Randomized Effectiveness Trial of an Internet, Pure Self-Help, Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults

References

• Ackermann , R. T. , Rosenman , M. B. , Downs , S. M. , Holmes , A. M. , Katz , B. P. Li , J. 2005 . Telephonic case-finding of major depression in a Medicaid chronic disease management program for diabetes and heart failure . General Hospital Psychiatry , 27 : 338 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson , G. 2006 . Internet-based cognitive- behavioral self help for depression . Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics , 6 : 1637 – 1642 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersson , G. , Bergstrom , J. , Hollandare , F. , Carlbring , P. , Kaldo , V. and Ekselius , L. 2005 . Internet-based self-help for depression: Randomised controlled trial . British Journal of Psychiatry , 187 : 456 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkham , M. , Connell , J. , Stiles , W. B. , Miles , J. N. , Margison , F. Evans , C. 2006 . Dose–effect relations and responsive regulation of treatment duration: The good enough level . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 74 : 160 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Rush , A. J. , Shaw , B. F. and Emory , G. 1979 . Cognitive therapy of depression , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , C. H. , Costigan , T. E. and Kendziora , K. T. 2008 . “ Data analytic frameworks: Analysis of variance, latent growth, and hierarchical models ” . In Evidence-based outcome research: A practical guide to conducting randomized controlled trials for psychosocial interventions , Edited by: Nezu , A. M. and Nezu , C. M. 285 – 313 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , H. , Griffiths , K. M. and Jorm , A. F. 2004 . Delivering interventions for depression by using the Internet: Randomised controlled trial . British Medical Journal , 328 : 265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , H. , Griffiths , K. M. , Mackinnon , A. J. and Brittliffe , K. 2006 . Online randomized controlled trial of brief and full cognitive behaviour therapy for depression . Psychological Medicine , 36 : 1737 – 1746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , G. , Eubanks , D. , Reid , E. , Kelleher , C. , O'Connor , E. DeBar , L. L. 2005 . Overcoming Depression on the Internet (ODIN) (2): A randomized trial of a self-help depression skills program with reminders . Journal of Medical Internet Research , 7 : e16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , G. , Reid , E. , Eubanks , D. , O'Connor , E. , DeBar , L. L. and Kelleher , C. 2002 . Overcoming Depression on the Internet (ODIN): A randomized controlled trial of an Internet depression skills intervention program . Journal of Medical Internet Research , 4 : E14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Corson , K. , Gerrity , M. S. and Dobscha , S. K. 2004 . Screening for depression and suicidality in a VA primary care setting: 2 items are better than 1 item . American Journal of Managed Care , 10 : 839 – 845 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairburn , C. G. and Carter , J. C. 1997 . “ Self-help and guided self-help for binge-eating problems ” . In Handbook of treatment for eating disordns , 2nd ed , Edited by: Garner , D. M. and Garfinkel , P. E. 494 – 500 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feaster , D. J. , Newman , F. L. and Rice , C. 2003 . Longitudinal analysis when the experimenter does not determine when treatment ends: What is dose-response? . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 10 : 352 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidler , F. , Faulkner , C. and Cumming , G. 2008 . “ Analyzing and presenting outcomes ” . In Evidence-based outcome research: A practical guide to conducting randomized controlled trials for psychosocial interventions , Edited by: Nezu , A. M. and Nezu , C. M. 315 – 334 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gaffan , E. A. , Tsaousis , I. and Kemp-Wheeler , S. M. 1995 . Researcher allegiance and metaanalysis: The case of cognitive therapy for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 : 966 – 980 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons , R. D. , Hedeker , D. , Elkin , I. , Waternaux , C. , Kraemer , H. C. Greenhouse , J. B. 1993 . Some conceptual and statistical issues in analysis of longitudinal psychiatric data. Application to the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program data set . Archives of General Psychiatry , 50 : 739 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloaguen , V. , Cottraux , J. , Cucherat , M. and Blackburn , I. M. 2009 . A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depressed patients . Journal of Affective Disorders , 49 : 59 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths , K. M. and Christensen , H. 2006 . Review of randomised controlled trials of Internet interventions for mental disorders and related conditions . Clinical Psychologist , 10 : 16 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. and Bass , D. 1989 . Power to detect differences between alternative treatments in comparative psychotherapy outcome research . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 57 : 138 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. and Walters , E. E. 1998 . Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the National Comorbidity Survey . Depression and Anxiety , 7 : 3 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroenke , K. and Spitzer , R. L. 2002 . The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure . Psychiatric Annals , 32 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn , P. M. , Biglan , A. and Zeiss , A. M. 1975 . “ Behavioral treatment of depression ” . In The behavioral management of anxiety, depression and pain , Edited by: Davidson , P. O. 91 – 146 . New York : Brunner/Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn , P. M. , Steinmetz , J. L. , Antonuccio , D. O. and Teri , L. 1984 . “ A behavioral group therapy approach to the treatment of depression ” . In Handbook of behavioral group therapy , Edited by: Upper , D. and Ross , S. M. 303 – 329 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Littell , R. C. , Henry , P. R. and Ammerman , C. B. 1998 . Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures . Journal of Animal Science , 76 : 1216 – 1231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , B. , Kroenke , K. , Herzog , W. and Grafe , K. 2004 . Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: Sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) . Journal of Affective Disorders , 81 : 61 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , F. L. and Clarke , G. N. 2006 . Estimating the economic burden of depression in children and adolescents . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 31 : S143 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March , J. S. , Silva , S. G. , Compton , S. , Shapiro , M. , Califf , R. and Krishnan , R. 2005 . The case for practical clinical trials in psychiatry . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 836 – 846 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , M. G. , Erickson , T. , Przeworski , A. and Dzus , E. 2003 . Self-help and minimal-contact therapies for anxiety disorders: Is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy? . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 59 : 251 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmqvist , B. , Carlbring , P. and Andersson , G. 2007 . Internet-delivered treatments with or without therapist input: Does the therapist factor have implications for efficacy and cost? . Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research , 7 : 291 – 297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perkins , S. J. , Murphy , R. , Schmidt , U. and Williams , C. 2006 . Self-help and guided self-help for eating disorders . Cochrane Database Systematic Revi , 3 : CD004191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pull , C. B. 2006 . Self-help Internet interventions for mental disorders . Current Opinion Psychiatry , 19 : 50 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , M. E. , Steen , T. A. , Park , N. and Peterson , C. 2005 . Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions . American Psychologist , 60 : 410 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , J. D. 1998 . Using SAS PROC MIXED to fit multilevel models, hierarchical models, and individual growth models . Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics , 24 : 323 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. C. , Gardiner , J. C. , Lyles , J. S. , Sirbu , C. , Dwamena , F. C. Hodges , A. 2005 . Exploration of DSM-IV criteria in primary care patients with medically unexplained symptoms . Psychosomatic Medicine , 67 : 123 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spek , V. , Cuijpers , P. , Nyklícek , I. , Riper , H. , Keyzer , J. and Pop , V. 2007 . Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis . Psychological Medicine , 37 : 319 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spek , V. , Nyklícek , I. , Smits , N. , Cuijpers , P. , Riper , H. , Keyzer , J. and Pop , V. 2007 . Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for subthreshold depression in people over 50 years old: A randomized controlled clinical trial . Psychological Medicine , 37 : 1737 – 1744 .
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer , R. L. , Kroenke , K. and Williams , J. B. 1999 . Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire . Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 : 1737 – 1744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , R. L. , Williams , J. B. , Kroenke , K. , Linzer , M. , deGruy , F. V. III Hahn , S. R. 1994 . Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study . Journal of the American Medical Association , 272 : 1749 – 1756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunis , S. R. , Stryer , D. B. and Clancy , C. M. 2003 . Practical clinical trials: Increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy . Journal of the American Medical Association , 290 : 1624 – 1632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Straten , A. , Cuijpers , P. and Smits , N. 2008 . Effectiveness of a web-based self-help intervention for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress: Randomized controlled trial . Journal of Medical Internet Research , 10 : e7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wantland , D. J. , Portillo , C. J. , Holzemer , W. L. , Slaughter , R. and McGhee , E. M. 2004 . The effectiveness of web-based vs. non-web-based interventions: A meta-analysis of behavioral change outcomes . Journal of Medical Internet Research , 6 : e40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ybarra , M. L. and Eaton , W. W. 2005 . Internetbased mental health interventions . Mental Health Services Research , 7 : 75 – 87 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar