1,693
Views
196
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Melatonin in mood disorders

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 138-151 | Received 05 Oct 2005, Published online: 12 Jul 2009

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders4th edn. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994, DSM-IV
  • Arendt J. Melatonin: A new probe in psychiatric investigation?. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155: 585–590
  • Arendt J. Melatonin, circadian rhythms, and sleep. New Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1114–1116
  • Arendt J, Skene DJ. Melatonin as a chronobiotic. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9: 25–39
  • Avery DH, Dahl K, Savage MV, Brengelmann GL, Larsen LH, Kenny MA, Eder DN, Vitiello MV, Prinz PN. Circadian temperature and cortisol rhythms during a constant routine are phase-delayed in hypersomnic winter depression. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 1109–1123
  • Beck-Friis J, Kjellman BF, Aperia B, Unden F, von Rosen D, Ljunggren JG, Wetterberg L. Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985a; 71: 319–330
  • Beck-Friis J, Ljunggren JG, Thoren M, von Rosen D, Kjellman BF, Wetterberg L. Melatonin, cortisol and ACTH in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy humans with special reference to the outcome of the dexamethasone suppression test. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1985b; 10: 173–186
  • Benitez-King G, Rios A, Martinez A, Anton-Tay F. In vitro inhibition of Ca2 + /calmodulin-dependent kinase II activity by melatonin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1290: 191–196
  • Berger M, Vollmann J, Hohagen F, Konig A, Lohner H, Voderholzer U, Riemann D. Sleep deprivation combined with consecutive sleep phase advance as a fast-acting therapy in depression: an open pilot trial in medicated and unmedicated patients. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 870–872
  • Blask DE, Sauer LA, Dauchy RT. Melatonin as a chronobiotic/anticancer agent: cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of action and their implications for circadian-based cancer therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2002; 2: 113–132
  • Borbely AA. A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1982; 1: 195–204
  • Bourdet C, Goldenberg F. Insomnia in anxiety: Sleep EEG changes. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38(Suppl 1)93–104
  • Branchey L, Weinberg U, Branchey M, Linkowski P, Mendlewicz J. Simultaneous study of 24-hour patterns of melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology 1982; 8: 225–232
  • Brown R, Kocsis JH, Caroff S, Amsterdam J, Winokur A, Stokes PE, Frazer A. Differences in nocturnal melatonin secretion between melancholic depressed patients and control subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1985a; 142: 811–816
  • Brown RP, Caroff S, Kocsis JH, Amsterdam J, Winokur A, Stokes P, Frazer A. Nocturnal serum melatonin in major depressive disorder before and after desmethylimipramine treatment. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985b; 21: 579–581
  • Bunney WE, Jr, Murphy DL, Goodwin FK, Borge GF. The switch process from depression to mania: Relationship to drugs which alter brain amines. Lancet 1970; 1: 1022–1027
  • Cardinali DP, Pévet P. Basic aspects of melatonin action. Sleep Med Rev 1998; 2: 175–190
  • Cardinali DP, Furio AM, Reyes MP, Brusco LI. The use of chronobiotics in the resynchronization of the sleep/wake cycle. Cancer Causes Control in press. 2006
  • Carman JS, Post RM, Buswell R, Goodwin FK. Negative effects of melatonin on depression. Am J Psychiatry 1976; 133: 1181–1186
  • Chase JE, Gidal BE. Melatonin: Therapeutic use in sleep disorders. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31: 1218–1226
  • Claustrat B, Chazot G, Brun J, Jordan D, Sassolas G. A chronobiological study of melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed subjects: plasma melatonin, a biochemical marker in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 1984; 19: 1215–1228
  • Claustrat B, Brun J, Chazot G. The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9: 11–24
  • Coble PA, Kupfer DJ, Shaw DH. Distribution of REM latency in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1981; 16: 453–466
  • Crasson M, Kjiri S, Colin A, Kjiri K, L'Hermite-Baleriaux M, Ansseau M, Legros JJ. Serum melatonin and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29: 1–12
  • Cupp MJ. Melatonin. Am Fam Physician 1997; 56: 1421–1425, 1428
  • Dahl K, Avery DH, Lewy AJ, Savage MV, Brengelmann GL, Larsen LH, Vitiello MV, Prinz PN. Dim light melatonin onset and circadian temperature during a constant routine in hypersomnic winter depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88: 60–66
  • Dalton EJ, Rotondi D, Levitan RD, Kennedy SH, Brown GM. Use of slow-release melatonin in treatment-resistant depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2000; 25: 48–52
  • Dawson D, Armstrong SM. Chronobiotics—Drugs that shift rhythms. Pharmacol Ther 1996; 69: 15–36
  • Dolberg OT, Hirschmann S, Grunhaus L. Melatonin for the treatment of sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1119–1121
  • Doolen S, Krause DN, Dubocovich ML, Duckles SP. Melatonin mediates two distinct responses in vascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 345: 67–69
  • Dubocovich ML, Masana MI, Benloucif S. Molecular pharmacology and function of melatonin receptor subtypes. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 460: 181–190
  • Dubocovich ML, Cardinali DP, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Strosberg D, Sugden D, Yocca FD. Melatonin receptors. The IUPHAR compendium of receptor characterization and classification2nd ed, IUPHAR. IUPHAR Media, London 2000; 271–277
  • Eastman CI, Gallo LC, Lahmeyer HW, Fogg LF. The circadian rhythm of temperature during light treatment for winter depression. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34: 210–220
  • Epperson CN, Terman M, Terman JS, Hanusa BH, Oren DA, Peindl KS, Wisner KL. Randomized clinical trial of bright light therapy for antepartum depression: Preliminary findings. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 421–425
  • Esquifino AI, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP. Circadian organization of the immune response: A role for melatonin. Clin Appl Immunol Rev 2004; 4: 423–433
  • Faedda GL, Tondo L, Teicher MH, Baldessarini RJ, Gelbard HA, Floris GF. Seasonal mood disorders. Patterns of seasonal recurrence in mania and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 17–23
  • Ferber R. Sleep, sleeplessness, and sleep disruptions in infants and young children. Ann Clin Res 1985; 17: 227–234
  • Forbes D, Morgan DG, Bangma J, Peacock S, Pelletier N, Adamson J. 2004. Light therapy for managing sleep, behaviour, and mood disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003946.
  • Frank E, Hlastala S, Ritenour A, Houck P, Tu XM, Monk TH, Mallinger AG, Kupfer DJ. Inducing lifestyle regularity in recovering bipolar disorder patients: Results from the maintenance therapies in bipolar disorder protocol. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 1165–1173
  • Globus GG. A syndrome associated with sleeping late. Psychosom Med 1969; 31: 528–535
  • Golden RN, Markey SP, Risby ED, Rudorfer MV, Cowdry RW, Potter WZ. Antidepressants reduce whole-body norepinephrine turnover while enhancing 6-hydroxymelatonin output. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 150–154
  • Griefahn B, Brode P, Remer T, Blaszkewicz M. Excretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) in siblings during childhood and adolescence. Neuroendocrinology 2003; 78: 241–243
  • Guerrero JM, Reiter RJ. Melatonin-immune system relationships. Curr Top Med Chem 2002; 2: 167–179
  • Gwirtsman HE, Halaris AE, Wolf AW, DeMet E, Piletz JE, Marler M. Apparent phase advance in diurnal MHPG rhythm in depression. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1427–1433
  • Hamilton M, Shapiro CM. Depression. Measuring human problems. A practical guide, DF Peck, CM Shapiro. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester 1990; 44–72
  • Kahn D. Mood disorders. Textbook of psychiatry, JG Cutler, ER Marcus. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA 1999; 33–63
  • Kennedy SH, Kutcher SP, Ralevski E, Brown GM. Nocturnal melatonin and 24-hour 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels in various phases of bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 1996; 63: 219–222
  • Kennedy SH, Tighe S, McVey G, Brown GM. Melatonin and cortisol ‘switches’ during mania, depression, and euthymia in a drug-free bipolar patient. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177: 300–303
  • Krahn LE, Gleber E, Rummans TA, Pileggi TS, Lucas DL, Li H. The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on melatonin. J ECT 2000; 16: 391–398
  • Kripke DF, Mullaney DJ, Atkinson M, Wolf S. Circadian rhythm disorders in manic-depressives. Biol Psychiatry 1978; 13: 335–351
  • Kripke DF, Jean-Louis G, Elliott JA, Klauber MR, Rex KM, Tuunainen A, Langer RD. Ethnicity, sleep, mood, and illumination in postmenopausal women. BMC Psychiatry 2004; 4: 8
  • Kunz D. Chronobiotic protocol and circadian sleep propensity index: New tools for clinical routine and research on melatonin and sleep. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004; 37: 139–146
  • Kupfer DJ, Ulrich RF, Coble PA, Jarrett DB, Grochocinski V, Doman J, Matthews G, Borbely AA. Application of automated REM and slow wave sleep analysis: I. Normal and depressed subjects. Psychiatry Res 1984a; 13: 325–334
  • Kupfer DJ, Ulrich RF, Coble PA, Jarrett DB, Grochocinski V, Doman J, Matthews G, Borbely AA. Application of automated REM and slow wave sleep analysis: II. Testing the assumptions of the two-process model of sleep regulation in normal and depressed subjects. Psychiatry Res 1984b; 13: 335–343
  • Leibenluft E, Feldman-Naim S, Turner EH, Wehr TA, Rosenthal NE. Effects of exogenous melatonin administration and withdrawal in five patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58: 383–388
  • Lewy AJ, Wehr T, Gold PW, Goodwin FK. Plasma melatonin in manic depressive illness. Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers, E Usdin, IJ Kopin, JD Barchas. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1979; 1173–1175, Vol II
  • Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 1980; 210: 1267–1269
  • Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Rosenthal NE. Manic-depressive patients may be supersensitive to light. Lancet 1981; i: 383–384
  • Lewy AJ, Nurnberger JIJ, Wehr TA, Pack D, Becker LE, Powell RL, Newsome DA. Supersensitivity to light: Possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 725–727
  • Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Singer CM, White DM. The phase shift hypothesis for bright light's therapeutic mechanism of action: Theoretical considerations and experimental evidence. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987; 23: 349–353
  • Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Singer CM, White DM, Hoban TM. Winter depression and the phase-shift hypothesis for bright light's therapeutic effects: History, theory, and experimental evidence. J Biol Rhythms 1988; 3: 121–134
  • Lewy AJ, Bauer VK, Cutler NL, Sack RL, Ahmed S, Thomas KH, Blood ML, Jackson JM. Morning vs evening light treatment of patients with winter depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 890–896
  • Linkowski P, Hubain PP. Sleep disorders and neuroendocrine regulation in depression]. Encephale 1995; 21(Spec No 7)25–28
  • Loo H, Hale A, D'haenen H. Determination of the dose of agomelatine, a melatoninergic agonist and selective 5-HT2C antagonist, in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A placebo-controlled dose range study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 239–247
  • Macchi MM, Bruce JN. Human pineal physiology and functional significance of melatonin. Front Neuroendocrinol 2004; 25: 177–195
  • MacLean AW, Cairns J, Knowles JB. REM latency and depression: computer simulations based on the results of phase delay of sleep in normal subjects. Psychiatry Res 1983; 9: 69–79
  • Miles A, Philbrick DR. Melatonin and psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 405–425
  • Minors DS, Waterhouse JM, Wirz-Justice A. A human phase-response curve to light. Neurosci Lett 1991; 133: 36–40
  • Montgomery, P, Dennis, J. 2002. Bright light therapy for sleep problems in adults aged 60 + . Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003403.
  • Monti JM, Alvarino F, Cardinali D, Savio I, Pintos A. Polysomnographic study of the effect of melatonin on sleep in elderly patients with chronic primary insomnia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1999; 28: 85–98
  • Moore RY. Neural control of the pineal gland. Behav Brain Res 1996; 73: 125–130
  • Murray G, Allen NB, Trinder J. Seasonality and circadian phase delay: Prospective evidence that winter lowering of mood is associated with a shift towards eveningness. J Affect Disord 2003; 76: 15–22
  • Nagtegaal JE, Laurant MW, Kerkhof GA, Smits MG, van der Meer YG, Coenen AM. Effects of melatonin on the quality of life in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2000; 48: 45–50
  • Nair NP, Hariharasubramanian N, Pilapil C. Circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin in endogenous depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1984; 8: 715–718
  • Nosjean O, Ferro M, Coge F, Beauverger P, Henlin JM, Lefoulon F, Fauchere JL, Delagrange P, Canet E, Boutin JA. Identification of the melatonin binding site MT3 as the quinone reductase 2. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 31311–31317
  • Nurnberger JI, Jr, Adkins S, Lahiri DK, Mayeda A, Hu K, Lewy A, Miller A, Bowman ES, Miller MJ, Rau L, Smiley C, Davis-Singh D. Melatonin suppression by light in euthymic bipolar and unipolar patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 572–579
  • Pacchierotti C, Iapichino S, Bossini L, Pieraccini F, Castrogiovanni P. Melatonin in psychiatric disorders: A review on the melatonin involvement in psychiatry. Front Neuroendocrinol 2001; 22: 18–32
  • Pandi-Perumal SR, Zisapel N, Srinivasan V, Cardinali DP. Melatonin and sleep in aging population. Exp Gerontol 2005; 40: 911–925
  • Paparrigopoulos T, Psarros C, Bergiannaki J, Varsou E, Dafni U, Stefanis C. Melatonin response to clonidine administration in depression: indication of presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptor dysfunction. J Affect Disord 2001; 65: 307–313
  • Putilov AA, Russkikh GS, Pandi-Perumal SR. Melatonin in winter depression. Melatonin: Biological basis of its function in health and disease, SR Pandi-Perumal, DP Cardinali. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX 2005; 257–267
  • Radloff LS, Rae DS. Susceptibility and precipitating factors in depression: sex differences and similarities. J Abnorm Psychol 1979; 88: 174–181
  • Regestein QR, Monk TH. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: A review of its clinical aspects. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 602–608
  • Regestein QR, Pavlova M. Treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1995; 17: 335–345
  • Reiter RJ. The pineal and its hormones in the control of reproduction in mammals. Endocr Rev 1980; 1: 109–131
  • Reiter RJ, Tan DX. Role of CSF in the transport of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2002; 32: 279
  • Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Leon J, Kilic U, Kilic E. When melatonin gets on your nerves: Its beneficial actions in experimental models of stroke. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230: 104–117
  • Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Ebisawa T. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses. Neuron 1994; 13: 1177–1185
  • Reppert SM, Godson C, Mahle CD, Weaver DR, Slaugenhaupt SA, Gusella JF. Molecular characterization of a second melatonin receptor expressed in human retina and brain: The Mel1b melatonin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 8734–8738
  • Reynolds CF, Kupler D. Sleep in depression. Sleep disorders, diagnosis and treatment, RZ Williams, I Karacan, CA Moore. John Wiley, New York 1988; 147–164
  • Riemann D, Hohagen F, Konig A, Schwarz B, Gomille J, Voderholzer U, Berger M. Advanced vs. normal sleep timing: effects on depressed mood after response to sleep deprivation in patients with a major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 1996; 37: 121–128
  • Riemann D, Berger M, Voderholzer U. Sleep and depression–Results from psychobiological studies: An overview. Biol Psychol 2001; 57: 67–103
  • Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, Lewy AJ, Goodwin FK, Davenport Y, Mueller PS, Newsome DA, Wehr TA. Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 72–80
  • Rubin RT, Heist EK, McGeoy SS, Hanada K, Lesser IM. Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. XI. Serum melatonin measures in patients and matched control subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 558–567
  • Sack RL, Lewy AJ. Desmethylimipramine treatment increases melatonin production in humans. Biol Psychiatry 1986; 21: 406–410
  • Sack RL, Lewy AJ. Melatonin and major affective disorders. Melatonin: Clinical perspectives, A Miles, D Philbrich, C Thompson. Oxford Medical Publications, New York 1988; 205–227
  • Sack RL, Lewy AJ, White DM, Singer CM, Fireman MJ, Vandiver R. Morning vs evening light treatment for winter depression. Evidence that the therapeutic effects of light are mediated by circadian phase shifts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 343–351
  • Scheer FA, Van Montfrans GA, Van Someren EJ, Mairuhu G, Buijs RM. Daily nighttime melatonin reduces blood pressure in male patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 192–197
  • Schildkraut JJ. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 1965; 122: 509–522
  • Schilgen B, Tolle R. Partial sleep deprivation as therapy for depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 267–271
  • Sekula LK, Lucke JF, Heist EK, Czambel RK, Rubin RT. Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. XV: Mathematical modeling of nocturnal melatonin secretion in major depressives and normal controls. Psychiatry Res 1997; 69: 143–153
  • Shafii M, MacMillan DR, Key MP, Kaufman N, Nahinsky ID. Case study: Melatonin in severe obesity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 412–416
  • Shibui K, Uchiyama M, Okawa M. Melatonin rhythms in delayed sleep phase syndrome. J Biol Rhythms 1999; 14: 72–76
  • Shiromani PJ, Klemfuss H, Lucero S, Overstreet DH. Diurnal rhythm of core body temperature is phase advanced in a rodent model of depression. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29: 923–930
  • Sitaram N, Gillin JC, Bunney WE, Jr. The switch process in manic-depressive illness. Circadian variation in time of switch and sleep and manic ratings before and after switch. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1978; 58: 267–278
  • Souetre E, Salvati E, Belugou JL, Pringuey D, Candito M, Krebs B, Ardisson JL, Darcourt G. Circadian rhythms in depression and recovery: Evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 263–278
  • Srinivasan V. Psychoactive drugs, pineal gland and affective disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989; 13: 653–664
  • Srinivasan V. Melatonin, biological rhythm disorders and phototherapy. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 41: 309–328
  • Srinivasan V, Smits G, Kayumov L, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP, Thorpy MJ. Melatonin in circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Neuroendocrine correlates of sleep-wakefulness, DP Cardinali, SR Pandi-Perumal. Springer, New York 2006; 269–294
  • Stewart JW, Halbreich U. Plasma melatonin levels in depressed patients before and after treatment with antidepressant medication. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 25: 33–38
  • Surridge-David M, MacLean A, Coulter ME, Knowles JB. Mood change following an acute delay of sleep. Psychiatry Res 1987; 22: 149–158
  • Szymanska A, Rabe-Jablonska J, Karasek M. Diurnal profile of melatonin concentrations in patients with major depression: Relationship to the clinical manifestation and antidepressant treatment. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2001; 22: 192–198
  • Terman JS, Terman M, Lo ES, Cooper TB. Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 69–75
  • Terman M, Quitkin FM, Terman JS, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ. The timing of phototherapy: effects on clinical response and the melatonin cycle. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987; 23: 354–357
  • Thompson C, Childs PA, Martin NJ, Rodin I, Smythe PJ. Effects of morning phototherapy on circadian markers in seasonal affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170: 431–435
  • Thompson C, Franey C, Arendt J, Checkley SA. A comparison of melatonin secretion in depressed patients and normal subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152: 260–265
  • Thompson C, Mezey G, Corn T, Franey C, English J, Arendt J, Checkley SA. The effect of desipramine upon melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed and normal subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 147: 389–393
  • Thorpy MJ, Korman E, Spielman AJ, Glovinsky PB. Delayed sleep phase syndrome in adolescents. J Adolesc Health Care 1988; 9: 22–27
  • Tricoire H, Locatelli A, Chemineau P, Malpaux B. Melatonin enters the cerebrospinal fluid through the pineal recess. Endocrinology 2002; 143: 84–90
  • Tuunainen A, Kripke DF, Elliott JA, Assmus JD, Rex KM, Klauber MR, Langer RD. Depression and endogenous melatonin in postmenopausal women. J Affect Disord 2002; 69: 149–158
  • Tuunainen, A, Kripke, DF, Endo, T. 2004. Light therapy for non-seasonal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004050.
  • Varma A, Kaul RK, Varma P, Kalra V, Malhotra V. The effect of antidepressants on serum melatonin levels in endogenous depression. J Assoc Phys India 2002; 50: 1262–1265
  • Venkoba Rao A, Parvathi Devi S, Srinivasan V. Urinary melatonin in depression. Indian J Psychiatry 1983; 25: 167–172
  • Wehr TA. Sleep-loss as a possible mediator of diverse causes of mania. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159: 576–578
  • Wehr T, Goodwin FK. Tricyclics modulate frequency of mood cycles. Chronobiologia 1979; 6: 377–385
  • Wehr TA, Wirz-Justice A. Circadian rhythm mechanisms in affective illness and in antidepressant drug action. Pharmacopsychiatria 1982; 15: 31–39
  • Wehr TA, Wirz-Justice A, Goodwin FK, Duncan W, Gillin JC. Phase advance of the circadian sleep-wake cycle as an antidepressant. Science 1979; 206: 710–713
  • Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Wirz-Justice A, Breitmaier J, Craig C. 48-hour sleep-wake cycles in manic-depressive illness: Naturalistic observations and sleep deprivation experiments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 559–565
  • Wehr TA, Sack DA, Duncan WC, Mendelson WB, Rosenthal NE, Gillin JC, Goodwin FK. Sleep and circadian rhythms in affective patients isolated from external time cues. Psychiatry Res 1985; 15: 327–339
  • Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE. Seasonal affective disorder with summer depression and winter hypomania. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1602–1603
  • Wehr TA, Duncan WC, Jr, Sher L, Aeschbach D, Schwartz PJ, Turner EH, Postolache TT, Rosenthal NE. A circadian signal of change of season in patients with seasonal affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 1108–1114
  • Weitzman ED, Czeisler CA, Coleman RM, Spielman AJ, Zimmerman JC, Dement W, Richardson G, Pollak CP. Delayed sleep phase syndrome. A chronobiological disorder with sleep-onset insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 737–746
  • Wetterberg L. Clinical importance of melatonin. Prog Brain Res 1979; 52: 539–547
  • Wetterberg L. Melatonin and clinical application. Reproduction Nutrition Development 1999; 39: 367–382
  • Wever RA. Characteristics of circadian rhythms in human functions. J Neural Transm Suppl 1986; 21: 323–373
  • Wiesenberg I, Missbach M, Kahlen JP, Schrader M, Carlberg C. Transcriptional activation of the nuclear receptor RZR alpha by the pineal gland hormone melatonin and identification of CGP 52608 as a synthetic ligand. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23: 327–333
  • Wirz-Justice A, Graw P, Krauchi K, Gisin B, Arendt J, Aldhous M, Poldinger W. Morning or night-time melatonin is ineffective in seasonal affective disorder. J Psychiatr Res 1990; 24: 129–137
  • Wirz-Justice A, Graw P, Krauchi K, Sarrafzadeh A, English J, Arendt J, Sand L. Natural’ light treatment of seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord 1996; 37: 109–120
  • Witt-Enderby PA, Bennett J, Jarzynka MJ, Firestine S, Melan MA. Melatonin receptors and their regulation: Biochemical and structural mechanisms. Life Sci 2003; 72: 2183–2198
  • Wurtman RJ, Zhdanova I. Improvement of sleep quality by melatonin. Lancet 1995; 346: 1491
  • Zeiten M, Potkin S, Urbanchek M. Melatonin in depression. Psychiatr Ann 1987; 17: 676–681
  • Zeitzer JM, Daniels JE, Duffy JF, Klerman EB, Shanahan TL, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. Do plasma melatonin concentrations decline with age?. Am J Med 1999; 107: 432–436

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.