References
- Abdullah, T., & Brown, T. L. (2011). Mental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 934–948. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.003
- Adu, P., Jurcik T., & Grigoryev, D. (2021). Mental Health Literacy in Ghana: Implications for religiosity, education and stigmatization. Transcultural Psychiatry, 58(4), 516–531. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615211022177
- Allotey P., & Reidpath, D. (2001). Establishing the causes of childhood mortality in Ghana: The ‘spirit child.’ Social Science & Medicine, 52(7), 1007–1012. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00207-0
- Alonso, J., Buron, A., Bruffaerts, R., He, Y., Posada-Villa, J., Lepine, J., & Von Korff, M.; the World Mental Health Consortium. (2008). Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the world mental health surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(4), 305–314.
- Anderson Jnr, G. (2015). Fetish priests/priestesses media programmes: Examining their effects on the youth in Ghana. Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion, 9, 15–28. 2422-8443.
- Angermeyer, M. C., Matschinger, H., Carta, M. G., & Schomerus, G. (2014). Changes in the perception of mental illness stigma in Germany over the last two decades. European Psychiatry, 29(6), 390–395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.10.004
- Asamoah, M. K., Osafo, J., & Agyapong, I. (2014). The role of Pentecostal clergy in mental health-care delivery in Ghana. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(6), 601–614. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2013.871628
- Asare, J. (2003). Mental health profile (Ghana). Accra, Ghana: World Health Organization African Region.
- Barke, A., Nyarko, S., & Klecha, D. (2011). The stigma of mental illness in Southern Ghana: Attitudes of the urban population and patients’ views. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(11), 1191–1202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0290-3
- Bone, T. A., & Roberts, M. (2019). An investigation into the routes to inpatient care at the Pantang Hospital in Ghana via the criminal justice system. Ghana Medical Journal, 53(2), 100–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v53i2.4
- Bonsu, A. S., & Yendork, J. S. (2019). Community-based mental health care: Stigma and coping strategies among professionals and family caregivers in the Eastern region of Ghana. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(5), 444–451. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1564158
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Brohan, E., Gauci, D., Sartorius, N., & Thornicroft, G. (2011). Self-stigma, empowerment and perceived discrimination among people with bipolar disorder or depression in 13 European countries: The GAMIAN-Europe study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 129(1–3), 56–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.001
- Cooper, S., Ssebunnya, J., Kigozi, F., Lund, C., Flisher, A., & MHaPP Research Programme Consor, T. (2010). Viewing Uganda’s mental health system through a human rights lens. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(6), 578–588. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.536151
- Corrigan, P. W., Watson, A. C., Warpinski, A. C., & Gracia, G. (2004). Stigmatizing attitudes about mental illness and allocation of resources to mental health services. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(4), 297–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COMH.0000035226.19939.76
- Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), PMCID: PMC1489832, 16–20.
- Dako-Gyeke, M., & Asumang, E. (2013). Stigmatization and discrimination experiences of persons with mental illness: Insights from a qualitative study in Southern Ghana. Social Work and Society International Online Journal, 11(1), no pagination. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-017-0043-2
- Gary, F. A. (2005). Stigma: Barrier to mental health care among ethnic minorities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26(10), 979–999. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840500280638
- Ghana Statistical Service. 2019. PHC projection 2019 (July). Reterived July 15, 2020, from http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/index.php?id=MjYzOTE0MjAuMzc2NQ==/webstats/4238n0op4p
- GhanaWeb. 2017. Ghana has only 18 psychiatrists; experts beg government for more funds. Reterived July 15, 2020, from https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-has-only-18-psychiatrists-experts-beg-government-for-more-funds-591732
- Golberstein, E., Eisenberg, D., & Gollust, S. E. (2008). Perceived stigma and mental health care seeking. Psychiatric Services, 59(4), 392–399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.4.392
- Gyamfi, S., Hegadoren, K., & Park, T. (2017). Individual Factors that influence experiences and perceptions of stigma and discrimination towards people with mental illness in Ghana. Journal of Mental Health Nursing. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12331.
- Liu, M. (2016). Family, religion and psychiatry in Ghana. Perspectives in Global Mental Health. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2016.110806
- Lyons, C., Hopley, P., & Horrocks, J. (2009). A decade of stigma and discrimination in mental health: Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose (the more things change, the more they stay the same). Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16(6), 501–507. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01390.x
- Lyons, Z., Laugharne, J., Laugharne, R., & Appiah-Poku, J. (2015). Stigma towards mental illness among medical students in Australia and Ghana. Academic Psychiatry, 39(3), 305–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0147-2
- Masuda, A., Hayes, S. C., Fletcher, L. B., Seignourel, P. J., Bunting, K., Herbst, S. A., … Lillis, J. (2007). Impact of acceptance and commitment therapy versus education on stigma toward people with psychological disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(11), 2764–2772. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.008
- Mfoafo-M’Carthy, M., & Sossou, M. (2017). Stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion of the mentally-Ill: The case of Ghana. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 2(94), 128–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-017-0043-2
- Mfoafo-M’Carthy, M., Sottie, C. A., & Gyan, C. (2016). Stigma: Portrayal of mental health through print media in Ghana - A ten-year evaluation (2003–2012). International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 9(2), 197–207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2016.1165271
- Masuda, A., Price, M., Anderson, P., Schmertz, S., and Calamaras, M. (2009). The role of psychological flexibility in mental health stigma and psychological distress for the stigmatizer. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(10), 1244–1262.
- Opare-Henaku, A., & Utsey, S. O. (2017). Culturally prescribed beliefs about mental illness among the Akan of Ghana. Transcultural Psychiatry, 54(4), 502–522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461517708120
- Osafo, J. (2016). Seeking paths for collaboration between religious leaders and mental health professionals in Ghana. Pastoral Psychology, 65,493-508.
- Palinkas, L., Horwitz, S., Green, C., Wisdom, J., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Read, U., Adiibokah, E., & Nyame, S. (2009). Local suffering and the global discourse of mental health and human rights: An ethnographic study of responses to mental illness in rural Ghana. Globalization and Health, 5(1), 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-5-13
- Read, U. (2016). Madness and miracles: Hoping for healing in rural Ghana. In K. Littlewood, and R. Lynch (Eds.), Cosmos, gods and madmen: Frameworks in anthropologies of medicine (pp. 45–66). New York, USA: Berghan Books.
- Ritsher, J. B., & Phelan, J. C. (2004). Internalized stigma predicts erosion of morale among psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatry Research, 129(3), 257–265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.08.003
- Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237–246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214005283748
- Thornicroft, G., Rose, D., & Kassam, A. (2007). Discrimination in health care against people with mental illness. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 113–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278937
- Vertilo, V., & Gibson, J. M. (2014). Influence of character strengths on mental health stigma. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(3), 266–275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.891245
- Wang, J., Fink, G., Adair, C., & Lai, D. (2007). Gender specific correlates of stigma toward depression in a Canadian general population sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 103(1–3), 91–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.010
- World Bank. 2021. Population, total – Ghana. Reterived September 3, 2021, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=GH
- World Health Organization (WHO). 2013. Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013-2020. Geneva: World Health Organization. Reterived July 20, 2020, from http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA66/A66_R8-en.pdf?ua=1
- Yendork, J. S., Kpobi, L., & Sarfo, E. A. (2016). ’It’s only “madness” that I know’: Analysis of how mental illness is conceptualised by congregants of selected Charismatic churches in Ghana. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(9), 984–999. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1285877