References
- Vilke GM, DeBard ML, Chan TC, et al. Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS): defining based on a review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2012;43:897–905.
- Catravas JD, Waters IW. Acute cocaine intoxication in the conscious dog: studies on the mechanism of lethality. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981;217:350–356.
- Guinn MM, Bedford JA, Wilson MC. Antagonism of intravenous cocaine lethality in nonhuman primates. Clin Toxicol. 1980;16:499–508.
- Witkin JM, Goldberg SR, Katz JL. Lethal effects of cocaine are reduced by the dopamine-1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 but not by haloperidol. Life Sci. 1989;44:1285–1291.
- Cole J, Moore J, Nystrom P, et al. A prospective study of ketamine versus haloperidol for severe prehospital agitation. Clin Toxicol (Phil). 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2016.1177652.
- Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, et al. Effect of adrenaline on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2011;82:1138–1143.
- Green SM, Andolfatto G. Let’s “Take ‘Em Down” with a ketamine blow Dart. Ann Emerg Med. 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.01.002.
- Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:449–461.
- Isbister GK, Calver LA, Downes MA, et al. Ketamine as rescue treatment for difficult-to-sedate severe acute behavioral disturbance in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.11.028.
- Burnett AM, Salzman JG, Griffith KR, et al. The emergency department experience with prehospital ketamine: a case series of 13 patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16:553–559.
- Ho JD, Smith SW, Nystrom PC, et al. Successful management of excited delirium syndrome with prehospital ketamine: two case examples. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17:274–279.
- Scheppke KA, Braghiroli J, Shalaby M, et al. Prehospital use of IM ketamine for sedation of violent and agitated patients. West J Emerg Med. 2014;15:736–741.
- Burnett AM, Peterson BK, Stellpflug SJ, et al. The association between ketamine given for prehospital chemical restraint with intubation and hospital admission. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33:76–79.
- Keseg D, Cortez E, Rund D, et al. The use of prehospital ketamine for control of agitation in a metropolitan firefighter-based EMS system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19:110–115.