References
- Allnutt, S., & Chaimowitz, G. (1994). Anabolic steroid withdrawal depression: A case report. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 317–318.
- Ariel, G., & Saville, W. (1972). Anabolic steroids: The physiological effects of placebos. Medicine and Science in Sports, 4(2), 124–126.
- Arvary, D., & Pope, H. G. (2000). Anabolic-androgenic steroids as a gateway to opioid dependence. New England Journal of Medicine, 324(20), 1532.
- Bahrke, M. S. (1993). Psychological effects of endogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. In C. E. Yesalis (Ed.), Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise (pp. 161–192). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Bahrke, M. S. (2000). Psychological effects of endogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. In C. E. Yesalis (Ed.), Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise (2nd ed.) (pp. 247–278). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Bahrke, M. S., & Strauss, R. H. (1992). Selected psychological characteristics of female anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, S136.
- Bahrke, M. S., Wright, J. E., Strauss, R. H., & Catlin, D. H. (1992). Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid usage. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 20, 717–724.
- Bahrke, M. S., Yesalis, C. E., and Wright, J. E. (1990). Psychological and behavioural effects of endogenous testosterone levels and anabolic-androgenic steroids among males: A review. Sports Medicine, 10, 303–337.
- Bahrke, M. S., Yesalis, C. E., & Wright, J. E. (1996). Psychological and behavioural effects of endogenous testosterone levels and anabolic-androgenic steroids: An update. Sports Medicine, 22, 367–390.
- Bhasin, S., Storer, T. W., Berman, N., Callgari, C., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., Bunnell, T. J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A., & Casaburi, R. (1996). The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. New England Journal of Medicine, 335(1), 1–7.
- Bjorkqvist, K., Nygren, T., Bjorklund, A-C., & Bjorkqvist, S-E. (1994). Testosterone intake and aggressiveness: Real effect or anticipation. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 17–26.
- Bond, A. J., Choi, P. Y. L., & Pope, H. G. (1995). Assessment of attentional bias and mood in users and non-users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 37(3), 241–245.
- Brower, K. J. (2002). Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Current Psychiatric Reports, 4(5), 377–387.
- Brower, K. J., Blow, F. C., Young, J. P., & Hill, E. M. (1991). Symptoms and correlates of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 759–768.
- Breuer, M. E., McGinnis, M. Y., Lumia, A. R., & Possidente, B. P. (2001). Aggression in male rats receiving anabolic androgenic steroids: Effects of social and environmental provocation. Hormones and Behavior, 40(3), 409–418.
- Burnett, K. F., & Kleiman, M. E. (1994). Psychological characteristics of adolescent steroid users. Adolescence, 29(113), 81–89.
- Byrne, A. J. (1997). Anabolic steroids and the mind. Medical Journal of Australia, 166, 224.
- Choi, P. Y. L. (1993, June). Alarming effects of anabolic steroids. The Psychologist, 258–260.
- Choi, P. Y. L., Parrott, A. C., & Cowan, D. (1990). High-dose anabolic steroids in strength athletes: Effects upon hostility and aggression. Human Psychopharmacology, 5, 349–356.
- Choi, P. Y. L., & Pope, H. G. (1994). Violence toward women and illicit androgenic-anabolic steroid use. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 6(1), 21–25.
- Clark, A. S., & Barber, D. M. (1994). Anabolic-androgenic steroids and aggression in castrated male rats. Physiology and Behavior, 56, 1107–1113.
- Cooper, C. (1994). Factors undermining the success of prevention and harm reduction strategies for anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. In D. Adey, P. Steyn, N. Herman, et al. (Eds.), State of the art in higher education (Vol. 1, pp. 133–142). Pretoria, South Africa: University of South Africa.
- Cooper, C. J., & Noakes, T. D. (1994). Psychiatric disturbances in users of anabolic steroids. South African Medical Journal, 84, 509–512.
- Copeland, J., Peters, R., & Dillon, P. (1998). Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence in a woman. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 589.
- Corrigan, B. (1996). Anabolic steroids and the mind. Medical Journal of Australia, 165(4), 222–226.
- Cowan, C. B. (1994). Depression in anabolic steroid withdrawal. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 11(1), 27–28.
- Dalby, J. T. (1992). Brief anabolic steroid use and sustained behavioral reaction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(2), 271–272.
- Daly, R. C., Su, T. P., Schmidt, P. J., Pickar, D., Murphy, D. L., & Rubinow, D. R. (2001). Cerebrospinal fluid and behavioral changes after methlytestosterone administration: Preliminary findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(2), 172–77.
- Daly, R. C., Su, T. P., Schmidt, P. J., Pagliaro, M., Pickar, D., & Rubinow, D. R. (2003). Neuroen-docrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(3), 317–331.
- Dean, C. E. (2000). Prasterone (DHEA) and mania. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(12), 1419–1422.
- Driessen, M., Muessigbrodt, H., Dilling, H., & Driessen, B. (1996). Child sexual abuse associated with anabolic androgenic steroid use. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1369.
- Duchaine, D. (1989). Underground steroid handbook II. Venice, CA: HLR Technical Books.
- Ellingrod, V. L., Perry, P. J., Yates, W. R., Maclndoe, J. H., Watson, G., Arndt, S., & Holman, T. L. (1997). The effects of anabolic steroids on driving performance as assessed by the Iowa Driver Simulator. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 23, 623–636.
- Farrell, S. F., & McGinnis, M. Y. (2003). Effects of pubertal anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) administration on reproductive and aggressive behaviors in male rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117(5), 904–911.
- Fingerhood, M. I., Sullivan, J. T., Testa, M., & Jasinski, D. R. (1997). Abuse liability of testosterone. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 11, 59–63.
- Galligani, N., Renck, A., & Hansen, S. (1996). Personality profile of men using anabolic androgenic steroids. Hormones and Behavior, 30, 170–175.
- Gruber, A. J., & Pope, H. G. (2000). Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69(1), 19–26.
- Gu, Y-Q., Tong, J-S., Ma, D-Z., Wang, X-H., Yuan, D., Tang, W-H., Bremner, W. J. (2004). Male hormone contraception: Effects of injections of testosterone undecanoate and depot medroxy-progesterone acetate at eight-week intervals in Chinese men. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(5), 2254–2262.
- Hannan, C. J., Friedl, K. E., Zold, A., Kettler, T. M., & Plymate, S. R. (1991). Psychological and serum homovanillic acid changes in men administered androgenic steroids. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16, 335–342.
- Isacsson, G., Garle, M., Ljung, E-B., Asgard, U., & Bergman, U. (1998). Anabolic steroids and violent crime: An epidemiological study at a jail in Stockholm, Sweden. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39(4), 203–205.
- Johnson, L. R., & Wood, R. I. (2000). Oral testosterone self-administration in male hamsters. Neuroendocrinology, 73(4), 285–292.
- Johansson, P., Lindqvist, A-S., Nyber, F., & Fahlke, C. (2000). Anabolic androgenic steroids affects alcohol intake, defensive behaviors and brain opioid peptides in the rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 67, 271–279.
- Kindlundh, A. M., Bergstrom, M., Monazzam, A., Hallberg. M., Blomqvist, G., Langstrom, B., & Nyberg, F. (2002). Dopaminergic effects after chronic treatment with nandrolone visualized in rat brain by positron emission tomography. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 26(7–8), 1303–1308.
- Kindlundh, A. M., Lindblom, J., Bergstrom, L., & Nyberg, F. (2003). The anabolic-androgenic steroid nandrolone induces alterations in the density of serotonergic 5ht(1b) and 5ht(2) receptors in the male rat brain. Neuroscience, 119(1), 113–120.
- Kindlundh, A. M., Rahman, S., Lindblom, S., & Nyberg, F. (2004). Increased dopamine transporter density in the male rat brain following chronic nandrolone decanoate administration. Neuroscience Letters, 356(2), 131–134.
- Kouri, E. M., Lukas, S. E., Pope, H. G., & Oliva, P. S. (1995). Increased aggressive responding in male volunteers following the administration of gradually increasing doses of testosterone cypionate. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 40(1), 73–79.
- Leckman, J. F., & Scahill, L. (1990). Possible exacerbation of tics by androgenic steroids. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 1674.
- Lefavi, R. G., Reeve, T. G., & Newland, M. C. (1990). Relationship between anabolic steroid use and selected psychological parameters in male bodybuilders. Journal of Sport Behavior, 13(3), 157–166.
- Lindstrom, M., Nilsson, A. L., Katzman, P. L., Janson, L., & Dymling, J-F. (1990). Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids among bodybuilders: Frequency and attitudes. Journal of Internal Medicine, 227, 407–411.
- Malone, D. A., & Dimeff, R. J. (1992). The use of fluoxetine in depression associated with anabolic steroid withdrawal: A case series. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53(4), 130–132.
- Malone, D. A., Dimeff, R. J., Lombardo, J. A., & Sample, R. H. B. (1995). Psychiatric effects and psychoactive substance use in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(1), 25–31.
- Martinez-Sanchis, S., Brain, P. F., Salvador, A., & Simon, V. M. (1996). Long-term chronic treatment with stanozolol lacks significant effects on aggression and activity in young and adult male laboratory mice. General Pharmacology, 27(2), 293–298.
- McGinnis, M. Y., Lamia, A. R., & Possidente, B. P. (2002). Effects of withdrawal from anabolic androgenic steroids on aggression in male rats. Physiology & Behavior, 75(4), 541–549.
- Midgley, S. J., Heather, N., & Davies, J. B., (2001). Levels of aggression among a group of anabolic-androgenic steroids users. Medicine, Science, and Law, 47(4), 309–314.
- Millar, A. P. (1996). Anabolic steroids: A personal pilgrimage. Journal of Performance Enhancing Drugs, 1(1), 4–9.
- Monitoring the Future Study. (2003). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Retrieved December 5, 2004, from http://www.monitoringthefuture.org
- Moss, H. B., Panazak, G. L., & Tarter, R. E. (1992). Personality, mood, and psychiatric symptoms among anabolic steroid users. American Journal on Addictions, 1(4), 315–324.
- Orchard, J. W., & Best, J. P. (1994). Test violent offenders for anabolic steroid use. Medical Journal of Australia, 161(3), 232.
- Parrott, A. C., Choi, P. Y. L., & Dovies, M. (1994). Anabolic steroid use by amateur athletes: Effects upon psychological mood states. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 34(3), 292–298.
- Perry, P. J., Andersen, K. H., & Yates, W. R. (1990). Illicit anabolic steroid use in athletes: A case series analysis. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 422–428.
- Perry, P. J., Kutscher, E. C., Lund, B. C., Yates, W. R., Holman, T. L., & Demers, L. (2003). Measures of aggression and mood changes in male weightlifters with and without androgenic anabolic steroid use. Journal of Forensic Science, 48(3), 646–651.
- Perry, P. J., Yates, W. R., & Andersen, K. H. (1990). Psychiatric symptoms associated with anabolic steroids: A controlled, retrospective study. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 2(1), 11–17.
- Pope, H. G., & Katz, D. L. (1990). Homicide and near-homicide by anabolic steroid users. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51(1), 28–31.
- Pope, H. G., & Katz, D. L. (1994). Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(5), 373–382.
- Pope, H. G., Kouri, E. M., & Hudson, J. I. (2000) Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(2), 133–140.
- Pope, H. G., Kouri, E. M., Powell, K. F., Campbell, C., & Katz, D. L. (1996). Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among 133 prisoners. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 322–327.
- Schulte, H. M., Hall, M. J., & Boyer, M. (1993). Domestic violence associated with anabolic steroid abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 348.
- Silvester, L. J. (1995). Self-perceptions of the acute and long-range effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 9(2), 95–98.
- Stanley, A., & Ward, M. (1994). Anabolic steroids—the drugs that give and take away manhood. A case with an unusual physical sign. Medicine, Science and the Law, 34(1), 82–83.
- Su, T-P., Pagliaro, M., Schmidt, P. J., Pickar, D., Wolkowitz, O., & Rubinow, D. R. (1993). Neuropsychiatry effects of anabolic steroids in male normal volunteers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2760–2764.
- Thiblin, I., Kristiansson, M., & Rajs, J. (1997). Anabolic androgenic steroids and behavioural patterns among violent offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 8(2), 299–310.
- Thiblin, I., & Parlklo, T. (2002). Anabolic steroids and violence. Acta Psychiatrica Sacandinavia, 106(Suppl. 412), 125–128.
- Triemstra, J. I., & Wood, R. I. (2004). Testosterone self-administration in female hamsters. Behavioural Brain Research, 154, 221–229.
- Wemyss-Holden, S. A., Hamdy, F. C., & Hastie, K. J. (1994). Steroid abuse in athletes, prostatic enlargement and bladder outflow obstruction: Is there a relationship? British Journal of Urology, 74, 476–478.
- World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. (1990). Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. Lancet, 36, 955–959.
- Wood, R. I. (2004). Reinforcing aspects of androgen. Physiology & Behavior, 83, 279–289.
- Wood, R. I., Johnson, L. R., Chu, L., Schad, C., & Self, D.W. (2004). Testosterone reinforcement: Intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters. Psychopharmacology, 171, 298–305.
- Wu, F. C., Farley, T. M. M., Peregoudov, A., & Waites, G. M. H. (1996). Effects of testosterone enanthate in normal men: Experience from a multicenter contraceptive efficacy study. Fertility and Sterility, 65, 626–636.
- Yates, W. R., Perry, P. J., & Andersen, K. H. (1990). Illicit anabolic steroid use: A controlled personality study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 81, 548–550.
- Yates, W. R., Perry, P. J., Maclndoe, J., Holman, T., & Ellingrod, V. L. (1999). Psychosexual effects of three doses of testosterone cycling in normal men. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 254–260.
- Yates, W. R., Perry, P., & Murray, S. (1992). Aggression and hostility in anabolic steroid users. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 1232–1234.
- Yesalis, C. E., Kennedy, N. J., Kopstein, A. N., & Bahrke, M. S. (1993). Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 1217–1221.