILNS.57.1.
   Google Scholar
• Mittler R. 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 7(9):405–410. doi: 10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02312-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradbeygi H, Jamei R, Heidari R, Darvishzadeh R. 2020. Investigating the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense by applying iron oxide nanoparticles in Dracocephalum moldavica L. Plant under salinity stress. Sci Hortic. 272:109537. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muchate NS, Nikalje GC, Rajurkar NS, Suprasanna P, Nikam TD. 2016. Plant salt stress: adaptive responses, tolerance mechanism and bioengineering for salt tolerance. Bot Rev. 82(4):371–406. doi: 10.1007/s12229-016-9173-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munns R, Tester M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 59:651–681. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthert LWF, Izzo LG, van Zanten M, Aronne G. 2019. Root tropisms: investigations on earth and in space to unravel plant growth direction. Front Plant Sci. 10:1807. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata M, Yamashita I. 1992. Simple method for simultaneous determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruit. J Jap Soc Food Sci Technol. 39:925–928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazar R, Iqbal N, Syeed S, Khan NA. 2011. Salicylic acid alleviates decreases in photosynthesis under salt stress by enhancing nitrogen and sulfur assimilation and antioxidant metabolism differentially in two mungbean cultivars. J Plant Physiol. 168(8):807–815. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouman W, Basra SMA, Yasmeen A, Gull T, Hussain SB, Zubair M, Gull R. 2014. Seed priming improves the emergence potential, growth and antioxidant system of Moringa oleifera under saline conditions. Plant Growth Regul. 73(3):267–278. doi: 10.1007/s10725-014-9887-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouman W, Umbreen A. 2022. Seed priming improves salinity tolerance in Calotropis procera (Aiton) by increasing photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activities, and phenolic acids. Biol. 77(3):609–626. doi: 10.1007/s11756-021-00935-2.
   Google Scholar
• Nuutila AM, Kammiovirta K, Caldentey KMO. 2002. Comparison of methods for the hydrolysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids from onion and spinach for HPLC analysis. Food Chem. 76(4):519–525. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00305-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parvin K, Nahar K, Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Mohsin SM, Fujita M. 2020. Exogenous vanillic acid enhances salt tolerance of tomato: insight into plant antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Plant Physiol Biochem. 150:109–120. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahnama A, Munns R, Poustini K, Watt M. 2011. A screening method to identify genetic variation in root growth response to a salinity gradient. J Exp Bot. 62(1):69–77. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erq359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramabulana AT, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Dubery IA. 2021. Application of plant growth regulators modulates the profile of chlorogenic acids in cultured Bidens pilosa cells. Plants (Basel). 10(3):437. doi: 10.3390/plants10030437.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivas R, Vanessa B, Falcao H, Frosi G, Arruda E, Santos M. 2020. Ecophysiological traits of invasive C3 species Calotropis procera to maintain high photosynthetic performance under high VPD and low soil water balance in semi-arid and seacoast zones. Front Plant Sci. 11:717. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salam A, Khan AR, Liu L, Yang S, Azhar W, Ulhassan Z, Zeeshan M, Wu J, Fan X, Gan Y. 2022. Seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles downplayed ultrastructural damage and improved photosynthetic apparatus in maize under cobalt stress. J Hazard Mater. 423(Pt A):127021. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarker U, Oba S. 2018. Augmentation of leaf color parameters, pigments, vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in selected Amaranthus tricolor under salinity stress. Sci Rep. 8(1):12349. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30897-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sawada H, Shim IS, Usui K. 2006. Induction of benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase and salicylic acid biosynthesis—modulation by salt stress in rice seedlings. Plant Sci. 171(2):263–270. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2006.03.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seleiman MF, Semida WM, Rady MM, Mohamed GF, Hemida KA, Alhammad BA, Hassan MM, Shami A. 2020. Sequential application of antioxidants rectifies ion imbalance and strengthens antioxidant systems in salt-stressed cucumber. Plants (Basel). 9(12):1783. doi: 10.3390/plants9121783.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Zheng B. 2019. Response of phenylpropanoid pathway and the role of polyphenols in plants under abiotic stress. Molecules. 24(13):2452. doi: 10.3390/molecules24132452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton VL, Rossi JA. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 16(3):144–158. doi: 10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144.
   Google Scholar
• Steduto P, Albrizio R, Giorio P, Sorrentino G. 2000. Gas exchange response and stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to carbon assimilation of sunflower under salinity. Environ Exp Bot. 44(3):243–255. doi: 10.1016/s0098-8472(00)00071-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudhir P, Murthy SDS. 2004. Effects of salt stress on basic processes of photosynthesis. Photosynt. 42(4):481–486. doi: 10.1007/S11099-005-0001-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahjib-Ui-Arif M, Sohag A, Afrin S, Bashar K, Afrin T, Mahamud AGM, Polash M, Hossain M, Sohel M, Brestic M, et al. 2019. Differential response of sugar beet to long-term mild to severe salinity in a soil–pot culture. Agriculture. 9(10):223. doi: 10.3390/agriculture9100223.
   Google Scholar
• Tanveer M, Ahmed HAI. 2020. ROS signalling in modulating salinity stress tolerance in plants. In: Salt and drought stress tolerance in plants. Switzerland: Springer Nature; p. 299–314.
   Google Scholar
• Tohidi B, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A. 2017. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chem. 220:153–161. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Hernandez M, Macias-Bobadilla I, Guevara-Gonzalez RG, de Romero-Gomez SJ, Rico-Garcia E, Ocampo-Velazquez RV, de Alvarez-Arquieta LL, Torres-Pacheco I. 2017. Plant hormesis management with biostimulants of biotic origin in agriculture. Front Plant Sci. 8:1762. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, Ingram JSI. 2012. Climate change and food systems. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 37(1):195–222. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608.
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse AL. 2002. Determination of total phenolics. Food Anal Chem. 6: I1.1.1–I1.1.8.
   Google Scholar
• Xu Z, Zhou J, Ren T, Du H, Liu H, Li Y, Zhang C. 2020. Salt stress decreases seedling growth and development but increases quercetin and kaempferol content in Apocynum venetum. Plant Biol (Stuttg). 22(5):813–821. doi: 10.1111/plb.13128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan K, Zhao S, Bian L, Chen X. 2017. Saline stress enhanced accumulation of leaf phenolics in honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) without induction of oxidative stress. Plant Physiol Biochem. 112:326–334. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.01.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Wen K, Ruan X, Zhao Y, Wei F, Wang Q. 2018. Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Mol. 23:276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef SM, El-Serafy RS, Ghanem KZ, Elhakem A, Abdel Aal AA. 2022. Foliar spray or soil drench: microalgae application impacts on soil microbiology, morpho-physiological and biochemical responses, oil and fatty acid profiles of chia plants under alkaline stress. Biology (Basel). 12(2):1844. doi: 10.3390/biology11121844.
   Google Scholar
• Zia R, Nawaz MS, Siddique MJ, Hakim S, Imran A. 2021. Plant survival under drought stress: implications, adaptive responses, and integrated rhizosphere management strategy for stress mitigation. Microbiol Res. 242:126626. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126626.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar