Electric and magnetic field pollution in near substations and investigation of anxiety and depressive effects on adult individuals living in this area

References

• Abdel-Rassoul, G., O. Abou El-Fateh, M. Abou Salem, A. Michael, F. Farahat, M. El-Batanouny, and E. Salem. 2006. Neurobehavioral effects among in habitants around mobile phone base stations. Neuro. Toxicol. 28:434–40. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2006.07.012.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Faqeeh, I. J. A. (2013) The effect of the electromagnetic radiation from high voltage transformers on students health in Hebron district. Doctoral dissertation.
   Google Scholar
• Alkis, M. E., H. M. Bilgin, V. Akpolat, S. Dasdag, K. Yegin, M. C. Yavas, and M. Z. Akdag. 2019. Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 38:32–47. doi:10.1080/15368378.2019.1567526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoobi, F., A. Shamsizadeh, and S. A. Shafiei. 2017. The effect of local extremely low frequency magnetic field on student sleepiness. Neurol. Res. 39:1080–85. doi:10.1080/01616412.2017.1380931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balamuralikrishnan, B., V. Balachandar, S. S. Kumar, N. Stalin, P. Varsha, S. M. Devi, S. N. Dharwadkar, P. Manikantan, C. Venkatesan, and K. Sasikala. 2012. Evaluation of chromosomal alteration in electrical workers occupationally exposed to low frequency of electro magnetic field (EMFs) in Coimbatore population, India. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 13:2961–66. doi:10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.6.2961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsam, T., M. R. Monazzam, A. A. Haghdoost, M. R. Ghotbi, and S. F. Dehghan. 2012. Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure on sleep quality in high voltage substations. Iranian J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 9:1–7. doi:10.1186/1735-2746-9-15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackman, C. F., S. G. Benane, L. S. Kinney, W. T. Joines, and D. E. House. 1982. Effects of ELF fields on calcium ion efflux from brain tissue in vitro. Radiat. Res. 92:510–20. doi:10.2307/3575923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, S., K. Ebner, T. Mikoteit, I. Lejri, M. Gerber, J. Beck, E. Holsboer-Trachsler, and A. Eckert. 2020. Influence of regular physical activity on mitochondrial activity and symptoms of burnout—an interventional pilot study. J. Clin. Med. 9:667. doi:10.3390/jcm9030667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, D. K. Second edition field and wave electromagnetics (1983) United States of America. Addision, Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Consales, C., C. Merla, C. Marino, and B. Benassi. 2012. Electromagnetic fields, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2012:1–16. doi:10.1155/2012/683897.
   Google Scholar
• Davanipour, Z., and E. Sobel. 2009. Long-term exposure to magnetic fields and the risks of Alzheimer’s disease and breast cancer: Further biological research. Pathophysiology 16:149–56. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhir, A., and S. Kulkarni. 2011. Nitric oxide and major depression. Nitric. Oxide 24:125–31. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2011.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djordjevic, N. Z., M. G. Paunović, and A. S. Peulić. 2017. Anxiety-like behavioural effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field in rats. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24:21693–99. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9710-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper, G., T. Vincent, M. E. Kroll, and J. Swanson. 2005. Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines inEngland and Wales: A case-control study. BMJ 330:1290–94. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7503.1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Helaly, M., and E. Abu-Hashem. 2010. Oxidative stress, melatonin level, and sleep insufficiency among electronic equipment repairers. Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med. 14:66–70. doi:10.4103/0019-5278.75692.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Förstermann, U., and W. C. Sessa. 2011. Nitric oxide synthases: Regulation and function. Eur. Heart J. 33:829–37. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genuis, S. J., and C. T. Lipp. 2011. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: Fact or fiction? Sci. Total Environ. 414:103–12. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadamgahi, M., M. R. Monazzam, and M. Hosseini. 2016. Memory loss risk assessment for the students nearby high-voltage power lines—a case study. Environ. Monit. Assess. 188:1–8. doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5358-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghotbi, M. R., H. Mardi, N. Khanjani, and N. Parvaresh. 2015. Occupational exposure to steady magnetic fields and men- tal health of workers at the copper electrolysis unit. J. Saf. Stud 1:1–10. doi:10.5296/jss.v1i2.8485.
   Google Scholar
• Gimsa, J., and L. Haberland. 2005. Electric and magnetic fields in cells and tissues. In Encyclopedia of condensed matter physics, Vol. 1689, 6–13. Rostock.
   Google Scholar
• Grimnes, S., and O. G. Martinsen. 2000. Bioimpedance & bioelectricity basics. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, C., L. Sun, X. Chen, and D. Zhang. 2013. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regener. Res. 8:2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan, D. 2009. Elektriksel Alanlar ve Canlılara Etkileri. Elektrik Mühendisliği Dergisi.
   Google Scholar
• Hosseinabadi, B. M., N. Khanjani, M. H. Ebrahimi, S. H. Mousavi, and F. Nazarkhani. 2020. Investigating the effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on job burnout syndrome and the severity of depression; the role of oxidative stress. J. Occup. Health 62:e12136. doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinabadi, M. B., K. Narges, H. E. Mohammad, H. Bahman, and A. Mazaher. 2019. The effect of chronic exposure to extremely low- frequency electromagnetic fields on sleep quality, stress, depression and anxiety. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 38:96–101. doi:10.1080/15368378.2018.1545665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infante-Rivard, C., and J. E. Deadman. 2013. Maternal occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields during pregnancy and childhood leukemia. Epidemiology 14:437–41. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000078421.60231.bc.
   Google Scholar
• Ivancsits, S., E. Diem, O. Jahn, and H. W. Rudiger. 2003. Intermittent extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields cause DNA damage in a dose-dependent way. Int Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 76:431–36. doi:10.1007/s00420-003-0446-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivancsits, S., E. Diem, A. Pilger, H. W. Rudiger, and O. Jahn. 2002. Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts. Mutat. Res. 519:1–13. doi:10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00109-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadidi, M., S. M. Firoozabadi, A. Rashidy-Pour, A. Sajadi, H. Sadeghi, and A. Taherian. 2007. Acute exposure to a 50 hz magnetic field impairs conso- lidation of spatial memory in rats. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 88:387–92. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2007.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joung, H.-Y., E.-Y. Jung, K. Kim, M.-S. Lee, S. Her, and I. Shim. 2012. The differen- tial role of NOS inhibitors on stress-induced anxiety and neuroendo- crine alterations in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 235:176–81. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazuyoshi, K., K. Mitsuo, A. Shun, N. Shimizu, and K. Yoshizaki. 2013. Chronic exposure to an extremely low-frequency magnetic field induces depression-like behavior and corticosterone secretion without enhancement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 34:43–51. doi:10.1002/bem.21743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitaoka, K., M. Kitamura, S. Aoi, N. Shimizu, and K. Yoshizaki. 2013. Chronic exposure to an extremely low-frequency magnetic field induces depression-like behavior and corticosterone secretion without enhancement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 34:43–51. doi:10.1002/bem.21743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurokawa, Y., H. Nitta, H. Imai, and M. Kabuto. 2003. No influence of short-term exposure to 50-hz magnetic fields on cognitive performance function in human. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 76:437–42. doi:10.1007/s00420-003-0445-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, H. 2022. Neurological effects of static and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 41:201–21. doi:10.1080/15368378.2022.2064489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, H., and N. P. Singh. 1997. Acute exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics 18:156–65. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:2<156:AID-BEM8>3.0.CO;2-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, H., and N. P. Singh. 2004. Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:687–94. doi:10.1289/ehp.6355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon, J., D. Acuña-Castroviejo, G. Escames, D.-X. Tan, and R. J. Reiter. 2005. Melatonin mitigates mitochondrial malfunction. J. Pineal Res. 38:1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2004.00181.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leszczynski, D., S. Joenvaara, J. Reivinen, and R. Kuokka. 2002. Non thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells. Original Article 70:120–29. doi:10.1046/j.1432-0436.2002.700207.x.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, H., M. Blank, and R. Goodman. 1999. A magnetic field responsive domain in the human HSP70 promoter. J. Cell. Biochem. 75:170–76. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19991001)75:1<170:AID-JCB17>3.0.CO;2-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T., S. Wang, L. He, and K. Ye. 2008. Anxiogenic effect of chronic exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field in adult rats. Neurosci. Lett. 434:12–17. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., and Z. Chen. 2017. The pathophysiological role of mitochondrial oxi- dative stress in lung diseases. J. Transl. Med. 15:207. doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1306-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, X., X. Huang, Z. Luo, Z. Wang, G. He, Y. Tan, B. Zhang, H. Zhou, P. Li, T. Shen, et al. 2021. Electromagnetic field exposure-induced depression features could be alleviated by heat acclimation based on remodeling the gut microbiota. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 228:112980. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood, D., B. Y. Muhammad, M. Alghani, J. Anwar, N. el-Lebban, and M. Haider. 2016. Advancing role of melatonin in the treatment of neurop- sychiatric disorders. Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 3:203–18. doi:10.1016/j.ejbas.2016.07.001.
   Google Scholar
• Milham, S., and E. M. Ossiander. 2001. Historical evidence that residential electrification caused the emergence of the childhood leukemia peak. Med. Hypotheses 56:290–95. doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Digital Affairs. 2020. The electromagnetic field and people. Poland.
   Google Scholar
• Morabito, C., F. Rovetta, M. Bizzarri, G. Mazzoleni, G. Fanò, and M. A. Mariggiò. 2010. Modulation of redox status and calcium handling by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in C2C12 mus- cle cells: A real-time, single-cell approach. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 48:579–89. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muharemovic, A., H. Salkic, M. Klaric, I. Turkovic, and A. Muharemovic. 2012. The calculation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) in substations of shopping centers. World Acad. Sci. Eng.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, S., and L. Pearl. 1998. Power frequency magnetic fields and illness in multistorey blocks. Public Health 102:11–18. doi:10.1016/S0033-3506(88)80005-2.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, S. F., M. Reichmanis, A. A. Marino, and R. O. Becker. 1981. Environmental power- frequency magnetic fields and suicide. Health Phys. 41:267–77. doi:10.1097/00004032-198108000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante, M. 2011. The power system and health electric and magnetic fields.
   Google Scholar
• Pooam, M., N. Jourdan, M. El Esawi, R. M. Sherrard, M. Ahmad, and Y. Cao. 2020. Hek293 cell response to static magnetic fields via the radical pair mechanism may explain therapeutic effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields. PLOS ONE 15:e0243038. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regel, S. J., and P. Achermann. 2011. Cognitive performance measures in bioelectromagnetic research-critical evaluation and recommendations. Environ. Health 10:1–19. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter, R. J., S. D. Paredes, L. C. Manchester, and D.-X. Tan. 2009. Reducing oxidative/nitrosative stress: A newly-discovered genre for melatonin. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 44:175–200. doi:10.1080/10409230903044914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röösli, M., M. Moser, Y. Baldinini, M. Meier, and C. Braun-Fahrländer. 2004. Symptoms of ill health ascribed to electromagnetic field exposure–a questionnaire survey. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 207:141–50. doi:10.1078/1438-4639-00269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini, M. T., G. Rainaldi, and P. L. Indovina. 2009. Cellular effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 85:294–313. doi:10.1080/09553000902781097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini, R., P. Santini, J. M. Danze, P. Le Ruz, and M. Seigne. 2002. Enquête sur la santé de riverains de stations relais de téléphonie mobile : I/Incidences de la distance et du sexe. Pathol. Biol. 50:369–73. doi:10.1016/S0369-8114(02)00311-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz, D. A., and D. P. Loomis. 1994. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 141:123–34. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saygın, M., S. Yaşar, G. Çetinkaya, M. Kayan, M. Özgüner, and C. Korucu. 2011. Radyoloji çalışanlarında depresyon ve anksiyete düzeyleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2:139–44.
   Google Scholar
• Sharifi, M., P. Nasiri, and M. R. Monazzam. 2010. Measurement of the magnetic fields from high- voltage (230 kV) substations in Tehran and assessment of their effects. Iranian J. Med. Phys. 7:49–56.
   Google Scholar
• Sırmatel, Ö., C. Sert, C. Tümer, Z. Ziylan, M. Bilgin, and Z. Ziylan. 2007. Change of nitric oxide concentration in men exposed to a 1.5 T constant magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 28:152–54. doi:10.1002/bem.20281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, R. G., B. W. Wilson, and L. E. Anderson. 1997. The melatonin hypothesis: Breast cancer and the use of electric power. Columbus, OH: Battelle.
   Google Scholar
• Szczepanowska, J., D. Malinska, M. R. Wieckowski, and J. Duszynski. 2012. Effect of mtDNA point mutations on cellular bioenergetics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg. 1817:1740–46. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.028.
   Google Scholar
• Szemerszky, R., D. Zelena, I. Barna, and G. Bárdos. 2010. Stress-related endocrinological and psychopathological effects of short-and long-term 50 hz electromagnetic field exposure in rats. Brain Res. Bull. 81:92–99. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.10.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari, R., N. Lakshmi, S. Bhargava, and Y. R. Ahuja. 2015. Epinephrine, DNA integrity and oxidative stress in workers exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) at 132 kV substations. Electromagn Biol. Med. 34:56–62. doi:10.3109/15368378.2013.869755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TMMOB Elektrik Mühendisleri Odası İzmir Şubesi. Elektromanyetik Alanların Etkileri. İzmir. 2010. Technol. Int. J. Elect. Comput. Energ. Electron. Commun. Eng. 6:87–94.
   Google Scholar
• Urone, P. P., and R. Hinrichs. 2012. Electric field: Concept of a field revisited. College Physics.
   Google Scholar
• Van Wijngaarden, E., D. A. Savitz, R. C. Kleckner, Cai, J, Loomis, D. 2000. Exposure to electromagnetic fields and suicide among electric utility workers: A nested case-control study. Occup. Environ. Med. 57:258–63. doi:10.1136/oem.57.4.258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, D. C. 2010. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging. Environ. Mol. Mutagen 51:440–50. doi:10.1002/em.20586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, J. C., B. Selvakumar, Z. M. Weil, S. H. Snyder, and R. J. Nelson. 2013. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase interact to affect cognitive, affective, and social behaviors in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 256:320–27. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., L. Wang, S. Zheng, Z. Ding, H. Liu, W. Jin, Y. Pan, Z. Chen, Y. Fei, G. Chen, et al. 2016. Effects of electromagnetic fields on serum lipids in workers of a power plant. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23:2495–504. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5500-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warille, A., G. Altun, A. Elamin Abdalla, A. Kaplan, H. Mohamed, K. Yurt, and A. El Elhaj. 2017. Skeptical approaches concerning the effect of exposure to electromag- netic fields on brain hormones and enzyme activities. J. Microsc. 5:177–84. doi:10.1016/j.jmau.2017.09.002.
   Google Scholar
• Wever, R. A. 1992. Circadian rhythmicity of man under the influence of weak electromagnetic fields electromagnetic fields and circadian rhythmicity ed M C Moore-Ede, S C Scott and R J Reiter. Boston: Birkauser).
   Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization), Exposure to extremely low frequency fields [web page on the Internet]. 2022. WHO exposure to extremely low frequency fields: https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non–ionizing.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Radiation, Environmental Health, & World Health Organization. 2002. Establishing a dialogue on risks from electromagnetic fields. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Yahyazadeh, A., Ö. G. Deniz, A. A. Kaplan, G. Altun, K. K. Yurt, and D. Davis. 2018. The genomic effects of cell phone exposure on the reproductive system. Environ. Res. 167:684–93. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousefi, H. A., and P. Nasiri. 2006. Psychological effects of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields. J. Res. Health Sci. 6:18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, L., X. Liu, C. Wang, K. Yan, X. Lin, S. Li, X. Liu, and X. Liu. 2014. Magnetic fields exposure and childhood leukemia risk: A meta-analysis based on 11,699 cases and 13,194 controls. Leuk. Res. 38:269–74. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2013.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar