Hexavalent Chromium Compounds in the Workplace: Assessing the Extent and Magnitude of Occupational Exposure in Italy

REFERENCES

• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 1990 . “ Chromium, nickel and welding ” . In Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Vol. 49 , Lyon , , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition: Substance Profile for Chromium Hexavalent Compounds . [Online] Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles//ChromiumHexavalentCompounds.pdf(Accessed April 19, 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Costa , M. 1997 . Toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in animal models and humans . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 27 : 431 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) . 2000 . Final Report for Toxicological Profile for Chromium , 455 Atlanta , Ga. : ATSDR . NTIS Accession No. PB2000-108022
   Google Scholar
• Proctor , D. M. , Panko , J. P. , Liebig , E. W. and Paustenbach , D. J. 2004 . Estimating historical occupational exposure to airborne hexavalent chromium in a chromate production plant: 1940–1972 . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg , 1 : 752 – 767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , M. and Klein , C. B. 2006 . Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 36 : 155 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2011 . Chromium Compounds . [Online] Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/chromium.html(accessed January 10
   Google Scholar
• 2011 . National Occupational Exposure Survey (1981–83) . (Online) Available at http://www.cdc.gov/noes/noes3/empl0003.html (accessed January 10
   Google Scholar
• Mirabelli , D. and Kauppinen , T. 2005 . Occupational exposures to carcinogens in Italy: An Update of CAREX database . Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health. , 11 : 53 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1997 . Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards , Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• ACGIH . 2007 . Guide to Occupational Exposure Values , Cincinnati , Ohio : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium . Federal Register , 71 39 (October 30, 2006).\p. 10100
   Google Scholar
• Scarselli , A. , Montaruli , C. and Marinaccio , A. 2007 . The Italian information system on occupational exposure to carcinogens (SIREP): Structure, contents and future perspectives . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 51 ( 5 ) : 471 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “ Italian Legislative Decree n. 626 of 19 September 1994: Implementation of directives nos. 89/391/EEC, 89/654/EEC, 89/655/EEC, 89/656/EEC, 90/269/EEC, 90/270/EEC, 90/394/EEC, 90/679/EEC concerning the improvement of safety and health of workers in the workplace ” . In Official Gazette of the Italian Republic Ordinary Supplement n. 265 (12 November 1994). [In Italian]
   Google Scholar
• Hornung , R. and Reed , L. D. 1990 . Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 5 : 46 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Italian National Statistics Institute (ISTAT) . 2004 . Eighth Census on Industry and Services, 2001 , Rome : ISTAT . [In Italian]
   Google Scholar
• Scarselli , A. , Binazzi , A. , Ferrante , P. and Marinaccio , A. 2008 . Occupational exposure levels to wood dust in Italy, 1996–2006 . Occup. Environ. Med. , 65 : 567 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarselli , A. , Binazzi , A. and Di Marzio , D. 2011 . Occupational exposure levels to benzene in Italy: Findings from a national database . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. , 84 : 617 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis , D. and Kromhout , H. 2004 . Exposure variability: Concept and applications in occupational epidemiology . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 45 : 113 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aragòn-Correa , J. A. , Hurtado-Torres , N. , Sharma , S. and Garcia-Morales , V. J. 2008 . Environmental strategy and performance in small firms: A resource-based perspective . J. Environ. Manage. , 86 : 88 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker , J. D. , Susi , P. and Flynn , M. R. 2010 . Hexavalent chromium exposure and control in welding tasks . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 7 : 607 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blade , L. M. , Story Yencken , M. Wallace , M. E. 2007 . Hexavalent chromium exposures and exposure-control technologies in American enterprise: Results of a NIOSH field research study . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 4 : 596 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beveridge , R. , Pintos , J. , Parent , M. E. , Asselin , J. and Siemiatycki , J. 2010 . Lung cancer risk associated with occupational exposure to nickel, chromium VI, and cadmium in two population-based case-control studies in Montreal . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 53 : 476 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enterline , P. E. 1974 . Respiratory cancer among chromate workers . J. Occup. Med. , 16 : 523 – 526 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alderson , M. R. , Rattan , N. S. and Bidstrup , L. 1981 . Health of workmen in the chromate-producing industry in Britain . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 38 : 117 – 124 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorahan , T. , Burges , D. C. and Waterhouse , J. A. 1987 . A mortality study of nickel/chromium platers . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 44 : 250 – 258 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar