Evaluation of Constituents and Physicochemical Properties of Malaysian Underutilized Ziziphus mauritiana (Bidara) for Nutraceutical Potential

References

• Abalaka, M.E., S.Y. Daniyan, and A. Mann. 2010. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of two Ziziphus species (Ziziphus mauritiana L. and Ziziphus spina christi L.) on some microbial pathogens. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 4(4):135–139.
   Google Scholar
• Abd-Alrahman, S.H., M.M. Salem-Bekhit, and M.E.A. Elhalwagy. 2013. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Ziziphus jujuba seeds extract. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 7:379–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul Wahab, N., R. Ahdan, Z. Ahmad Aufa, K.W. Kong, M.H. Johar, Z. Shariff Mohd, and A. Ismail. 2015. Nutritional values and bioactive components of under- utilised vegetables consumed by indigenous people in Malaysia. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95(13):2704–2711. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2015.95.issue-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aberoumand, A. 2011. Screening of less known two food plants for comparison of nutrient contents: Iranian and Indian vegetables. Funct. Foods Health Dis. 1(10):416–423. doi: 10.31989/ffhd.v1i10.117.
   Google Scholar
• Abubakar, S., C. Osuji, V.A. Etim, and G.M. Gbolahan. 2017. Proximate, minerals and antioxidant prospective of sub–saharan processed local biscuit (Akuri) from wild edible fruit Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam). J. Environ. Life Sci. 2(1):1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, K. 2012. A study on sorcery therapy methods at islamic therapeutic centres in Malaysia. Perspektif J. 4(1):82–111.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar, N., S. Ijaz, H.M.S. Khan, B. Uzair, B.A. Khan, and B.A. Khan. 2016. Ziziphus mauritiana leaf extract emulsion for skin rejuvenation. TROP. J. PHARM. Res. 15(5):929–936. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v15i5.5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoo, I.A., and V.N. Atasie. 2012. Comparative analysis of proximate, minerals and functional properties of Tamarindus indica pulp and Ziziphus spina christi fruit and seed. J. Food Agric. Environ. 10(1):16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Anjum, M.A., A. Rauf, M.A. Bashir, and R. Ahmad. 2018. The evaluation of biodiversity in some indigenous Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana) germplasm through physico-chemical analysis. Acta. Sci. POL. HORTORU. 17(4):39–52. doi: 10.24326/asphc.2018.4.4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AOAC. 1995. Official Methods of the association of official analytical chemists. 16th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Ara, R., S. Jahan, A.T.M. Abdullah, A.N.M. Fakhruddin, and B.K. Saha. 2014. Physico-chemical properties and mineral content of selected tropical fruits in Bangladesh. BJSIR 49(3):131–136. doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v49i3.22126.
   Google Scholar
• Arasaretnam, S., A. Kiruthika, and T. Mahendran. 2018. Nutritional and mineral composition of selected green leafy vegetables. Ceylon J. Sci. 47(1):35. doi: 10.4038/cjs.v47i1.7484.
   Google Scholar
• Ashraf, A., R.A. Sarfraz, F. Anwar, S.A. Shahid, and K.M. Alkharfy. 2015. Chemical composition and biological activities of leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana L. native to Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 47(1):367–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azim, A., S. Ghazanfar, A. Latif, and M.A. Nadeem. 2011. Nutritional evaluation of some top fodder tree leaves and shrubs of district Chakwal, Pakistan in relation to ruminant requirements. Pak. J. Nutr. 10(1):54–59. doi: 10.3923/pjn.2011.54.59.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia, A., and T. Mishra. 2010. Hypoglycemic activity of Ziziphus mauritiana aqueous ethanol seed extract in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Pharm. Biol. 48(6):604–610. doi: 10.3109/13880200903218935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Garcia, G.S., P.C. Struik, and D.E. Johnson. 2016. Wild harvest: Distribution and diversity of wild food plants in rice ecosystems of Northeast Thailand. NJAS-Wagen. J. Life Sci. 78:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.njas.2015.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Ishaq, A.R.O.A., and Z.A. Nangere. 2016. Proximate and phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus mauritania Lam leaves. Front. Biomed. Sci. 1(2):45–49.
   Google Scholar
• Esmaillzadeh, A., M. Kimiagar, Y. Mehrabi, L. Azadbakht, F.B. Hu, and W.C. Willett. 2006. Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84(6):1489–1497. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal, M., D. Sasmal, and B. Nagori. 2012. Review on ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activity and phytochemical constituents of Ziziphus mauritiana (Z. jujuba Lam., non Mill). J. Complement. Med. Drug Discovery 2(2):101–116.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, M.K., A.K. Bhandari, and R.K. Singh. 2012. Pharmacognostical evaluations of the leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 3(3):818–821.
   Google Scholar
• Kankara, S.S., M.H. Ibrahim, M. Mustafa, and R. Go. 2015. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for traditional maternal healthcare in Katsina state, Nigeria. S. Afr. J. Bot. 97:165–175. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M.P.Z., M. Ahmad, M. Zafar, S. Sultana, M.I. Ali, and H. Sun. 2015. Ethnomedicinal uses of Edible Wild Fruits (EWFs) in Swat Valley, Northern Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 173:191–203. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, N., B. Ruqia, J. Hussain, N. Jamila, N.U. Rahman, and S.T. Hussain. 2013. Nutritional assessment and proximate analysis of selected vegetables from Parachinar Kurram Agency. Am. J. Res. Commun. 1(8):184–198.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H.S. 2002. Efects of the Zizyphus jujuba seed extract on the lipid components in hyperlipidemic rats. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 7(1):72–77.
   Google Scholar
• Koley, T.K., C. Kaur, S. Nagal, S. Walia, and S. Jaggi. 2011. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content in genotypes of Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Arabian J. Chem. 9:1044–1052. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kongkachuichai, R., R. Charoensiri, K. Yakoh, A. Kringkasemsee, and P. Insung. 2015. Nutrients value and antioxidant content of indigenous vegetables from Southern Thailand. Food Chem. 173:836–846. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockett, C.T., C.C. Calvert, and L.E. Grivetti. 2000. Energy and micronutrient composition of dietary and medicinal wild plants consumed during drought. Study of rural Fulani, Northeastern Nigeria. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 51:195–208. doi: 10.1080/09637480050029700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memon, A.A., N. Memon, D.L. Luthria, A.A. Pitafi, and M.I. Bhanger. 2012. Phenolic compounds and seed oil composition of Ziziphus mauritiana L. Fruit. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 62(1):15–21. doi: 10.2478/v10222-011-0035-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moh, A., M. San, S.Thongpraditchote, P.Sithisarn, and W.Gritsanapan. 2013. Total phenolics and total flavonoids contents and hypnotic effect in mice of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. seed extract. In: Evidence- based complementary and alternative medicine. 1–4. doi: 10.1155/2013/835854.
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad Yusri, [email protected]., A.R. Rahimin Affandi, Y. Faridah, H. Paiz, M.N. Abd Munir, and Z.A. Mohd Zahirwan Halim. 2017. Funeral management in the Malay World: Local knowledge and practices. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. 7:72–77.
   Google Scholar
• Orwa, C., A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, and S. Anthony. 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Osman, M.A., and M. Asif Ahmed. 2009. Chemical and proximate composition of (Zizyphus spina-christi) nabag fruit. Nutr. Food Sci. 39(1):70–75. doi: 10.1108/00346650910930842.
   Google Scholar
• Randall, R.P. 2007. Hawaiian ecosystems at risk project [hear]. Global compendium of weeds. Retrieved from http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/ziziphus_mauritiana.
   Google Scholar
• Rotimi, O., A. Ogunyebi, and T. Fingesi. 2018. Evaluation of heavy metals level and proximate analysis of common fruits from selected markets in Lagos, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 22(5):791–795. doi: 10.4314/jasem.v22i5.34.
   Google Scholar
• Rui, H.L. 2013. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in human health. Adv. Nutr. 4(3):384S–392S. doi: 10.3945/an.112.003517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivakumar, S.S., and K.N.S. Mohana. 2012. Ziziphus mauritiana leaves extracts as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in H2SO4 and HCl solutions. Eur. J. Chem. 3(4):426–432. doi: 10.5155/eurjchem.3.4.426-432.671.
   Google Scholar