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Police Practice and Research
An International Journal
Volume 4, 2003 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Trends in police research: A Cross-sectional analysis of the 2000 literature

Karen Beckman Department of Criminology, University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
,
Cynthia Lum Department of Criminology, University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
,
Laura Wyckoff Department of Criminology, University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
&
Kristine Larsen‐Vander Wall Department of Criminology, University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
Pages 79-96 | Published online: 27 Oct 2010

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  • Ivkovic , S. and Hasberfeld , M.R. 2000 . Transformation from militia to police in Croatia and Poland: A comparative perspective . Policing: An Internationaljournal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (2) : 194 – 217 .
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  • Loveday , B. 2000 . The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and policing . The Police Journal , 73 : 210 – 230 .
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  • Palmer , P. 2000 . Human rights and British policing . The Police Journal , 73 (1) : 54 – 60 .
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  • Seleti , Y. 2000 . The public in the exorcism of police in Mozambique: Challenges of institutional democratization . Journal of Southern African Studies , 26 (2) : 349 – 364 .
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  • Wilson , C. 2000 . Cop knowledge: Police power and cultural narrative in twentieth-century America , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Wright , J. and Biyett , K. 2000 . Policing and conflict in Northern Ireland , New York : St Martin's Press . Organizational Change
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  • Da Suva , J. 2000 . The Favelados in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . Policing and Society , 10 : 121 – 130 .
  • Davey , J. , Obst , P. and Sheehan , M. 2000 . The use of AUDIT as a screening tool for alcohol use in the police workplace . Drug and Alcohol Review , 19 : 49 – 54 .
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  • Jiao , A. and Kocher , C. 2000 . Auditing and altering the police: The emerging model of planned change . Police Practice & Research: An International Journal , 1 (4) : 527 – 558 .
  • Johnston , L. 2000 . Policing Britain: Risk, security and governance , Harlow, Essex, , UK : Pearson Education .
  • Lafferty , G. and Fleming , J. 2000 . New management techniques and restructuring for accountability in Australian police organizations . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (2) : 154 – 168 .
  • Marks , M. 2000 . Transforming police organizations from within: Police dissident groupings in South Africa . The British Journal of Criminology , 40 : 557 – 573 .
  • Marx , G. 2000 . The police as social change agents? The curious case of Poland's transition . Social Justice , 27 (2) : 106 – 112 .
  • Murray , T. 2000 . Are the police destined for postmodern oblivion? A practitioner's view of present and future policing in Canada . Police Practice & Research: An International Journal , 1 (3) : 373 – 396 .
  • Mutlu , K. 2000 . Problems of nepotism and favoritism in the police organization in Turkey . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (3) : 381 – 389 .
  • Paoline , E. Ill , Myers , S. and Worden , R. 2000 . Police culture, individualism, and community policing: Evidence from two police departments . Justice Quarterly , 17 (3) : 575 – 605 .
  • Pustintsev , B. 2000 . Police reform in Russia: Obstacles and opportunities . Policing and Society , 10 : 79 – 90 .
  • Reiner , R. 2000 . The politics of the police , (3rd ed.) , Oxford, OH : Oxford Press .
  • Shearing , C. 2000 . ¢ new beginning' for policing . Journal of Law and Society , 27 (3) : 386 – 393 .
  • Szikinger , I. 2000 . The Roma in Hungary . Policing and Society , 10 : 91 – 106 .
  • Van er Spuy , E. 2000 . Foreign donor assistance and policing reform in South Africa . Policing and Society , 10 (4) : 343 – 366 .
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  • Forst , B. 2000 . “ Privatization and civilianization of policing ” . In Boundary changes in criminal Justice organizations. Criminal justice , Volume 2 , 19 – 79 . Washington, DC : National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice .
  • Gans , J. 2000 . Privately paid public policing: Law and practice . Policing and Society , 10 (2) : 183 – 206 .
  • Lister , S. , Hobbs , D. , Hall , S. and Winlow , S. 2000 . Violence in the night-time economy. Bouncers: The reporting, recording and prosecution of assaults . Policing and Society , 10 (4) : 383 – 402 .
  • Mopas , M.S. and Stenning , P.C. 2000 . Tools of the trade: The symbolic power of private security - an exploratory study . Policing and Society , 11 : 67 – 97 .
  • Noaks , L. 2000 . Private cops on the block: A review of the role of private security in residential communities . Policing and Society , 10 (2) : 143 – 161 .
  • Rigakos , G. and Greener , D. 2000 . Bubbles of governance: Private policing and the law in Canada . Canadian Journal of Law and Society , 15 (1) : 145 – 185 .
  • Sarre , R. 2000 . Issues of governance for 21 st century policing and security: A theoretical overview . Police Practice & Research: An International journal , 1 (2) : 169 – 181 .
  • Sarre , R. and Prenzler , T. 2000 . The relationship between police and private security: Models and future directions . Internationaljournal of Comparative and Applied CriminalJustice , 24 (1) : 91 – 113 .
  • Volkov , V. 2000 . Between economy and the state: Private security and rule enforcement in Russia . Politics and Society , 28 (4) : 483 – 501 . Training
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  • Charles , M. 2000 . Police training, breaking all the rules: Implementing the Adult Education Model into police training , Springfield, IL : Charles T. Thomas .
  • Clements , P. 2000 . What does 'good' equal opportunities training look like? A model derived from the experience of police trainers and civilian support staff . The Police Journal , 73 : 362 – 378 .
  • Comett-De Vito , M.M. and McGlone , E.L. 2000 . Multicultural communication training for law enforcement officers: A case study . Criminal Justice Policy Review , 11 (3) : 234 – 253 .
  • Jamieson , L. , Suren , A. and Knapp , J. 2000 . A competency analysis of law enforcement training and its linkage to recreation as intervention in youth crime prevention . Journal of Criminal Justice , 28 : 215 – 226 .
  • Ross , D. 2000 . Emerging trends in police failure to train liability . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (2) : 169 – 193 .
  • Traut , C.A. , Feimer , S. , Emmert , C.F. and Thorn , K. 2000 . Law enforcement recruit training at the State level: An evaluation . Police Quarterly , 3 (3) : 294 – 314 .
  • Vickers , M. 2000 . Australian police management education and research: A comment from Outside the cave.' . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (4) : 506 – 524 .
  • Buerger , M. 2000 . Re-envisioning police, reinvigorating policing: A response to Thomas Cowper . Police Quarterly , 3 (4) : 451 – 464 .
  • Cowper , T. 2000 . The myth of the 'Military Model' of leadership in law enforcement . Police Quarterly , 3 (3) : 228 – 246 .
  • Falcone , D. and Smith , B. 2000 . The Army military police: A neglected policing model . Police Quarterly , 3 (3) : 247 – 261 .
  • Patterson , G. 2000 . Militarization among American police departments: The effects of military service on occupational task in police officers , New York : Ehrenkranz School of Social Work, New York University .
  • Black , J. 2000 . Personality testing and police selection: Utility of the Big Five . New Zealand Journal of Psychology , 29 (1) : 2 – 9 .
  • Cheurprakobkit , S. , Bouley , E. , Hadjicostandi , J. and Huang , S. 2000 . The attitudes of Thai police cadets toward the role of the police . Police Practice & Research: An International journal , 1 (3) : 345 – 371 .
  • Harrington , P. 2000 . Recruiting and retaining women: A self-assessment guide for law enforcement , Los Angeles : National Center for Women in Policing .
  • Snowden , L.L. and Fuss , T. 2000 . A costly mistake: Inadequate police background investigations . The Justice Professional , 13 (4) : 359 – 375 .
  • Alexander , D. and Walker , L. 2000 . Is my stress greater than yours? A comparison of policemen and firemen . Internationaljournal of Police Science and Management , 2 (4) : 303 – 312 .
  • Beck , K. 2000 . Development of affective organizational commitment: A cross-sequential examination of change with tenure . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 56 (1) : 114 – 136 .
  • Criminal Justice Commission . 2000 . Queensland police officers 'perceptions of the promotion and transfer system: Results from the 2000 follow-up survey , Brisbane, Queensland, , Australia : Criminal Justice Commission .
  • Davey , J. , Obst , P. and Sheehan , M. 2000 . Work demographics and officers' perceptions of the work environment which add to the prediction of at risk alcohol consumption within an Australian police sample . Policing: An international Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (1) : 69 – 81 .
  • Engel , R.S. , Sobol , J.J. and Worden , R.E. 2000 . Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis: The interaction effects of suspects' characteristics and demeanor on police behavior . Justice Quarterly , 17 (2) : 235 – 258 .
  • Glaser , A. 2000 . Divided in unity: Identity. Germany, and the Berlin police , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Could , L. 2000 . Longitudinal approach to the study of the police personality: Race/gender differences . Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology , 15 (2) : 41 – 51 .
  • Grant , D.R. 2000 . Perceived gender differences in policing: The impact of gendered perceptions of officer-situation ·fit.' . Women and Criminal Justice , 12 (1) : 53 – 74 .
  • Hart , L.A. , Zasloff , R.L. , Bryson , S. and Christensen , S. L. 2000 . The role of police dogs as companions and working partners . Psychological Reports , 86 : 190 – 202 .
  • Kaminski , R. and Martin , J. 2000 . An analysis of police officer satisfaction with defense and control tactics . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (2) : 132 – 153 .
  • Lawrence , P. 2000 . Images of poverty and crime: Police memoirs in England and France at the end of the nineteenth century. Crime . History and Societies , 4 (1) : 63 – 82 .
  • Lawton , B.A. , Hickman , M.J. , Piquero , A.R. and Greene , J.R. 2000 . Assessing the interrelationship between perceptions of impact and job satisfaction: A comparison of traditional and community-oriented policing . Justice Research and Policy , 2 (1) : 47 – 72 .
  • Lim , V. , Teo , T. and See , S. 2000 . Perceived job image among police officers in Singapore: Factorial dimensions and differential effects . The Journal of Social Psychology , 140 (6) : 740 – 750 .
  • Mastrofski , S. , Snipes , J. , Parks , R. and Maxwell , C. 2000 . The helping hand of the law: Police control of citizens on request . Criminology , 38 (2) : 307 – 342 .
  • Metcalfe , B. and Dick , G. 2000 . Is the force still with you? Measuring police commitment . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 15 (7/8) : 812 – 828 .
  • Parker , A. and Mohr , P. 2000 . Police opinions on the deployment of civilian youth development officers . International Journal of Police Science and Management , 3 (1) : 19 – 24 .
  • Payne , B.K. and Time , V.M. 2000 . Support for Miranda among police chiefs: A qualitative examination . American Journal of Criminal Justice , 25 (1) : 65 – 76 .
  • Pratt , T , Frank , J. , Smith , B. and Novak , K. 2000 . Conflict and consensus in multijurisdictional drug task forces: An organizational analysis of personnel attitudes . Police Practice & Research: An International Journal , 1 (4) : 509 – 525 .
  • Robinson , A.L. 2000 . The effect of domestic violence policy change on police officers' schemata . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 27 (5) : 600 – 624 .
  • Schellenberg , K. 2000 . Policing the police: Surveillance and the predilection for leniency . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 27 (6) : 667 – 687 .
  • Sherwood , C. 2000 . Job design, community policing, and higher education: A tale of two cities . Police Quarterly , 3 (2) : 191 – 212 .
  • Wilms , W. , Schmidt , W. and Norman , A. 2000 . The strain of change: Voice of Los Angeles police officers , Washington, DC : National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice .
  • Aaron , J. 2000 . Stress and coping in police officers . Police Quarterly , 3 (4) : 438 – 450 .
  • Anshel , M. 2000 . A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful events in police work . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 27 (3) : 375 – 400 .
  • Bonnar , A. 2000 . Stress at work: The beliefs and experiences of police superintendents . International journal of Police Science and Management , 2 (4) : 285 – 302 .
  • Carlier , I. , Voerman , A. and Gersons , B. 2000 . The influence of occupational debriefing on post-traumatic stress symptomatology in traumatized police officers . The British Journal of Medical Psychology , 73 (1) : 87 – 98 .
  • Dick , P. 2000 . The social construction of the meaning of acute Stressors: A qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counseling service . Work and Stress , 14 (3) : 226 – 244 .
  • Gersons , B. , Carlier , I. , Lamberts , R. and van der Kolk , B. 2000 . Randomized clinical trial of brief eclectic psychotherapy for police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 (2) : 333 – 347 .
  • Howard , C. , Tuffin , K. and Stephens , C. 2000 . Unspeakable emotion: A discursive analysis of police talk about reactions to trauma . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 19 (3) : 295 – 314 .
  • Laufersweiler-Dwyer , D. and Dwyer , R.G. 2000 . Profiling those impacted by organizational Stressors at the macro, intermediate and micro levels of several police agencies . The Justice Professional , 12 : 443 – 469 .
  • Patterson , G. 2000 . Demographic factors as predictors of coping strategies among police officers . Psychological Reports , 87 (1) : 275 – 283 .
  • Stevens , C. and Long , N. 2000 . Communications with police supervisors and peers as a buffer of work-related traumatic stress . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 21 (4) : 407 – 424 .
  • Vila , B. 2000 . Tired cops: The importance of managing police fatigue , Washington, DC : Police Executive Research Forum .
  • Brown , J. 2000 . Discriminatory experiences of women police. A comparison of officers serving in England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . Internationaljournal of the Sociology of Law , 28 : 91 – 111 .
  • Brown , J. and Heidensohn , F. 2000 . Gender and policing: Comparative perspectives , London : Macmillan .
  • Fuss , T. and Snowden , L. 2000 . Surveying sexual harassment in the law enforcement workplace . The Police Chief , 67 : 65 – 72 .
  • Greene , H. 2000 . Black females in law enforcement: A foundation for future research . Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , 16 (2) : 230 – 239 .
  • Hickman , M. , Piquera , A. and Greene , J. 2000 . Discretion and gender disproportionality in police disciplinary systems . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (1) : 105 – 116 .
  • Holder , K.A. , Nee , C. and Ellis , T. 2000 . Triple jeopardy? Black and Asian women police officers' experiences of discrimination . International Journal of Police Science and Management , 3 (1) : 68 – 87 .
  • Lott , J. Jr. 2000 . Does a helping hand put others at risk? Affirmative action, police departments and crime . Economic Inquiry , 38 (2) : 239 – 277 .
  • Pogrebin , M. , Dodge , M. and Chatman , H. 2000 . Reflections of African-American women on their careers in urban policing. Their experiences of racial and sexual discrimination . International Journal of the Sociology of Law , 28 (4) : 311 – 326 .
  • Aldeison , J. 2000 . Principled policing . The Police Journal , 73 (1) : 42 – 53 .
  • Bland , N. , Miller , J. and Quinten , P. 2000 . Managing the use and impact of searches: A review of force interventions , London : UK Home Office .
  • Cao , L. , Deng , X. and Barton , S. 2000 . A test of Lundman's Organizational Product Thesis with data on citizen complaints . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (3) : 356 – 373 .
  • Cao , L. and Huang , B. 2000 . Determinants of citizen complaints against police abuse of power . Journal of Criminal Justice , 28 (3) : 203 – 213 .
  • Dussich , J.P.J. , Friday , P.C. , Yamagami , A. and Okada , T. 2000 . Police use of violence: Public justifications in Japan and the United States of America . Police Practice & Research: An International Journal , 1 (1) : 83 – 103 .
  • Goldsmith , A. and Lewis , C. , eds. 2000 . Civilian oversight of policing: Governance, democracy and human rights , Portland, OR : Hart .
  • Hemmes , C. and Levin , D. 2000 . Resistance is futile: The right to resist unlawful arrest in an era of aggressive policing . Crime and Delinquency , 46 (4) : 472 – 496 .
  • Herzog , S. 2000 . Deviant messages among suspect police officers in Israel . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (4) : 416 – 438 .
  • Holland , R.C. 2000 . Citizen complaints against the police: The volume received, and the complaints classification system used by the Queensland Police Service, Australia . International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice , 24 (1) : 31 – 41 .
  • Hughes , T. 2000 . Board of the County Commissioners of Bryan County. Oklahoma v. Jill Brown: Municipal liability and police hiring decisions . The Justice Professional , 13 (2) : 143 – 162 .
  • Lersch , K.M. and Mieczkowski , T. 2000 . An examination of the convergence and divergence of internal and external allegations of misconduct filed against police officers . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (1) : 54 – 68 .
  • Liederback , J. and Kadleck , C. 2000 . Perspectives on policing: A synopsis of recent research . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (2) : 260 – 265 .
  • Macovei , M. 2000 . Police impunity in Romania: Military jurisdiction over misconduct cases . Policing and Society , 10 : 107 – 120 .
  • Neocleous , M. 2000 . The fabrication of social order: A critical theory of police power , London : Pluto Press .
  • Queensland Australia Criminal Justice Commission . 2000 . Defendants' perceptions of police treatment: Findings from the 1999 Queensland defendants' survey Brisbane, , Australia
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  • Weisburd , D. , Greenspan , R. , Hamilton , E. , Williams , H. and Bryant , K.A. 2000 . Police attitudes toward abuse of authority: Findings from a national study , Washington, DC : National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice .
  • White , M.D. 2000 . Assessing the impact of administrative police on the use of deadly force by on- and off-duty police . Evaluation Review , 24 (3) : 295 – 318 .
  • Alpeit , O.P. and Walker , S. 2000 . Police accountability and early warning systems: Developing policies and programs . Justice Research and Policy , 2 (2) : 59 – 72 .
  • Council of Europe, European Committee on Crime & Problems . 2000 . Police powers and accountability in a democratic society . European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research , 8 (3) : 235 – 393 .
  • Dadds , V. and Scheide , T. 2000 . Police performance and activity measurement . Trends and Issues in Criminal Justice , 180 November : 1 – 6 .
  • El-Ayouty , Y. , Davies , M. and Ford , K.J. , eds. 2000 . Government ethics and law enforcement: Toward global guidelines , Westport, CT : Greenwood .
  • Falcao , T. 2000 . The Human Rights Act (1999): Opening the door to negligence actions against the police? . The Police Journal , 73 (1) : 61 – 68 .
  • Finnane , M. 2000 . Police unions in Australia: A history to the present . Current Issues in Criminal Justice , 12 (1) : 5 – 19 .
  • Jacobi , J.V. 2000 . Prosecuting police misconduct . Wisconsin Law Review , 4 : 789 – 853 .
  • Paulsen , D. and del Carmen , R.V. 2000 . Legal issues in police - corrections partnerships: Can the police and corrections officers work together without violating offenders' constitutional.. . Criminal Law Bulletin , 36 (6) : 493 – 508 .
  • Prenzler , T. 2000 . Civilian oversight of police: A test of capture theory . The British Journal of Criminology , 40 (4) : 659 – 674 .
  • Walker , S. , Alpert , G. and Kenney , D. 2000 . Early warning systems for police: Concept, history, and issues . Police Quarterly , 3 (2) : 132 – 152 .
  • Wang , X.H. , Vardalis , J.J. and Cohn , E.G. 2000 . Testing a typology of police performance measures: An empirical study of police services . Criminal Justice Policy Review , 11 (1) : 63 – 83 .
  • Waters , I. and Brown , K. 2000 . Police complaints and the complainant's experience . The British Journal of Criminology , 40 (4) : 617 – 638 .
  • Willis , C. 2000 . Feasibility of an independent system for investigating complaints against the police , London : UK Home Office .
  • Babovic , B. 2000 . Police brutality or police torture? . Policing: An Internationaljournal of Police Stratégies and Management , 23 (3) : 374 – 380 .
  • Engel , R. 2000 . The effects of supervisory styles on patrol officer behavior . Police Quarterly , 3 (3) : 262 – 293 .
  • Guy , R. 2000 . The media, the police, and southern White migrant identity in Chicago, 1955-1970 . Journal of Urban History , 26 (3) : 329 – 349 .
