Experiences of and Attitudes Toward Injecting Drug Use Among Marginalized African Migrant and Refugee Youth in Melbourne, Australia

REFERENCES

• Adelekan , M. , & Stimson , G. ( 1997 ). Problems and prospects of implementing harm reduction for HIV and injecting drug use in high risk sub-Saharan African countries . Journal of Drug Issues , 27 , 97 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed , B. M. ( 2006 ). Report of the African-Australian Community's initiative workshop on issues affecting the resettlement of Africans . Melbourne , Australia : African Think Tank Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Aitken , C. , Moore , D. , Higgs , P. , Kelsall , J. , & Kerger , M. ( 2002 ). The impact of a police crackdown on a street drug scene: Evidence from the street . International Journal of Drug Policy , 13 , 193 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship . ( 2011 ). The people of Australia: Australia's multicultural policy . Canberra , Australia : Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship . ( 2012 ). Population flows: Immigration aspects, 2010–11 edition . Canberra , Australia : Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Human Rights Commission . ( 2010 ). In Our Own Words. African Australians: A review of human rights and social inclusion issues . Sydney , Australia : Australian Human Rights Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Beckerleg , S. E. , & Lewando Hundt , G. ( 2004 ). The characteristics and recent growth of heroin injecting in a Kenyan coastal town . Addiction Research & Theory , 12 , 41 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , J. W. ( 1997 ). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation . Applied Psychology , 46 , 5 – 34 . doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , J. W. , Phinney , J. S. , Sam , D. L. , & Vedder , P. ( 2006 ). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation . Applied Psychology , 55 , 303 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco , C. , Morcillo , C. , Alegría , M. , Dedios , M. C. , Fernández -Navarro , P. , Regincos , R. , & Wang , S. ( 2013 ). Acculturation and drug use disorders among Hispanics in the U.S . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 47 , 226 – 232 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos , A. E. R. , Schaalma , H. P. , & Pryor , J. B. (2008). Reducing AIDS-related stigma in developing countries: The importance of theory- and evidence-based interventions. Psychology, Health and Medicine , 13, 450–460. doi: 10.1080/13548500701687171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , J. , Miller , J. , & Mitchell , J. ( 2006 ). Interrupted schooling and the acquisition of literacy: Experiences of Sudanese refugees in Victorian secondary schools . Australian Journal of Language and Literacy , 29 , 150 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , L. , Macintyre , K. , & Trujillo , L. ( 2003 ). Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: What have we learned? AIDS Education and Prevention , 15 , 49 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. , & Treloar , C. ( 2007 ). The gendered context of initiation to injecting drug use: Evidence for women as active initiates . Drug and Alcohol Review , 26 , 287 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J. , Bauman , A. , Rissel , C. E. , Tang , K. C. , Forero , R. , & Flaherty , B. ( 2000 ). Substance use in high school students in New South Wales, Australia, in relation to language spoken at home . The Journal of Adolescent Health , 26 ( 1 ), 53 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colic-Peisker , V. , & Tilbury , F. ( 2007 ). Integration into the Australian labour market: The experience of three “visibly different” groups of recently arrived refugees . International Migration , 45 , 59 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colucci , E. , Minas , H. , Szwarc , J. , Paxton , G. , & Guerra , C. ( 2012 ). Barriers to and facilitators of utilisation of mental health services by young people of refugee background . Melbourne , Victoria , Australia : Foundation House, The University of Melbourne, Centre for Multicultural Youth & The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne .
   Google Scholar
• Colucci , E. , Szwarc , J. , Minas , H. , Paxton , G. , & Guerra , C. ( 2012 ). The utilisation of mental health services by children and young people from a refugee background: A systematic literature review . International Journal of Culture and Mental Health , 7 , 86 – 108 . doi: 10.1080/17542863.2012.713371
   Google Scholar
• Copping , A. , Shakespeare-Finch , J. , & Paton , D. ( 2010 ). Towards a culturally appropriate mental health system: Sudanese-Australians' experiences with trauma . Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology , 4 , 53 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofts , N. , Louie , R. , Rosenthal , D. , & Jolley , D. ( 1996 ). The first hit: Circumstances surrounding initiation into injecting . Addiction , 91 , 1187 – 1196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Anstiss , H. , & Ziaian , T. ( 2010 ). Mental health help-seeking and refugee adolescents: Qualitative findings from a mixed-methods investigation . Australian Psychologist , 45 , 29 – 37 . doi: 10.1080/00050060903262387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Rosa , M. ( 2002 ). Acculturation and Latino adolescents' substance use: A research agenda for the future . Substance Use & Misuse , 37 , 429 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Rosa , M. R. , White , M. S. , Segal , B. , & Lope , R. ( 1998 ). Conducting drug abuse research with minority populations: Conclusions and recommendations . Drugs & Society , 14 , 269 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Degenhardt , L. , & Hall , W. ( 2012 ). Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease . Lancet , 379 , 55 – 70 . doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61138-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewing , S. , Pluddemann , A. , Myers , B. J. , & Parry , C. D. H. ( 2006 ). Review of injection drug use in six African countries: Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania . Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy , 13 , 121 – 137 . doi: 10.1080/09687630500480228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donato-Hunt , C. , Munot , S. , & Copeland , J. (2012). Alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use among six culturally diverse communities in Sydney. Drug and Alcohol Review , 31, 881–889. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00417.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrant , R. , & Thakker , J. ( 2003 ). Substance use and abuse: Cultural and historical perspectives . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer , R. ( 2008 ). Privileging pleasure: Temazepam injection in a heroin marketplace . The International Journal on Drug Policy , 19 , 367 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ethnic Communities Council of Victoria . ( 2007 ). Horn of African and Sudanese communities in Victoria . Carlton , Australia : Ethnic Communities Council of Victoria .
   Google Scholar
• Fast , D. , Small , W. , Wood , E. , & Kerr , T. ( 2009 ). Coming ‘down here’: Young people's reflections on becoming entrenched in a local drug scene . Social Science & Medicine , 69 , 1204 – 1210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel , M. , Wheeler , J. , & Danesh , J. ( 2005 ). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review . Lancet , 365 , 1309 – 1314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin , A. , Higgs , P. , Hellard , M. , & Dietze , P. ( 2011 ). The impact of khat use on East African communities in Melbourne: A preliminary investigation . Drug and Alcohol Review , 31 , 288 – 293 . doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00312.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdinand , A. , Kelaher , M. , & Paradies , Y. ( 2013 ). Mental health impacts of racial discrimination in Victorian culturally and linguistically diverse communities: The Localities Embracing and Accepting Diversity (LEAD) experiences of racism survey . Melbourne , Australia : Victorian Health Promotion Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D. M. , Boden , J. M. , & Horwood , L. J. ( 2008 ). The developmental antecedents of illicit drug use: Evidence from a 25-year longitudinal study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 96 , 165 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , C. ( 2013 ). Changed and changing gender and family roles and domestic violence in African refugee background communities post-settlement in Perth, Australia . Violence Against Women , 19 , 833 – 847 . doi: 10.1177/1077801213497535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frajzyngier , V. , Neaigus , A. , Gyarmathy , V. A. , Miller , M. , & Friedman , S. R. ( 2007 ). Gender differences in injection risk behaviors at the first injection episode . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 89 , 145 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , S. , & Cornfoot , S. ( 2007 ). Multicultural youth in Australia: Settlement and transition . Melbourne , Victoria : Centre for Multicultural Youth Issues .
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , B. , & Strauss , A. ( 1967 ). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research . Chicago , IL : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Goldsamt , L. A. , Harocopos , A. , Kobrak , P. , Jost , J. J. , & Clatts , M. C. ( 2010 ). Circumstances, pedagogy and rationales for injection initiation among new drug injectors . Journal of Community Health , 35 , 258 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grocon . ( 2010 ). Landmark $350 million development at McNab Avenue to transform Footscray Station precinct: Grocon Media Release, 26 October 2010. Retrieved from http://www.grocon.com/media-releases/landmark-350-million-development-at-mcnab-avenue-to-transform-footscray-station-precinct/
   Google Scholar
• Harocopos , A. , Goldsamt , L. A. , Kobrak , P. , Jost , J. J. , & Clatts , M. C. ( 2009 ). New injectors and the social context of injection initiation . International Journal on Drug Policy , 20 , 317 – 323 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs , P. , Dwyer , R. , Duong , D. , Thach , M. L. , Hellard , M. , Power , R. , & Maher , L. (2009). Heroin-gel capsule cocktails and groin injecting practices among ethnic Vietnamese in Melbourne, Australia. International Journal on Drug Policy , 20, 340–346. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs , P. , Maher , L. , Jordens , J. , Dunlop , A. , & Sargent , P. ( 2001 ). Harm reduction and drug users of Vietnamese ethnicity . Drug & Alcohol Review , 20 , 239 – 245 . doi: 10.1080/09595230124201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs , P. , Owada , K. , Hellard , M. , Power , R. , & Maher , L. ( 2008 ). Gender, culture and harm: An exploratory study of female heroin users of Vietnamese ethnicity . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 10 , 681 – 696 . doi: 10.1080/13691050802203838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , H. T. , & Maher , L. ( 2008 ). Có vay có tra' (What goes around comes around): Culture, risk and vulnerability to blood-borne viruses among ethnic Vietnamese injecting drug users . Drug and Alcohol Review , 27 , 420 – 428 . doi: 10.1080/09595230801914743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horyniak , D. , Higgs , P. , Degenhardt , L. , Cogger , S. , Power , R. , & Dietze , P. ( 2012 ). Injecting drug use and related health behaviours in a small case series of East African migrants in Melbourne . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health , 36 , 586 – 587 . doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00960.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horyniak , D. , Higgs , P. , Jenkinson , R. , Degenhardt , L. , Stoove , M. , Kerr , T. , … Dietze , P. ( 2013 ). Establishing the Melbourne injecting drug user cohort study (MIX): Rationale, methods, and baseline and twelve-month follow-up results . Harm Reduction Journal , 10 ( 1 ), 11 . doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-10-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugo , G. ( 2009 ). Migration between Africa and Australia: A demographic perspective . Sydney , New South Wales , Australia : Australian Human Rights Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Kandel , D. B. , Kessler , R. C. , & Margulies , R. Z. ( 1978 ). Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 7 , 13 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khawaja , N. G. , White , K. M. , Schweitzer , R. , & Greenslade , J. ( 2008 ). Difficulties and coping strategies of Sudanese refugees: A qualitative approach . Transcultural Psychiatry , 45 , 489 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khobzi , N. , Strike , C. , Cavalieri , W. , Bright , R. , Myers , T. , Calzavara , L. , & Millson , M. ( 2009 ). A qualitative study on the initiation into injection drug use: Necessary and background processes . Addiction Research and Theory , 17 , 546 – 559 . doi: 10.1080/16066350802011664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer , L. J. , Narasiah , L. , Munoz , M. , Rashid , M. , Ryder , A. G. , Guzder , J. , … Pottie , K. ( 2011 ). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: General approach in primary care . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 183 ( 12 ), E959 – E967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Trobe Refugee Research Centre . ( 2009 ). Between belonging and discrimination: The experiences of African Australians from refugee backgrounds . Melbourne , Australia : La Trobe Refugee Research Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Linton , S. , Celentano , D. , Kirk , G. , & Mehta , S. ( 2013 ). The longitudinal association between homelessness, injection drug use, and injection-related risk behavior among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, MD . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 132 , 457 – 465 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston , J. D. , Milne , T. , Fang , M. L. , & Amari , E. (2012). The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: A systematic review. Addiction , 107, 39–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd , B. ( 2013 ). Trends in alcohol and drug related ambulance attendances in Victoria: 2011/12 . Fitzroy , Victoria , Australia : Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , C. ( 2013 ). The stigmatization of problem drug users: A narrative literature review . Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy , 20 , 85 – 95 . doi: 10.3109/09687637.2012.743506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen , W. ( 1966 ). Anxiety and witchcraft in Mexican-American acculturation . Anthropological Quarterly , 39 , 110 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher , L. , Sargent , P. , Higgs , P. , Crofts , N. , Kelsall , J. , & Le , T. T. ( 2001 ). Risk behaviours of young Indo-Chinese injecting drug users in Sydney and Melbourne . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health , 25 ( 1 ), 50 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier , T. , & Straub , M. ( 2011 ). “My head is like a bag full of rubbish”: Concepts of illness and treatment expectations in traumatized migrants . Qualitative Health Research , 21 , 233 – 248 . doi: 10.1177/1049732310383867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manton , E. , Pennay , A. , & Savic , M. ( 2014 ). Public drinking, social connection and social capital: A qualitative study . Addiction Research & Theory , 22 , 218 – 228 . doi: 10.3109/16066359.2013.812202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , F. S. ( 2010 ). Becoming vulnerable: Young women's accounts of initiation to injecting drug use . Addiction Research & Theory , 18 , 511 – 527 . doi: 10.3109/16066351003611653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , K. , & Khawaja , N. G. ( 2010 ). Sudanese refugees in Australia: The impact of acculturation stress . Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology , 4 , 19 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn , C. ( 2010 ). Spaces to speak: Challenging representations of Sudanese-Australians . Journal of Intercultural Studies , 31 , 183 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyblade , L. , Pande , R. , Mathur , S. , MacQuarrie , K. , Kidd , R. , Banteyerga , H. , … Bond , V. ( 2003 ). Disentangling HIV and AIDS stigma in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zambia . Washington , DC : International Center for Research on Women .
   Google Scholar
• Oakes , Dan. ( 2012 , 13 July ). How the West was lost . The Age, p. 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Ompad , D. C. , Nandi , V. , Cerdá , M. , Crawford , N. , Galea , S. , & Vlahov , D. ( 2012 ). Beyond income: Material resources among drug users in economically-disadvantaged New York City neighborhoods . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 120 , 127 – 134 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osain Welcome , M. , & Alekseevich Pereverzev , V. ( 2010 ). The culture of alcohol use: An African perspective . European Psychiatry , 25 ( Suppl. 1 ), 1295 .
   Google Scholar
• Papanastasiou , C. , Higgs , P. , & Dietze , P. ( 2012 ). Public drinking and drug use in the Footscray central business district: Report to Maribyrnong city council . Melbourne , Australia : Burnet Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , A. ( 2012 , 8 November ). ‘Alarming’ alcohol abuse by African youths . The Age, p. 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Polonsky , M. J. , Brijnath , B. , & Renzaho , A. M. N. ( 2011 ). “They don't want our blood”: Social inclusion and blood donation among African migrants in Australia . Social Science and Medicine , 73 , 336 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppitt , G. , & Frey , R. ( 2007 ). Sudanese adolescent refugees: Acculturation and acculturative stress . Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling , 17 , 160 – 181 . doi: 10.1375/ajgc.17.2.160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , M. , & Haslam , N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association , 294, 602–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , G. , Aitken , C. , Beyer , L. , & Crofts , N. ( 2001 ). Ethnic communities' vulnerability to involvement with illicit drugs . Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy , 8 , 359 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renzaho , A. , Green , J. , Mellor , D. , & Swinburn , B. ( 2011 ). Parenting, family functioning and lifestyle in a new culture: the case of African migrants in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia . Child & Family Social Work , 16 , 228 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renzaho , A. , Renzaho , C. , & Polonsky , M. ( 2012 ). Left out, left off, left over: Why migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds are not adequately recognised in health promotion policy and programs . Health Promotion Journal of Australia , 23 , 84 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , T. , Bivol , S. , Scutelniciuc , O. , Hunt , N. , Bernays , S. , & Busza , J. ( 2011 ). Narrating the social relations of initiating injecting drug use: Transitions in self and society . International Journal of Drug Policy , 22 , 445 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , É. , Nonn , É. , & Haley , N. ( 2008 ). Transition to injection drug use among street youth—A qualitative analysis . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 94 ( 1–3 ), 19 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , S. H. ( 1990 ). Individualism-collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 21 , 139 – 157 . doi: 10.1177/0022022190212001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer , R. , Melville , F. , Steel , Z. , & Lacherez , P. ( 2006 ). Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 40 , 179 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small , W. , Fast , D. , Krusi , A. , Wood , E. , & Kerr , T. ( 2009 ). Social influences upon injection initiation among street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada: A qualitative study . Substance Abuse: Treatment, Prevention, and Policy , 4 , 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , B. , & Reside , S. ( 2010 ). ‘Boys, you wanna give me some action?’ Interventions into policing of racialised communities in Melbourne: A report of the 2009/10 Racism Project . Melbourne , Australia : Springvale Monash Legal Service .
   Google Scholar
• Spindler , G. D. , & Spindler , L. S. ( 1978 ). Identity, militancy, and cultural congruence: The Menominee and Kainai . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 436 , 73 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford , J. , & Burns , L. ( 2013 ). Australian drug trends 2012: Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) (Australian Drug Trends Series No. 91) . Sydney , Australia : National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales .
   Google Scholar
• Steel , Z. , Chey , T. , Silove , D. , Marnane , C. , Bryant , R. A. , & van Ommeren , M. ( 2009 ). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Journal of the American Medical Association , 302 , 537 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterk , C. E. ( 1998 ). Building bridges: Community Involvement in drug and HIV research among minority populations . Drugs & Society , 14 ( 1–2 ), 107 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , A. L. , Becker , L. G. , Huber , A. M. , & Catalano , R. F. ( 2012 ). Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood . Addictive Behaviors , 37 , 747 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tempany , M. (2009). What research tells us about the mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Sudanese refugees: A literature review. Transcultural Psychiatry , 46, 300–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger , J. B. ( 2012 ). The most critical unresolved issues associated with race, ethnicity, culture, and substance use . Substance Use and Misuse , 47 , 390 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture . ( 2007 ). The education needs of young refugees in Victoria . Brunswick , Australia : Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Victorian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet . ( 2013a ). Population diversity in Victoria: 2011 Census, local government areas . Melbourne , Australia : Victorian Government .
   Google Scholar
• Victorian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet . ( 2013b ). Victoria's diverse population: 2011 census . Melbourne , Australia : Victorian Government .
   Google Scholar
• Vlahov , D. , Fuller , C. M. , Ompad , D. C. , Galea , S. , & Des Jarlais , D. C. ( 2004 ). Updating the infection risk reduction hierarchy: Preventing transition into injection . Journal of Urban Health , 81 , 14 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vontress , C. E. ( 1991 ). Traditional healing in Africa: Implications for cross-cultural counseling . Journal of Counseling and Development , 70 , 242 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warfa , N. , Curtis , S. , Watters , C. , Carswell , K. , Ingleby , D. , & Bhui , K. ( 2012 ). Migration experiences, employment status and psychological distress among Somali immigrants: A mixed-method international study . BMC Public Health , 12 , 749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendler , D. , Kington , R. , Madans , J. , Van Wye , G. , Christ-Schmidt , H. , Pratt , L. A. , … Emanuel , E. ( 2006 ). Are racial and ethnic minorities less willing to participate in health research? PLOS Medicine , 3 ( 2 ), e19 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werb , D. , Buxton , J. , Shoveller , J. , Richardson , C. , Rowell , G. , & Wood , E. ( 2013 ). Interventions to prevent the initiation of injection drug use: A systematic review . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 133 , 669 – 676 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wille , Janecke. ( 2011 ). Agency and belonging: Southern Sudanese former refugees' reflections on life in Australia . The Australasian Review of African Studies , 32 , 80 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Windle , J. ( 2008 ). The racialisation of African youth in Australia . Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture , 14 , 553 – 566 . doi: 10.1080/13504630802343382
   Google Scholar