Traumatic Life Events and Severity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Syrian Refugees Residing in a Camp in Turkey

References

• Acarturk, C., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Gulen, B., Aker, T., & Hinton, D. (2018). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees in a refugee camp. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(1), 40–45. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ai, A. L., Peterson, C., & Ubelhor, D. (2002). War-related trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult Kosovar refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(2), 157–160. doi:10.1023/A:1014864225889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Nuaimi, S., Aldandashi, S., Easa, A. K. S., & Saqqur, M. (2018). Psychiatric morbidity among physically injured Syrian refugees in Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 80, 34–38. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpak, G., Unal, A., Bulbul, F., Sagaltici, E., Bez, Y., Altindag, A., … Savas, H. A. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 19(1), 45–50. doi:10.3109/13651501.2014.961930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsaba, K., & Kapilashrami, A. (2016). Understanding women’s experience of violence and the political economy of gender in conflict: The case of Syria. Reproductive Health Matters, 24(47), 5–17. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: A systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(1), 29. doi:10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, E. B., & Rosser-Hogan, R. (1991). Trauma experiences, posttraumatic stress, dissociation, and depression in Cambodian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(11), 1548–1551. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Schrijver, L., Vander Beken, T., Krahé, B., & Keygnaert, I. (2018). Prevalence of sexual violence in migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees in Europe: A critical interpretive synthesis of the evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1979. doi:10.3390/ijerph15091979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dokuyucu, E. (2018). Housing problems of Syrians' life in Turkey who are exposed to forced migration: Kilis example (Master's Thesis). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp (Accession No. 535438).
   Google Scholar
• Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbard, S. P. (2000). Anxiety disorders: Psychodinamic aspects (2000). In: Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (7th ed., Volume 1, pp. 1464–1476). Philedelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Georgiadou, E., Zbidat, A., Schmitt, G. M., & Erim, Y. (2018). Prevalence of mental distress among syrian refugees with residence permission in Germany: A registry-based study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 393. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haagen, J. F., Ter Heide, F. J. J., Mooren, T. M., Knipscheer, J. W., & Kleber, R. J. (2017). Predicting post‐traumatic stress disorder treatment response in refugees: Multilevel analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 69–83. doi:10.1111/bjc.12121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauff, E., & Vaglum, P. (1994). Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnamese refugees. A prospective community study of prevalence, course, psychopathology, and stressors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 85–90. doi:10.1097/00005053-199402000-00004
   Google Scholar
• Hinton, D. E., Chhean, D., Pich, V., Pollack, M. H., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (2006). Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in Cambodian refugees using the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale: Psychometric properties and symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(3), 405–409. doi:10.1002/jts.20115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazour, F., Zahreddine, N. R., Maragel, M. G., Almustafa, M. A., Soufia, M., Haddad, R., & Richa, S. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 41–47. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koesters, M., Barbui, C., & Purgato, M. (2018). Recent approaches to provision of mental healthcare in refugee populations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31(4), 368–372. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M’zah, S., Cardozo, B. L., & Evans, D. P. (2018). Mental health status and service assessment for adult Syrian refugees resettled in metropolitan Atlanta: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momartin, S., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and depression: Associations with trauma exposure, symptom severity and functional impairment in Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80(2–3), 231–238. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00131-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morina, N., Akhtar, A., Barth, J., & Schnyder, U. (2018). Psychiatric disorders in refugees and internally displaced persons after forced displacement: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 433. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naja, W. J., Aoun, M. P., El Khoury, E. L., Abdallah, F. J. B., & Haddad, R. S. (2016). Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 68, 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizkalla, N., & Segal, S. P. (2018). Well‐being and posttraumatic growth among syrian refugees in Jordan. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2), 213–222. doi:10.1002/jts.22281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V. (2011). Developmental trauma, complex PTSD, and the current proposal of DSM-5. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2(1), 5622. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamm, B. H., Rudolph, J. M., Dewane, S., Gaines, N., Gorton, K., Paul, G., McNeil, F., Bowen, G., Ercolano, M. (1996). Psychometric review of stressful life experiences screening. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma and adaptation. Baltimore: Sidran Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 302(5), 537–549. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekin, A., Karadağ, H., Süleymanoğlu, M., Tekin, M., Kayran, Y., Alpak, G., & Şar, V. (2016). Prevalence and gender differences in symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Iraqi Yazidis displaced into Turkey. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 28556. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees [UNHCR]. (2017). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2017. Retrieved from http://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/gr2017/pdf/GR2017_English_Full_lowres.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees [UNHCR]. (2019). Refugee situations in 2019. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria#_ga=2.229306068.974180035.1546688000-810725835.1546688000
   Google Scholar
• Vallieres, F., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Abou Daher, R., Sleiman, J., Gilmore, B., … Hyland, P. (2018). ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: The factor structure and the clinical utility of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138, 547–557. doi:10.1111/acps.12973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2001). Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13(3), 132–156. doi:10.1002/da.1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. J. (2013). The dissociative subtype of PTSD: Rationale, evidence, and future directions. PTSD Research Quarterly, 24, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Zatzick, D. F., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., & Metzler, T. (1994). Does trauma-linked dissociation vary across ethnic groups? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182(10), 576–582. doi:10.1097/00005053-199410000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar