Savoring as an intervention for cannabis use: acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary results

References

• Abrams DI, Vizoso HP, Shade SB, Jay C, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL. 2007. Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 82(5):572–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae MH, Carter GM, Shaparin N, Suslov K, Ellis RJ, Ware MA, Abrams DI, Prasad H, Wilsey B, Indyk D, et al. 2015. Inhaled cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Pain. 16(12):1221–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviram J, Samuelly-Leichtag G. 2017. Efficacy of cannabis-based medicines for pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Phys. 20(6):E755–E796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF, Carroll K, Christiansen K, Donaldson J, Herrell J, Kadden R, Litt M, McRee B, Miller M, Roffman R, et al. 2004. Brief treatments for cannabis dependence: findings from a randomized multisite trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 72(3):455–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrington J, Weaver A, Brebner K. 2019. Exploring mindfulness in relation to alcohol and cannabis use among first year university students. Coll Stud J. 53(2):163–175.
   Google Scholar
• Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. 2014. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 40(1):23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne RH. 1995. On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination. Stat Med. 14(17):1933–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant FB. 2003. Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI): a scale for measuring beliefs about savouring. J Ment Health. 12(2):175–196.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant FB, Smart CM, King SP. 2005. Using the past to enhance the present: boosting happiness through positive reminiscence. J Happiness Stud. 6(3):227–260.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant FB, Veroff J. 2007. Savoring: a new model of positive experience. In: Bryant FB, Veroff J, editors. Savoring: a new model of positive experience. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. New York (NY): Psychology Press; p. 198.
   Google Scholar
• Chen J, Zhou L. 2017. Savoring as a moderator between positive life events and hopelessness depression. Soc Behav Pers. 45(8):1337–1344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H-F, Chen H-C. 2019. What drug offenders learn in the savoring group program. Chin J Guid Couns. 55:161–195.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu HT, Yee LTS, Kwan JLY, Cheung RYM, Hou WK. 2020. Interactive association between negative emotion regulation and savoring is linked to anxiety symptoms among college students. J Am Coll Health. 68(5):494–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland J, Clement N, Swift W. 2014. Cannabis use, harms and the management of cannabis use disorder. Neuropsychiatry. 4(1):55–63.
   Google Scholar
• Dakwar E, Levin FR. 2013. Individual mindfulness-based psychotherapy for cannabis or cocaine dependence: a pilot feasibility trial. Am J Addict. 22(6):521–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis ML, Powers MB, Handelsman P, Medina JL, Zvolensky M, Smits JAJ. 2015. Behavioral therapies for treatment-seeking cannabis users: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eval Health Prof. 38(1):94–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Dios MA, Herman DS, Britton WB, Hagerty CE, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. 2012. Motivational and mindfulness intervention for young adult female marijuana users. J Subst Abuse Treat. 42(1):56–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earleywine M, Barnwell SS. 2007. Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduct J. 4(11):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Earleywine M, Ueno LF, Mian MN, Altman BR. 2021. Cannabis-induced oceanic boundlessness. J Psychopharmacol. 35(7):841–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer B, Russell C, Sabioni P, van den Brink W, Le Foll B, Hall W, Rehm J, Room R. 2017. Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: a comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. Am J Public Health. 107(8):e1–e12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford J, Klibert JJ, Tarantino N, Lamis DA. 2017. Savouring and self-compassion as protective factors for depression. Stress Health. 33(2):119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland EL, Hanley AW, Kline A, Cooperman NA. 2019. Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement reduces opioid craving among individuals with opioid use disorder and chronic pain in medication assisted treatment: ecological momentary assessments from a stage 1 randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 203:61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland EL, Howard MO. 2018. Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 13(1):1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garland EL, Roberts-Lewis A, Tronnier CD, Graves R, Kelley K. 2016. Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial. Behav Res Ther. 77:7–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates PJ, Sabioni P, Copeland J, Le Foll B, Gowing L. 2016. Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016(5):CD005336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gieringer D, St. Laurent J, Goodrich S. 2004. Cannabis vaporizer combines efficient delivery of THC with effective suppression of pyrolytic compounds. J Cannabis Therap. 4(1):7–27.
   Google Scholar
• Grant S, Colaiaco B, Motala A, Shanman R, Booth M, Sorbero M, Hempel S. 2017. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Addict Med. 11(5):386–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant JD, Scherrer JF, Lyons MJ, Tsuang M, True WR, Bucholz KK. 2005. Subjective reactions to cocaine and marijuana are associated with abuse and dependence. Addict Behav. 30(8):1574–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, Joshi AS, Hart CL. 2014. A survey of synthetic cannabinoid consumption by current cannabis users. Subst Abus. 35(2):184–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman PM, Anderson ML, Sherman KJ, Balderson BH, Turner JA, Cherkin DC. 2017. Cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction versus cognitive behavioral therapy or usual care among adults with chronic low back pain. Spine. 42(20):1511–1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeppner BB, Schick MR, Carlon H, Hoeppner SS. 2019. Do self-administered positive psychology exercises work in persons in recovery from problematic substance use? An online randomized survey. J Subst Abuse Treat. 99:16–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt N, Ashton M, Lenton S, Mitcheson L, Nelles B, Stimson G. 2003. A review of the evidence-base for harm reduction approaches to drug use. In: Forward thinking on drugs: a release initiative. London: Forward Thinking On Drugs-A Release Initiative.
   Google Scholar
• Hurley DB, Kwon P. 2012. Results of a study to increase savoring the moment: differential impact on positive and negative outcomes. J Happiness Stud. 13(4):579–588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadden RM, Litt MD, Kabela-Cormier E, Petry NM. 2007. Abstinence rates following behavioral treatments for marijuana dependence. Addict Behav. 32(6):1220–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalant H. 2004. Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 28(5):849–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karyadi KA, VanderVeen JD, Cyders MA. 2014. A meta-analysis of the relationship between trait mindfulness and substance use behaviors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 143(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krentzman AR. 2013. Review of the application of positive psychology to substance use, addiction, and recovery research. Psychol Addict Behav. 27(1):151–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster GA, Dodd S, Williamson PR. 2004. Design and analysis of pilot studies: recommendations for good practice. J Eval Clin Pract. 10(2):307–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau N, Sales P, Averill S, Murphy F, Sato SO, Murphy S. 2015. Responsible and controlled use: older cannabis users and harm reduction. Int J Drug Policy. 26(8):709–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender JM, Looby A, Earleywine M. 2008. A brief cannabis-associated problems questionnaire with less potential for bias. Hum Psychopharmacol. 23(6):487–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Howard MO, Garland EL, McGovern P, Lazar M. 2017. Mindfulness treatment for substance misuse: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 75:62–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lile JA, Turner BW, Cox DH, Bonn-Miller MO, Katz NR, Shellenberg TP, Stoops WW, Strickland JC. 2022. Cannabis use disorder treatment preferences: a pilot survey in current users of cannabis. J Addict Med. [accessed 2022 Apr 26]. https://journals.lww.com/journaladdictionmedicine/Fulltext/9900/Cannabis_Use_Disorder_Treatment_Preferences__A.63.aspx.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luba RR, Earleywine M, Melse B, Gordis EB. 2020. Savoring Moderates the Link between Marijuana Use and Marijuana Problems. Subst Use Misuse. 55(2):291–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malivoire BL, Marcotte-Beaumier G, Sumantry D, Koerner N. 2022. Correlates of dampening and savoring in generalized anxiety disorder. J Cogn Ther. 15:414–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malouff JM, Rooke SE, Copeland J. 2014. Experiences of Marijuana-vaporizer users. Subst Abus. 35(2):127–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellis AM, Bickel WK. 2020. Mechanical Turk data collection in addiction research: utility, concerns and best practices. Addiction. 115(10):1960–1968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mian MN, Altman BR, Ueno LF, Earleywine M. 2021. Confirming savoring’s link to fewer cannabis problems. J Psychoactive Drugs. 53(3):201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne JW. 2013. Best practices in data cleaning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Paltun SC, Altunsoy N, Özdemir SD, Okay IT. 2017. Does trait mindfulness level affect quitting cannabis use? A six week follow-up study. Arch Clin Psychiatry. 44(6):139–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson MR. 2019. A meta-analytic investigation of the associations between cannabis use and cannabis-related negative consequences. Psychol Addict Behav. 33(3):190–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priester MA, Browne T, Iachini A, Clone S, DeHart D, Seay KD. 2016. Treatment access barriers and disparities among individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders: an integrative literature review. J Subst Abuse Treat. 61:47–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs NR, Conner BT, Parnes JE, Prince MA, Shillington AM, George MW. 2018. Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO: effects of a personalized feedback plus protective behavioral strategies intervention for heavy marijuana-using college students. Drug Alcohol Depend. 190:13–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooke SE, Norberg MM, Copeland J. 2011. Successful and unsuccessful cannabis quitters: comparing group characteristics and quitting strategies. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 6(1):30–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russo E, Guy GW. 2006. A tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Med Hypotheses. 66(2):234–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer J, Brown SA. 1991. Marijuana and cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns. J Consult Clin Psychol. 59(4):558–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman BJ, McRae-Clark AL. 2016. Treatment of cannabis use disorder: current science and future outlook. Pharmacotherapy. 36(5):511–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout PE, Stadler G, Lane SP, Joy McClure M, Jackson GL, Clavél FD, Iida M, Gleason MEJ, Xu JH, Bolger N. 2018. Initial elevation bias in subjective reports. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 115(1):E15–E23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JL, Hanni AA. 2019. Effects of a savoring intervention on resilience and well-being of older adults. J Appl Gerontol. 38(1):137–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JL, Hollinger-Smith L. 2015. Savoring, resilience, and psychological well-being in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 19(3):192–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Curtin L. 2000. Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. J Consult Clin Psychol. 68(5):898–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockings E, Zagic D, Campbell G, Weier M, Hall WD, Nielsen S, Herkes GK, Farrell M, Degenhardt L. 2018. Evidence for cannabis and cannabinoids for epilepsy: a systematic review of controlled and observational evidence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 89(7):741–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickland JC, Stoops WW. 2019. The use of crowdsourcing in addiction science research: Amazon Mechanical Turk. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 27(1):1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subritzky T. 2018. Beyond deficit and harm reduction: incorporating the spectrum of wellness as an interpretive framework for cannabis consumption. Int J Drug Policy. 60:18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2020. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. HHS Publication No. PEP20-07-01-001, NSDUH Series H-55. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Suraev AS, Marshall NS, Vandrey R, McCartney D, Benson MJ, McGregor IS, Grunstein RR, Hoyos CM. 2020. Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Sleep Med Rev. 53:101339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift W, Copeland J, Lenton S. 2000. Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review. 19(1):101–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sytine AI, Britt TW, Pury CL, Rosopa PJ. 2018. Savouring as a moderator of the combat exposure–mental health symptoms relationship. Stress Health. 34(4):582–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thabane L, Ma J, Chu R, Cheng J, Ismaila A, Rios LP, Robson R, Thabane M, Giangregorio L, Goldsmith CH. 2010. A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how. BMC Med Res Methodol. 10(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dam NT, Earleywine M. 2010. Pulmonary function in cannabis users: support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. Int J Drug Policy. 21(6):511–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Baler RD, Compton WM, Weiss SRB. 2014. Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N Engl J Med. 370(23):2219–2227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang BA, Poole LZ, Balderrama-Durbin CM. 2022. Effects and mechanisms of a savoring-based single session intervention for partnered individuals. Int J Appl Posit Psychol. 2022:1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Watson D, Clark L. 1994. The Panas-X. Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. Iowa City, Iowa: The University of Iowa.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Xue J, Huang Y. 2020. A meta-analysis: internet mindfulness-based interventions for stress management in the general population. Medicine. 99(28):e20493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar