3,004
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Target Article

Reweighing the Ethical Tradeoffs in the Involuntary Hospitalization of Suicidal Patients

, &

REFERENCES

  • Alexander, J., and L. Bowers. 2004. Acute psychiatric ward rules: A review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 11(5): 623–631. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00770.x.
  • Appelbaum, P. S. 2007. Clinical practice. Assessment of patients’ competence to consent to treatment. The New England Journal of Medicine 357(18): 1834–1840. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp074045.
  • Baumeister, R. F. 1990. Suicide as escape from self. Psychological Review 97(1): 90.
  • Baumeister, R. F. 1997. Esteem threat, self-regulatory breakdown, and emotional distress as factors in self-defeating behavior. Review of General Psychology 1(2): 145. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.145.
  • Beck, A. T., G. Brown, R. J. Berchick, B. L. Stewart, and R. A. Steer. 2006. Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: A replication with psychiatric outpatients. Focus 4(2): 291. doi: 10.1176/foc.4.2.291.
  • Berman, A. L. 2006. Risk management with suicidal patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology 62(2): 171–84. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20221.
  • Berman, A. L., D. A. Jobes, and M. M. Silverman. 2006. Adolescent suicide: Assessment and intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Blanch, A. K., and J. Parrish. 1993. Reports of three roundtable discussions on involuntary interventions. Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Sargent College of Allied Health Professions, Boston University.
  • Blumenthal, S. J. 1988. Suicide: A guide to risk factors, assessment, and treatment of suicidal patients. Medical Clinics of North America 72(4): 937–971. doi: 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30754-4.
  • Bongar, B., and S. A. Greaney. 1994. Essential clinical and legal issues when working with the suicidal patient. Death Studies 18(5): 529–548. doi: 10.1080/07481189408252697.
  • Bongar, B., R. W. Maris, A. L. Berman, and R. E. Litman. 1998. Outpatient standards of care and the suicidal patient. In B. Bongar, A. L. Berman, R. W. Maris, M. M. Silverman, E. A. Harris, & W. L. Packman (Eds.), Risk Management with Suicidal Patients (pp. 4–33). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
  • Bongar, B., and G. Sullivan. 2013. The suicidal patient: Clinical and legal standards of care. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Bowers, L., K. Gournay, and D. Duffy. 2000. Suicide and self‐harm in inpatient psychiatric units: A national survey of observation policies. Journal of Advanced Nursing 32(2): 437–444. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01510.x.
  • Bowers, L., R. P. Whittington, D. Nolan, et al. 2008. Relationship between service ecology, special observation and self-harm during acute in-patient care: City-128 study. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 193(5): 395–401. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.037721.
  • Britton, P. C., H. Patrick, A. Wenzel, and G. C. Williams. 2011. Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory with cognitive behavioral therapy to prevent suicide. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 18(1): 16–27. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.06.004.
  • Britton, P. C., G. C. Williams, and K. R. Conner. 2008. Self-determination theory, motivational interviewing, and the treatment of clients with acute suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Psychology 64(1): 52–66. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20430.
  • Brown, G. W., T. O. Harris, and C. Hepworth. 1995. Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: A patient and non-patient comparison. Psychological Medicine 25(1): 7–21. doi: 10.1017/S003329170002804X.
  • Brown, G. K., R. A. Steer, G. R. Henriques, and A. T. Beck. 2005. The internal struggle between the wish to die and the wish to live: A risk factor for suicide. The American Journal of Psychiatry 162(10): 1977–1979. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1977.
  • Bunney, W. E., A. M. Kleinman, T. C. Pellmar, and S. K. Goldsmith. 2002. Reducing suicide: A national imperative. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Campbell, J., and R. Schraiber. 1998. The Well-Being project: Mental health clients speak for themselves. MNN Redux.
  • Cholbi, M. 2009. Tonkens on the irrationality of the suicidally mentally ill. Journal of Applied Philosophy 26(1): 102–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5930.2009.00427.x.
  • Chung, D. T., C. J. Ryan, D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, S. P. Singh, C. Stanton, and M. M. Large. 2017. Suicide rates after discharge from psychiatric facilities: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 74(7): 694–702. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1044.
  • Curtin, S. C., M. Warne, and H. Hedegaard. 2016. Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999-2014. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD.
  • Deisenhammer, E. A., E. M. Behrndt, G. Kemmler, C. Haring, and C. Miller. 2016. A comparison of suicides in psychiatric in-patients, after discharge and in not recently hospitalized individuals. Comprehensive Psychiatry 69: 100–105. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.05.003.
  • Drew, B. L. 1999. No-suicide contracts to prevent suicidal behavior in inpatient psychiatric settings. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 5(1): 23–28. doi: 10.1016/S1078-3903(99)90062-9.
  • Drew, B. L. 2001. Self-harm behavior and no-suicide contracting in psychiatric inpatient settings. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 15(3): 99–106. doi: 10.1053/apnu.2001.23748.
  • Duman, R. S. 2018. Ketamine and rapid-acting antidepressants: A new era in the battle against depression and suicide. F1000Research 7 : 659.
  • Farmer, A. E., and P. McGuffin. 2003. Humiliation, loss and other types of life events and difficulties: A comparison of depressed subjects, healthy controls and their siblings. Psychological Medicine 33(7): 1169–1175.
  • Filiberti, A., C. A. Ripamonti, V. Totis, et al. 2001. Characteristics of terminal cancer patients who committed suicide during a home palliative care program. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 22(1): 544–53. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00295-0.
  • Fine, M. A., and R. A. Sansone. 1990. Dilemmas in the management of suicidal behavior in individuals with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy 44(2): 160–171. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1990.44.2.160.
  • Firth, S. 2018. Leaving it up to suicidal patients to ask for help simply isn’t working.” Last Modified 2018. “Experts: Physicians Need to Own Suicide Prevention September 13, 2018. https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/generalpsychiatry/75077 (accessed December 14, 2018).
  • Friedman, M. B, P. S Nestadt, and E. Prince. 2018. Stop blaming physicians for suicide spike—But help them reduce its incidence. Mental Notes. Available at: https://www.medpagetoday.com/blogs/mental-notes/75486
  • Gask, L., C. Dowrick, C. Dixon, et al. 2004. A pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention for GPs in the assessment and management of depression. Psychological Medicine 34(1): 63–72. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703001065.
  • Gilburt, H., D. Rose, and M. Slade. 2008. The importance of relationships in mental health care: A qualitative study of service users’ experiences of psychiatric hospital admission in the UK. BMC Health Services Research 8(1): 92. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-8-92.
  • Goldston, D. B., S. D. Molock, L. B. Whitbeck, J. L. Murakami, L. H. Zayas, and G. C. N. Hall. 2008. Cultural considerations in adolescent suicide prevention and psychosocial treatment. The American Psychologist 63(1): 14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.1.14.
  • Grisso, T., A. Grisso, and P. S. Appelbaum. 1998. Assessing competence to consent to treatment: A guide for physicians and other health professionals. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gutheil, T. G. 1990. Argument for the defendant-expert opinion: Death in hindsight. In ed. Simon, R.I., Review of Clinical Psychiatry and the Law, 335–339. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Haas, A. P., M. Eliason, V. M. Mays, et al. 2010. Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality 58(1): 10–51. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2011.534038.
  • Haglund, K., and L. von Essen. 2005. Locked entrance doors at psychiatric wards-advantages and disadvantages according to voluntarily admitted patients. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 59(6): 511–515. doi: 10.1080/08039480500360781.
  • Halleck, S. L. 2012. Law in the practice of psychiatry: A handbook for clinicians. Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Harris, E. C., and B. Barraclough. 1997. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 170(3): 205–228. doi: 10.1192/bjp.170.3.205.
  • Hays, J. R. 1989. The role of addington v Texas on involuntary civil commitment. Psychological Reports 65(3_suppl 2): 1211–1215. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3f.1211.
  • Hendin, H., A. P. Haas, J. T. Maltsberger, B. Koestner, and K. Szanto. 2006. Problems in psychotherapy with suicidal patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry 163(1): 67–72. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.67.
  • Hjorthoj, C. R., T. Madsen, E. Agerbo, and M. Nordentoft. 2014. Risk of suicide according to level of psychiatric treatment: A nationwide nested case-control study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49(9): 1357–1365. doi: 10.1007/s00127-014-0860-x.
  • Ho, A. O. 2014. Suicide: Rationality and responsibility for life. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 59(3): 141–147. doi: 10.1177/070674371405900305.
  • Hoge, S. K., C. W. Lidz, M. Eisenberg, et al. 1997. Perceptions of coercion in the admission of voluntary and involuntary psychiatric patients. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 20(2): 167. doi: 10.1016/S0160-2527(97)00001-0.
  • Hoge, S. K., C. W. Lidz, M. Eisenberg, et al. 1998. Family, clinician, and patient perceptions of coercion in mental hospital admission: A comparative study. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 21(2): 131–146. doi: 10.1016/S0160-2527(98)00002-8.
  • Hom, M. A., I. H. Stanley, and T. E. Joiner, Jr. 2015. Evaluating factors and interventions that influence help-seeking and mental health service utilization among suicidal individuals: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review 40: 28–39. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.006.
  • Hummelvoll, J. K., and E. I. Severinsson. 2001. Imperative ideals and the strenuous reality: Focusing on acute psychiatry. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 8(1): 17–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2001.00346.x.
  • Husum, T. L., J. H. Bjørngaard, A. Finset, and T. Ruud. 2010. A cross-sectional prospective study of seclusion, restraint and involuntary medication in acute psychiatric wards: Patient, staff and ward characteristics. BMC Health Services Research 10(1): 89. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-89.
  • Jobes, D. A., and A. L. Berman. 1993. Suicide and malpractice liability: Assessing and revising policies, procedures, and practice in outpatient settings. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 24(1): 91–9. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.24.1.91.
  • Jobes, D. A., and R. E. Mann. 1999. Reasons for living versus reasons for dying: Examining the internal debate of suicide. Suicide &Amp; Life-Threatening Behavior 29(2): 97–104.
  • Jobes, D. A., S. A. Wong, A. K. Conrad, J. F. Drozd, and T. Neal‐Walden. 2005. The collaborative assessment and management of suicidality versus treatment as usual: A retrospective study with suicidal outpatients. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 35(5): 483–497. doi: 10.1521/suli.2005.35.5.483.
  • Johansson, H., and M. Eklund. 2003. Patients’ opinion on what constitutes good psychiatric care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 17(4): 339–346.
  • Johansson, I. M., I. Skarsater, and E. Danielson. 2009. The meaning of care on a locked acute psychiatric ward: Patients’ experiences. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 63(6): 501–507. doi: 10.3109/08039480903118208.
  • Joiner, T. E., K. M. Sheldon, G. Williams, and J. Pettit. 2003. The integration of self‐determination principles and scientifically informed treatments is the next tier. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 10(3): 318–319. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg028.
  • Jollant, F., N. L. Lawrence, E. Olié, S. Guillaume, and P. Courtet. 2011. The suicidal mind and brain: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 12(5): 319–339. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2011.556200.
  • Jones, D. A., and D. Paton. 2015. How does legalization of physician assisted suicide affect rates of suicide? Southern Medical Journal 180(10): 599–604.
  • Kaplan, M. S., N. Huguet, B. H. McFarland, and J. T. Newsom. 2007. Suicide among male veterans: A prospective population-based study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61(7): 619–624. doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.054346.
  • Kennedy, S., K. Goggin, and N. Nollen. 2004. Adherence to HIV medications: Utility of the theory of self-determination. Cognitive Therapy and Research 28(5): 611–628. doi: 10.1023/B:COTR.0000045568.95219.e2.
  • King, E. A., D. S. Baldwin, J. M. Sinclair, and M. J. Campbell. 2001. The Wessex recent in-patient suicide study, 2: Case–control study. British Journal of Psychiatry 178(6): 537–542. doi: 10.1192/bjp.178.6.537.
  • Kisely, S. R., L. A. Campbell, and R. O’Reilly. 2017. Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3(3): CD004408–CD004408. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004408.pub5.
  • Kjellin, L., K. Andersson, E. Bartholdson, et al. 2004. Coercion in psychiatric care–patients’ and relatives’ experiences from four Swedish psychiatric services. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 58(2): 153–159. doi: 10.1080/08039480410005549.
  • Knapp, S., and L. VandeCreek. 1983. Malpractice risks with suicidal patients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 20(3): 274. doi: 10.1037/h0090211.
  • Kroll, J. 2000. Use of no-suicide contracts by psychiatrists in Minnesota. American Journal of Psychiatry 157(10): 1684–1686. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1684.
  • Large, M., C. Ryan, G. Walsh, J. Stein-Parbury, and M. Patfield. 2014. Nosocomial suicide. Australasian Psychiatry 22(2): 118–121. doi: 10.1177/1039856213511277.
  • Large, M., G. Smith, S. Sharma, O. Nielssen, and S. P. Singh. 2011. Systematic review and Meta‐analysis of the clinical factors associated with the suicide of psychiatric in‐patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 124(1): 18–19. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01672.x.
  • Lawrence, D., O. P. Almeida, G. K. Hulse, A. V. Jablensky, and C. J. Holman. 2000. Suicide and attempted suicide among older adults in Western Australia. Psychological Medicine 30(4): 813–821. doi: 10.1017/S0033291799002391.
  • Lidz, C. W., S. K. Hoge, W. Gardner, et al. 1995. Perceived coercion in mental hospital admission: Pressures and process. Archives of General Psychiatry 52(12): 1034–1039. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240052010.
  • Lidz, C. W., E. P. Mulvey, S. K. Hoge, et al. 2000. Sources of coercive behaviours in psychiatric admissions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101 (1): 73–9. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001073.x.
  • Linde, P. 2010. Danger to self: On the front line with an ER psychiatrist. Berkley: University of California Press.
  • Linehan, M. M., K. A. Comtois, A. M. Murray, et al. 2006. Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 63(7): 757–766. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.757.
  • Lizardi, D., and B. Stanley. 2010. Treatment engagement: A neglected aspect in the psychiatric care of suicidal patients. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 61(12): 1183–1191. doi: 10.1176/ps.2010.61.12.1183.
  • Lovell, K. 1995. User satisfaction with in‐patient mental health services. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 2(3): 143–150. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.1995.tb00049.x.
  • Mann, J. J., C. Waternaux, G. L. Haas, and K. M. Malone. 1999. Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 156(2): 181–189. doi: 10.1176/ajp.156.10.1590.
  • Manna, M. 2010. Effectiveness of formal observation in inpatient psychiatry in preventing adverse outcomes: The state of the science. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 17(3): 268–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01512.x.
  • Maris, R. W., A.L Berman, and J.T Maltsberger. 1992. Summary and conclusions: What have we learned about suicide assessment and prediction? In eds. Maris, R,W, Berman, A.L, Maltsberger, J.T., Yufit, R.I., Assessment and Prediction of Suicide., 640–672, New York: Guilford Press.
  • Martyn, P. 2000. Creeping custodialism. Australasian Psychiatry 8(4): 370–372. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1665.2000.00283.x.
  • McAdams, C. R., and V. A. Foster, III. 2000. Client suicide: Its frequency and impact on counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 22(2): 107.
  • McCabe, R., J. Bullenkamp, L. Hansson, et al. 2012. The therapeutic relationship and adherence to antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia. PLoS One 7 (4): E 36080. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036080.
  • McCabe, R., and S. Priebe. 2004. The therapeutic relationship in the treatment of severe mental illness: A review of methods and findings. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 50(2): 115–128. doi: 10.1177/0020764004040959.
  • McGuire-Snieckus, R., R. McCabe, J. Catty, L. Hansson, and S. Priebe. 2007. A new scale to assess the therapeutic relationship in community mental health care: STAR. Psychological Medicine 37(1): 85–95. doi: 10.1017/S0033291706009299.
  • McIntosh, J. L. 2012. USA suicide 2009 official final data. Washington, DC: American Association of Suicidology.
  • Meehan, J., N. Kapur, and I. M. Hunt. 2007. Suicide in mental health in-patients and within 3 months of discharge: National clinical survey. Year Book of Psychiatry & Applied Mental Health 2007: 138–139.
  • Meichenbaum, D. 2005. 35 Years of working with suicidal patients: Lessons learned. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 46(2): 64–72. doi: 10.1037/h0087006.
  • Miller, D., and A. Hanson. 2016. Committed: The battle over involuntary psychiatric care. Baltimore: JHU Press.
  • Monahan, J., H. J. E. Steadman, P. S. Silver, et al. 2001. Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur study of mental disorder and violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Moses, T. 2011. Stigma apprehension among adolescents discharged from brief psychiatric hospitalization. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199(10): 778–789. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31822fc7be.
  • Moskos, M. A., L. Olson, S. R. Halbern, and D. Gray. 2007. Utah youth suicide study: Barriers to mental health treatment for adolescents. Suicide Life-Threatening Behavior 37(2): 179–186. doi: 10.1521/suli.2007.37.2.179.
  • Mulder, R., G. Newton-Howes, and J. W. Coid. 2016. The futility of risk prediction in psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science 209(4): 271–272. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184960.
  • Nestadt, P. S., P. Triplett, D. R. Fowler, and R. Mojtabai. 2017. Urban-rural differences in suicide in the State of Maryland: The role of firearms. American Journal of Public Health 107(10): 1548–1553. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303865.
  • Olfson, M., C. Blanco, M. Wall, et al. 2017. National trends in suicide attempts among adults in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 74(11): 1095–1103. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2582.
  • Omer, H., and A. C. Elitzur. 2001. What would you say to the person on the roof? a suicide prevention text. Suicide Life-Threatening Behavior 31(2): 129–139.
  • Orbach, I. 2001. Therapeutic empathy with the suicidal wish: Principles of therapy with suicidal individuals. American Journal of Psychotherapy 55(2): 166. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2001.55.2.166.
  • Overholser, J. C. 1995. Treatment of suicidal patients: A risk‐benefit analysis. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 13(1): 81–92. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2370130106.
  • Panagioti, M., P. A. Gooding, and N. Tarrier. 2012. A Meta-analysis of the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidality: The role of comorbid depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 53(7): 915–930. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.02.009.
  • Peterson, E. M., J. B. Luoma, and E. Dunne. 2002. Suicide survivors’ perceptions of the treating clinician. Suicide Life-Threatening Behavior 32(2): 158–166.
  • Pirkis, J., and P. Burgess. 1998. Suicide and recency of health care contacts. A systematic review. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science 173(6): 462–474. doi: 10.1192/bjp.173.6.462.
  • Pokorny, A. D. 1983. Prediction of suicide in psychiatric patients: Report of a prospective study. Archives of General Psychiatry 40(3): 249–57. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790030019002.
  • Powell, J., J. Geddes, J. Deeks, M. Goldacre, and K. Hawton. 2018. Suicide in psychiatric hospital in-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 176(3): 266–272. doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.3.266.
  • Priebe, S. 2000. Ensuring and improving quality in community mental health care. International Review of Psychiatry 12(3): 226–232. doi: 10.1080/irp.12.3.226.232.
  • Priebe, S., and R. McCabe. 2006. The therapeutic relationship in psychiatric settings. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 113(s429): 69–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00721.x.
  • Priebe, S., and R. Mccabe. 2008. Therapeutic relationships in psychiatry: The basis of therapy or therapy in itself? International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 20(6): 521–526. doi: 10.1080/09540260802565257.
  • Qin, P., and M. Nordentoft. 2005. Suicide risk in relation to psychiatric hospitalization: Evidence based on longitudinal registers. Archives of General Psychiatry 62(4): 427–432. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.427.
  • Ranieri, V., K. E. Madigan, E. Roche, et al. 2015. Caregivers’ perceptions of coercion in psychiatric hospital admission. Psychiatry Research 228(3): 380–385. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.079.
  • Reid, W. H. 2009. Prognosis after suicide attempt: Standard of care and the consequences of not meeting it. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 15(2): 141–144. doi: 10.1097/01.pra.0000348367.42042.06.
  • Riecher-Rössler, A., and W. Rössler. 1993. Compulsory admission of psychiatric patients – an international comparison. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 87(4): 231–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03363.x.
  • Robins, E. 1981. The final months: A study of the lives of 134 persons who committed suicide. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Rooke, O., and M. Birchwood. 1998. Loss, humiliation and entrapment as appraisals of schizophrenic illness: A prospective study of depressed and non‐depressed patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 37(3): 259–268. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1998.tb01384.x.
  • Rosca, P., A. Bauer, A. Grinshpoon, R. Khawaled, R. Mester, and A. M. Ponizovsky. 2006. Rehospitalizations among psychiatric patients whose first admission was involuntary: A 10-year follow-up. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 43(1): 57.
  • Rusch, N., M. Muller, B. Lay, et al. 2014. Emotional reactions to involuntary psychiatric hospitalization and stigma-related stress among people with mental illness. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 264(1): 35–43. doi: 10.1007/s00406-013-0412-5.
  • Ryan, R. M., and J. P. Connell. 1989. Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(5): 749. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.749.
  • Sailas, E. E., and M. Fenton. 2000. Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1(1): CD001163–CD001163. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001163.
  • Salize, H. J., and H. Dressing. 2004. Epidemiology of involuntary placement of mentally ill people across the European Union.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 184(2): 163–168. doi: 10.1192/bjp.184.2.163.
  • Sareen, J., A. Jagdeo, B. J. Cox, et al. 2007. Perceived barriers to mental health service utilization in the United States, Ontario, and The Netherlands. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 58(3): 357–364. doi: 10.1176/ps.2007.58.3.357.
  • Schomerus, G., S. Evans-Lacko, N. Rüsch, R. Mojtabai, M. C. Angermeyer, and G. Thornicroft. 2015. Collective levels of stigma and national suicide rates in 25 European countries. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 24(2): 166–171. doi: 10.1017/S2045796014000109.
  • Sheehan, K. A., and T. Burns. 2011. Perceived coercion and the therapeutic relationship: A neglected association? Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 62(5): 471–476. doi: 10.1176/ps.62.5.pss6205_0471.
  • Silverman, M. M., A. L. Berman, B. Bongar, R. E. Litman, and R. W. Maris. 1994. Inpatient standards of care and the suicidal patient part II: An integration with clinical risk management. Suicide Life-Threatening Behavior 24(2): 152–169.
  • Simon, R. I. 2006. Imminent suicide: The illusion of short-term prediction. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior 36(3): 296–301. doi: 10.1521/suli.2006.36.3.296.
  • Sorgaard, K. W. 2004. Patients’ perception of coercion in acute psychiatric wards. An intervention study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 58(4): 299–304. doi: 10.1080/08039480410005819.
  • Stanley, B., G. K. Brown, and L. A. Brenner et al. 2018. Comparison of the safety planning intervention with follow-up vs usual care of suicidal patients treated in the emergency department. JAMA Psychiatry 75(9): 894–900. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1776.
  • Stromberg, C. D., and A. A. Stone. 1983. A model state law on civil commitment of the mentally ill. HeinOnline. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10822/728195.
  • Svindseth, M. F., A. A. Dahl, and T. Hatling. 2007. Patients’ experience of humiliation in the admission process to acute psychiatric wards. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 61(1): 47–53. doi: 10.1080/08039480601129382.
  • Swanson, J. W., M. S. Swartz, and D. D. Moseley. 2017. US outpatient commitment in context: When is it ethical and how can we tell? In eds. Alec Buchanan and Lisa Wootton, Care of the Mentally Disordered Offender in the Community, 2nd Edition, 47–60. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Testa, M., and S. G. West. 2010. Civil commitment in the United States. Psychiatry 7(10): 30.
  • Thibeault, C. A., K. Trudeau, M. d’Entremont, and T. Brown. 2010. Understanding the milieu experiences of patients on an acute inpatient psychiatric unit. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 24(4): 216–226. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2009.07.002.
  • Thomsen, C. T., M. E. Benros, T. Maltesen, et al. 2018. Patient-controlled hospital admission for patients with severe mental disorders: A nationwide prospective multicentre study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 137(4): 355–363. doi: 10.1111/acps.12868.
  • Werth, J. L. 2001. US involuntary mental health commitment statutes: Requirements for persons perceived to be a potential harm to self. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 31(3): 348–357. doi: 10.1521/suli.31.3.348.24247.
  • Wettstein, R. M. 2003. Specific issues in psychiatric malpractice. In ed. R. Rosner, Principles and practice of forensic psychiatry, 249–260. London: Arnold.
  • Williams, G. C., G. C. Rodin, R. M. Ryan, W. S. Grolnick, and E. L. Deci. 1998. Autonomous regulation and long-term medication adherence in adult outpatients. Health Psychology 17(3): 269. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.17.3.269.
  • Winkler, P., K. Mlada, L. Csemy, B. Nechanska, and C. Hoschl. 2015. Suicides following inpatient psychiatric hospitalization: A nationwide case control study. Journal of Affective Disorders 184: 164–169. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.039.
  • Zalsman, G., K. Hawton, D. Wasserman, et al. 2016. Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. The Lancet. Psychiatry 3(7): 646–659. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X.
  • Zerler, H. 2009. Motivational interviewing in the assessment and management of suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology 65(11): 1207–1217. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20643.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.