REFERENCES
- Stokes W. A treatise on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the chest. Part 1. Diseases of the lung and windpipe. The New Sydenham Society, London 1837; 168–169
- Sharp J T. The respiratory muscles in emphysema. Clin Chest Med 1983; 4: 421–432, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sharp J T, Goldberg N B, Druz W S, Fishman H C, Danon J. Thoraco-abdominal motion in chronic obstructive lung disease. Am Rev Resp Dis 1977; 115: 47–56, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Simon G. Principles of Chest X-ray Diagnosis, 3rd ed. Butterworths, London 1971
- Simon G, Pride N B, Jones N L, Raimondi A C. Relation between abnormalities in the chest radiograph and changes in pulmonary function in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Thorax 1973; 28: 15–23, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Burki N K, Krumpelman J L. Correlation of pulmonary function with the chest roentgenogram in chronic airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 217–223, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Nakano Y, Muro S, Sakai H, Hirai T, Chin K, Tsukino M, Nishimura K, Itoh H, Paré P D, Hogg J C, Mishima M. Computed tomographic measurements of airway dimensions and emphysema in smokers. Correlation with lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 1102–1108, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- de Jong P A, Müller N L, Paré P D, Coxson H O. Computed tomographic imaging of the airways:relationship to structure and function. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 140–152, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo R O, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, van der Grinten C PM, Gustafsson P, Hankinson J, Jensen R, Johnson D C, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Miller M R, Navajas D, Pedersen O F, Wanger J. ATS/ERS Task Force: Standardisation of lung function testing: Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 948–968, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Quanjer P H, Tammeling G J, Cotes J E, Pedersen O F, Peslin R, Yernault J C. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 5–40, Suppl. 16[CSA]
- He Z, Lam M, Webb K, O'Donnell D E. Ventilatory Constraints during Exercise in Patients with Mild COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: A304, [CSA]
- Leith D E, Brown R. Human lung volumes and the mechanisms that set them. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 468–472, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Tantucci C, Duguet A, Similowski T, Zelter M, Derenne J P, Milic-Emili J. Effect of salbutamol on dynamic hyperinflation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 1998; 12: 799–804, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Revill S, Webb K A. Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise intolerance in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 770–777, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Diaz O, Villafranca C, Ghezzo H, Borzone G, Leiva A, Milic-Emil J, Lisboa C. Role of inspiratory capacity on exercise tolerance in COPD patients with and without tidal expiratory flow limitations at rest. Eur Respir J 2000; 16: 269–275, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Casanova C, Cote C, de Torres J P, Aguirre-Jaime A, Marin J M, Pinto-Plata V, Celli B R. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005 15; 171: 591–597, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Lam M, Webb K A. Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1557–1565, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, He Z, Lam M, Webb K, Fluge T, Hamilton A. Reproducibility of measurements in inspiratory capacity, dyspnea intensity and exercise endurance in multicentre trials in COPD (abs). Eur Respir J 2004; 24(48)P2151, [CSA]
- O'Donnell D, Flüge T, Gerken F, Hamilton A, Webb K, Aguilaniu B, Make B, Magnussen H. Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 832–840, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Maltais F, Hamilton A, Marciniuk D, Hernandez P, Sciurba F C, Richter K, Kesten S, O'Donnell D. Improvements in symptom-limited exercise performance over eight hours with once-daily tiotropium in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 128: 1168–1178, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Hyatt R E. Expiratory flow limitation. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 1–8, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Dawson S V, Elliott E A. Wave-speed limitation on expiratory flow—a unifying concept. J Appl Physiol 1977; 43: 498–515, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Pride N B. Ageing and changes in lung mechanics. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 563–565, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Pride N B, Macklem P T. Lung mechanics in disease. Handbook of Physiology, Section 3, Vol III, Part 2: The Respiratory System, A P Fishman. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD 1986; 659–692
- Vinegar A, Sinnett E E, Leith D E. Dynamic mechanisms determine functional residual capacity in mice. J Appl Physiol 1979; 46: 867–891, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sharp J T. The respiratory muscles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 1089–1091, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Demedts M. Mechanisms and consequences of hyperinflation. Eur Respir J 1990; 3: 617–618, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Macklem P T. Hyperinflation (editorial). Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 1–2, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lougheed D M, Webb K A, O'Donnell D E. Breathlessness during induced lung hyperinflation in asthma:the role of the inspiratory threshold load. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 911–920, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Cormier Y. Mechanisms of hyperinflation in asthma. Eur Respir J 1990; 3: 619–624, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Martin J G. Inspiratory muscle activity during induced hyperinflation. Respir Physiol 1980; 39: 303–313, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Cole P, Savard P, Miljeteig H, Haight J S. Resistance to respiratory airflow of the extrapulmonary airways. Laryngoscope 1993; 103(4 Pt. 1)447–450, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Stevenson N J, Walker P P, Costello R W, Calverley P M. Lung mechanics and dyspnea during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 1510–1516, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Parker C M. COPD exacerbations · 3: Pathophysiology. Thorax 2006; 61: 354–361, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Gelb A F, Guitierrez C A, Weisman I M, Newsom R, Taylor C F, Zamel N. Simplified detection of dynamic hyperinflation. Chest 2004; 126: 1855–1860, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, D'Arsigny C, Webb K A. Effects of hyperoxia on ventilatory limitation during exercise in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 892–898, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Grimby G, Bunn J, Mead J. Relative contribution of rib cage and abdomen to ventilation during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1968; 24: 159–166, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Potter W A, Olafsson S, Hyatt R E. Ventilatory mechanics and expiratory flow limitation during exercise in patients with obstructive lung disease. J Clin Invest 1971; 50: 910–919, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Stubbing D G, Pengelly L D, Morse J LC, Jones N L. Pulmonary mechanics during exercise in subjects with chronic airflow obstruction. J Appl Physiol 1980; 49: 511–515, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Dodd D S, Brancatisano T, Engel L A. Chest wall mechanics during exercise in patients with severe chronic airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 33–38, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Aliverti A, Stevenson N, Dellaca R L, Lo Mauro A, Pedotti A, Calverley P M. Regional chest wall volumes during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2004; 59: 210–216, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Clarenbach C F, Senn O, Brack T, Kohler M, Bloch K E. Monitoring of ventilation during exercise by a portable respiratory inductive plethysmograph. Chest 2005; 128: 1282–1290, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Vogiatzis I, Georgiadou O, Golemati S, Aliverti A, Kosmas E, Kastanakis E, Geladas N, Koutsoukou A, Nanas S, Zakynthinos S, Roussos C. Patterns of dynamic hyperinflation during exercise and recovery in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005; 60: 723–729, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Similowski T, Yan S, Gauthier A P, Macklem P T, Bellemare F. Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 917–923, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Orozco-Levi M, Gea J, Lloreta J L, Félez M, Minguella J, Serano S, Broquetas J M. Subcellular adaptation of the human diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 371–378, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Levine S, Kaiser L, Leferovich J, Tikunov B. Cellular adaptations in the diaphgram in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1799–1806, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Mercadier J J, Schwartz K, Schiaffino S, Wisnewsky C, Ausoni S, Heimburger M, Marrash R, Pariente R, Aubier M. Myosin heavy chain gene expression changes in the diaphragm of patients with chronic lung hyperinflation. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: L527–534, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Decramer M. Hyperinflation and respiratory muscle interaction. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 934–941, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Webb K A. Exercise. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2nd edition, P MA Calverley, W MacNee, N B Pride, S I Rennard. Arnold, London 2003; 243–269, Chapter 18
- O'Donnell D E, Chau L KL, Bertley J C, Webb K A. Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 109–115, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sinderby C, Spahija J, Beck J, Kaminski D, Yan S, Comtois N, Sliwinski P. Diaphragm activation during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1637–1641, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, D'Arsigny C, Fitzpatrick M, Webb K A. Exercise Hypercapnia in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of lung hyperinflation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 663–668, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Montes de Oca M, Rassulo J, Celli B R. Respiratory muscle and cardiopulmonary function during exercise in very severe COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1284–1289, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Light R W, Mintz W M, Linden G S, Brown S E. Hemodynamics of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during progressive upright exercise. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 391–395, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Vizza C D, Lynch J P, Ochoa L L, Richardson G, Trulock E P. Right and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with severe pulmonary disease. Chest 1998; 113: 576–583, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Hamilton A L, Webb K A. Sensory-mechanical relationships during high-intensity, constant-work-rate exercise in COPD. J Appl Physiol 2006; 101: 1025–1035, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Lam M, Webb K A. Spirometric correlates of improvement in exercise performance after anticholinergic therapy in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 524–549, [CSA]
- Belman M J, Botnick W C, Shin J W. Inhaled bronchodilators reduce dynamic hyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 967–975, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Voduc N, Fitzpatrick M, Webb K A. Effect of salmeterol on the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 86–94, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Sciurba F, Celli B, Mahler D A, Webb K A, Kalberg C J, Knobil K. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol on lung hyperinflation and exercise endurance in COPD. Chest 2006; 130: 647–656, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Peters M M, Webb K A, O'Donnell D E. Combined physiological effects of bronchodilators and hyperoxia on exertional dyspnea in normoxic COPD. Thorax 2006; 61: 559–567, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Bertley J, Webb K A, Conlan A A. Mechanisms of relief of exertional breathlessness following unilateral bullectomy and lung volume reduction surgery in advanced chronic airflow limitation. Chest 1996; 110: 18–27, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Martinez F J, Montes de Oca M, Whyte R I, Stetz J, Gay S E, Celli B R. Lung-volume reduction improves dyspnea, dynamic hyperinflation and respiratory muscle function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1984–1990, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Laghi F, Jurban A, Topeli A, Fahey P J, Garrity E, Jr, Archids J M, DePinto D J, Edwards L C, Tobin M J. Effect of lung volume reduction surgery on neuromechanical coupling of the diaphragm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 475–483, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Barbera J A, Roca J, Ferrer A, Felez M A, Diaz O, Roger N, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1285–1291, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Calverley P M. Respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J Suppl 2003; 47: 26s–30s, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Tantucci C, Corbeil C, Chasse M, Braidy J, Matar N, Milic-Emili J. Flow resistance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 384–389, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Guerin C, Coussa M L, Eissa N T, Corbeil C, Chasse M, Braidy J, Matar N, Milic-Emili J. Lung and chest wall mechanics in mechanically ventilated COPD patients. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 1570–1580, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Parker C M, Voduc N, Aaron S D, Webb K A, O'Donnell D E. Physiological changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbations of COPD. Eur Resp J 2005; 26: 420–428, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E. Assessment of bronchodilator efficacy in symptomatic COPD. Is spirometry useful?. Chest 2000; 117: 42S–47S, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Newton M, O'Donnell D E, Forkert L. Response of lung volumes to inhaled salbutamol in a large population of patients with severe hyperinflation. Chest 2002; 121: 1042–1050, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Rabe K F, Bateman E D, O'Donnell D, Witte S, Bredenbröker D, Bethke T D. Roflumilast—an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 563–571, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Swanney M P, Jensen R L, Crichton D A, Beckert L E, Cardno L A, Crapo R O. FEV6 is an acceptable surrogate for FVC in the spirometric diagnosis of airway obstruction and restriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 917–919, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Celli B, ZuWallack R, Wang S, Kesten S. Improvement in resting inspiratory capacity and hyperinflation with tiotropium in COPD patients with increased static lung volumes. Chest 2003; 124: 1743–1748, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Forkert L, Webb K A. Evaluation of bronchodilator responses in patients with “irreversible emphysema”. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 914–920, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sciurba F C, Rogers R M, Keenan R J, Slivka W A, Gorscan J, III, Ferson P F, Holbert J M, Brown M L, Landreneau R J. Improvement in pulmonary function and elastic recoil after lung-reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1095–1099, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Chrystyn H, Mulley B A, Peake M D. Dose response relation to oral theophylline in severe chronic obstructive airways disease. Brit Med J 1988; 297: 1506–1510, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- van Noord J A, Aumann J L, Janssens E, Verhaert J, Smeets J J, Mueller A, Cornellisen P JG. Effects of tiotropium with and without formoterol on airflow obstruction and resting hyperinflation in patients with COPD. Chest 2006; 129: 509–517, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Gandevia S C. The perception of motor commands on effort during muscular paralysis. Brain 1982; 105: 151–195, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Chen Z, Eldridge F L, Wagner P G. Respiratory associated rhythmic firing of midbrain neurons in cats:relation to level of respiratory drive. J Physiol 1991; 437: 305–325, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Campbell E JM, Howell J BL. The sensation of breathlessness. Br Med Bull 1963; 18: 36–40, [CSA]
- Chen Z, Eldridge F L, Wagner P G. Respiratory-associated thalamic activity is related to level of respiratory drive. Respir Physiol 1992; 90: 99–113, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Hong H H, Webb K A. Respiratory sensation during chest wall restriction and dead space loading in exercising men. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 1859–1869, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Davenport P W, Friedman W A, Thompson F J, Franzen O. Respiratory-related cortical potentials evoked by inspiratory occlusion in humans. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 1843–1848, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Zechman F R, Jr., Wiley R L. Afferent inputs to breathing:respiratory sensation. Handbook of Physiology, Section 3, Volume II, Part 2: The Respiratory System, A P Fishman. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD 1986; 449–474
- Chronos N, Adams L, Guz A. Effect of hyperoxia and hypoxia on exercise-induced breathlessness in normal subjects. Clin Sci 1988; 74: 531–537, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lane R, Cockcroft A, Adams L, Guz A. Arterial oxygen saturation and breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Clin Sci 1987; 72: 693–698, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Woodcock A A, Gross E R, Geddes D M. Oxygen relieves breathlessness in “pink puffers”. Lancet 1981; 1: 907–909, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Stein D A, Bradley B L, Miller W. Mechanisms of oxygen effects on exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1982; 81: 6–10, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Libby D M, Briscoe W A, King T KC. Relief of hypoxia-related bronchoconstriction by breathing 30 percent oxygen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 171–175, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Bain D J, Webb K A. Factors contributing to relief of exertional breathlessness during hyperoxia in chronic airflow limitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 530–535, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Somfay A, Porszasz J, Lee S M, Casaburi R. Dose-response effect of oxygen on hyperinflation and exercise endurance in nonhypoxemic COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 77–84, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Barach A L. The use of helium in the treatment of asthma and obstructive lesions in the larynx and trachea. Ann Intern Med 1935; 9: 739–765, [CSA]
- Pedley T J, Schroter R C, Sudlow M F. Gas flow and mixing in the airways. Bioengineering aspects of the lung, J B West. Marcel Dekker, New York 1977; 163–265
- Grapé B, Channin E, Tyler J M. The effect of helium and oxygen mixtures on pulmonary resistances in emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1960; 81: 823–829, [CSA]
- Wouters E F, Landser F J, Polko A H, Visser B F. Impedance measurement during air and helium-oxygen breathing before and after salbutamol. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1992; 19: 95–101, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Swidwa D M, Montenegro H D, Goldman M D, Lutchen K R, Saidel G M. Helium-oxygen breathing in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1985; 87: 790–795, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Meadows J A, 3rd, Rodarte J R, Hyatt R E. Density dependence of maximal expiratory flow in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 47–53, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Marini J J. Heliox in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: time to lighten up?. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 3086–3088, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Chevrolet J C. Helium oxygen mixtures in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 2001; 5: 179–181, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- McClaran S R, Wetter T J, Pegelow D F, Dempsey J A. Role of expiratory flow limitation in determining lung volumes and ventilation during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 1357–1366, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Palange P, Valli G, Onorati P, Antonucci R, Paoletti P, Rosato A, Manfredi F, Serra P. Effect of heliox on lung dynamic hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise endurance capacity in COPD patients. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97: 1637–1642, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Goto S, Porszasz J, Sakurai S, et al. Effect of helium breathing on dynamic hyperinflation, minute ventilation and exercise tolerance in severe COPD patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 467A, [CSA]
- Laude E A, Duffy N C, Baveystock C, Dougill B, Campbell M J, Lawson R, Jones P W, Calverley P M. The effect of helium and oxygen on exercise performance in COPD: a randomised crossover trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 865–870, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- O'Donnell D E, Webb K A. Mechanisms of dyspnea in COPD. Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Management, 2nd edition, D Mahler, D E O'Donnell. Lung Biology in Health and Disease Series, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL 2005; Volume 208: 29–58, Chapter 3