  • Herzog , S. 2000 . Is there a distinct profile of police officers accused of violence? . Journal of Criminal Justice , 28 (6) : 457 – 471 .
  • Holmes , M.D. 2000 . Minority threat and police brutality: Determinants of civil rights criminal complaints in U.S. municipalities . Criminology , 38 (2) : 343 – 367 .
  • Lawrence , R.G. 2000 . The politics of force: Media and the construction of police brutality , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Nelson , J. 2000 . Police brutality: An anthology , New York : W.W. Norton .
  • Parent , R.B. and Verdun-Jones , S. 2000 . When police kill: The aftermath . The Police Journal , 73 (3) : 241 – 255 .
  • Phillips , T. and Smith , P. 2000 . Police violence occasioning citizen complaint: An empirical analysis of time-space dynamics . The British Journal of Criminology , 40 (3) : 480 – 496 .
  • Ross , J.I. 2000 . Making news of police violence: A comparative study of Toronto and New York City , Westport, CT : Greenwood .
  • Sheehan , D.C. , ed. 2000 . Domestic violence by police officers , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
  • Britton , N.J. 2000 . Race and policing: A study of police custody . The British Journal of Criminology , 40 (4) : 639 – 658 .
  • Green , D. , ed. 2000 . Institutional racism and the police: Fact orflctiorfi , London : Institute for the Study of Civil Society .
  • Holmberg , L. 2000 . Discretionary leniency and typological guilt: Results from a Danish study of police discretion . Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention , 1 (2) : 179 – 194 .
  • Jemigan , A.S. 2000 . Driving while black: Racial profiling in America . Law and Psychology Review , 24 : 127 – 138 .
  • McKenzie , I. 2000 . Policing after McPherson . The Police Journal , 73 (4) : 323 – 340 .
  • Miller , J. 2000 . Profiling populations available for stops and searches , London : UK Home Office .
  • Robinson , A.L. and Chandek , M.S. 2000 . Differential police response to black battered women . Woman and Criminal Justice , 12 (2/3) : 29 – 61 .
  • Trende , S.P. 2000 . Why modest proposals offer the best solution for combating racial profiling . Duke Law Journal , 50 : 331 – 380 .
  • US Commission on Civil Rights . 2000 . Police practices and civil rights in New York City , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
  • Walker , S. and Myers , R. 2000 . Police interactions with racial and ethnic minorities: Assessing the evidence and allegations , Washington, DC : Police Executive Research Forum .
  • Chang , J. , Lai , C. and Yang , C.C. 2000 . Casual police corruption and the economics of crime: Further results . International Review of Law and Economics , 20 : 35 – 51 .
  • Haberfeld , M.R. , Klockars , C.B. , Ivkovic , S.K. and Pagon , M. 2000 . Police officer perceptions of the disciplinary consequences of police corruption in Croatia, Poland, Slovenia, and the United States . Police Practice & Research: An InternationalJournal , 1 (1) : 41 – 72 .
  • Koci , A. 2000 . A letter from Albania: Police corruption in post-communist Albania . Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal , 2 (2) : 75 – 81 .
  • Los Angeles Police Department . 2000 . Los Angeles. CA Police Department Board of Inquiry Into the Rampart Area Corruption Incident , Public Report Los Angeles : Los Angeles Police Department .
  • Berhie , G. and Hailu , A. 2000 . A study of the knowledge and attitudes of public housing residents toward community policing in the city of Charleston , Washington, DC : National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice .
  • Bohm , R.M. , Reynolds , M. and Holmes , S.T. 2000 . Perceptions of neighborhood problems and their solutions: Implications for community policing . Policing: An Internationaljournal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (4) : 439 – 465 .
  • Correia , M.E. 2000 . The conceptual ambiguity of community in community policing: Filtering the muddy waters . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 23 (2) : 218 – 232 .
  • Correia , M.E. 2000 . Citizen involvement: How community factors affect progressive policing , Washington, DC : Police Executive Research Forum .
  • Ganapathy , N. 2000 . Conceptualising community policing, crime prevention and criminology: A Singapore perspective . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology , 33 (3) : 266 – 286 .
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