The impact of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) on retrobulbar hemodynamics in patients with diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusions

References

• Lee R, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss. Eye Vis (Lond) 2015;30:2–17.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen QD, Tatlipinar S, Shah SM, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a critical stimulus for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142:961–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Le ML, et al. A central role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Faseb J 2004;18:1450–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. The RESTORE study: ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2011;118:615–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DM, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Do DV, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: 100-week results from the VISTA and VIVID studies. Ophthalmology 2015;122:2044–2052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinder KJ, Dugel PU, Chen S, et al. Anti-VEGF treatment of diabetic macular edema in clinical practice: effectiveness and patterns of use (ECHO Study Report 1). Clin Ophthalmol 2017;21:393–401.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R, Jr, et al. Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2014;121:1904–1914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natural history and clinical management of central retinal vein occlusion. The central vein occlusion study group. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:486–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pe'er J, Folberg R, Itin A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor upregulation in human central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 1998;105:412–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R, Jr, et al. Ozurdex GENEVA Study Group. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema related to branch or central retinal vein occlusion twelve-month study results. Ophthalmology 2011;118:2453–2460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson TH, Harris A. Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of the eye and orbit. Surv Ophthalmol 1996;40:255–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieb WE, Cohen SM, Merton DA, et al. Color Doppler imaging of the eye and orbit. Technique and normal vascular anatomy. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:527–531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guthoff RF, Berger RW, Winkler P, et al. Doppler ultrasonography of the ophthalmic and central retinal vessels. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:532–536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgansky-Eliash Z, Barak A, Barash H, et al. Increased retinal blood flow velocity in patients with early diabetes mellitus. Retina 2012;32:112–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avunduk AM, Dinç H, Kapicioğlu Z, et al. Arterial blood flow characteristics in central retinal vein occlusion and effects of panretinal photocoagulation treatment: an investigation by colour Doppler imaging. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:50–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cekiç O, Bardak Y, Tiğ SU, et al. Hemodynamic response to intravitreal triamcinolone in eyes with macular edema: intravitreal triamcinolone and ocular blood flow. Int Ophthalmol 2007;27:313–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tranquart F, Arsene S, Giraudeau B, et al. Initial color Doppler findings in retinal vein occlusion. J Clin Ultrasound 2000;28:28–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilton RG, Chang KC, LeJeune WS, et al. Role for nitric oxide in the hyperpermeability and hemodynamic changes induced by intravenous VEGF. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:689–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, et al. Are inflammatory factors related to retinal vessel caliber? The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:87–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagel E, Vilser W. Autoregulative behavior of retinal arteries and veins during changes of perfusion pressure: a clinical study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004;242:13–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn HJ, Han DH, Kim IT, et al. Changes in aqueous concentrations of various cytokines after intravitreal triamcinolone versus bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2011;152:686–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn HJ, Han DH, Lee DY, et al. Changes in aqueous cytokines after intravitreal triamcinolone versus bevacizumab for macular oedema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmol 2014;92:e217–e224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart MW. Corticosteroid use for diabetic macular edema: old fad or new trend? Curr Diab Rep 2012;12:364–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraiya NV, Goldstein DA. Dexamethasone for ocular inflammation. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011;12:1127–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinten M, Larsen M, Lund-Andersen H, et al. Short-term effects of intravitreal triamcinolone on retinal vascular leakage and trunk vessel diameters in diabetic macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007;85:21–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wickremasinghe SS, Rogers SL, et al. Retinal vascular caliber changes after intravitreal triamcinolone treatment for diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:4707–4711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahin M, Gad MA, Hamza W. Impact of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide versus intravitreal bevacizumab on retrobulbar hemodynamic in patients with diabetic macular edema. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014;33:49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gungel H, Altan C, Baylancicek DO, et al. The effects of 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy on orbital circulation using doppler ultrasonography in diabetic macular edema with epiretinal membrane and taut posterior hyaloid. Curr Eye Res 2017;42:118–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickremasinghe SS, Fraser-Bell S, Alessandrello E, et al. Retinal vascular calibre changes after intravitreal bevacizumab or dexamethasone implant treatment for diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2017;101:1329–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eibenberger K, Schmetterer L, Rezar-Dreindl S, et al. Effects of intravitreal dexamethasone implants on retinal oxygen saturation, vessel diameter, and retrobulbar blood flow velocity in ME secondary to RVO. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017;58:5022–5029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar