1,573
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Increasing intolerance of uncertainty over time: the potential influence of increasing connectivity

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 121-136 | Received 02 Oct 2017, Accepted 09 May 2018, Published online: 08 Jun 2018

References

  • Abramowitz, J. S. (2006). The psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 407–416. doi:10.1177/070674370605100702
  • Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Valentiner, D. P. (2007). The short health anxiety inventory: Psychometric properties and construct validity in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 871–883. doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9058-1
  • Abramowitz, J. S., Schwartz, S. A., & Whiteside, S. P. (2002). A contemporary conceptual model of hypochondriasis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 77, 1323–1330. doi:10.4065/77.12.1323
  • Aldao, A., Mennin, D. S., Linardatos, E., & Fresco, D. M. (2010). Differential patterns of physical symptoms and subjective processes in generalized anxiety disorder and unipolar depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 250–259. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.12.001
  • Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 569–576.10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
  • Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Basevitz, P., Pushkar, D., Chaikelson, J., Conway, M., & Dalton, C. (2008). Age-related differences in worry and related processes. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66, 283–305. doi:10.2190/AG.66.4.b
  • Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Boswell, J. F., Farchione, T. J., Sauer-Zavala, S., Murray, H. W., Fortune, M. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Anxiety sensitivity and interoceptive exposure: A transdiagnostic construct and change strategy. Behavior Therapy, 44, 417–431. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.03.006
  • Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty: A common factor in the treatment of emotional disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 630–645. doi:10.1002/jclp.21965
  • Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn state worry questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 33–37.10.1016/0005-7967(92)90093-V
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931–945.10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 222–236. doi:S0887-6185(05)00022-8[pii]10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.12.004
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2012). Fear of emotions, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty in worry and generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 1–17.10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.1
  • Butzer, B., & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the frequency of social comparisons and self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 167–176. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.017
  • Byrne, S. P., Hunt, C. J., & Chang, B. P. I. (2015). Comparing the roles of ambiguity and unpredictability in intolerance of uncertainty. Behaviour Change, 32, 26–34. doi:10.1017/bec.2014.27
  • Carleton, R. N. (2012). The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12, 937–947. doi:10.1586/ern.12.82
  • Carleton, R. N. (2016). Fear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 5–21. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.011
  • Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30–43. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007
  • Carleton, R. N., Gosselin, P., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2010). The intolerance of uncertainty index: Replication and extension with an English sample. Psychological Assessment, 22, 396–406. doi:10.1037/a0019230
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 105–117. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014
  • Carleton, R. N., Weeks, J. W., Howell, A. N., Asmundson, G. J. G., Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2012). Assessing the latent structure of the intolerance of uncertainty construct: An initial taxometric analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 150–157. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.006
  • Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290–297. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002
  • Chen, C. Y., & Hong, R. Y. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty moderates the relation between negative life events and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 49–53. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.006
  • Chin, B., Nelson, B. D., Jackson, F., & Hajcak, G. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty and startle potentiation in relation to different threat reinforcement rates. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 99, 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.006
  • Clark, D. M. (1999). Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, S5–S27. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00048-0
  • Cougle, J. R., Fitch, K. E., Fincham, F. D., Riccardi, C. J., Keough, M. E., & Timpano, K. R. (2012). Excessive reassurance seeking and anxiety pathology: Tests of incremental associations and directionality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 117–125. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.001
  • Crittendon, J., & Hopko, D. R. (2006). Assessing worry in older and younger adults: Psychometric properties of an abbreviated Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-A). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 1036–1054. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.11.006
  • de Bruin, G. O., Rassin, E., & Muris, P. (2007). The prediction of worry in non-clinical individuals: The role of intolerance of uncertainty, meta-worry, and neuroticism. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 93–100. doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9029-6
  • De Los Reyes, A., Aldao, A., Kundey, S. M. A., Lee, B. G., & Molina, S. (2012). Compromised decision making and the effects of manipulating physical states on human judgments. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 1–7. doi:10.1002/jclp.20851
  • Deacon, B., & Maack, D. J. (2008). The effects of safety behaviors on the fear of contamination: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.010
  • Deschênes, S. S., Dugas, M. J., & Gouin, J. P. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry catastrophizing, and heart rate variability during worry-inducing tasks. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.015
  • Drews, A., & Hazlett-Stevens, H. (2008). Relationships between irritable bowel syndrome, generalized anxiety disorder, and worry-related constructs. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8, 429–436.
  • Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 593–606.10.1023/A:1021890322153
  • Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 551–558. doi:10.1023/A:1005553414688
  • Dugas, M. J., Hedayati, M., Karavidas, A., Buhr, K., Francis, K., & Phillips, N. A. (2005). Intolerance of uncertainty and information processing: Evidence of biased recall and interpretations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 57–70. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1648-9
  • Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Brief report: Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 835–842. doi:10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0
  • Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2009). Reexamining the domain of hypochondriasis: Comparing the Illness Attitudes Scale to other approaches. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 760–766. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.016
  • Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2011). Intolerance of uncertainty moderates the relationship between catastrophic health appraisals and health anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 560–565. doi:10.1007/S10608-011-9392-9
  • Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D. (2010). Do symptoms of generalized anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder share cognitive processes? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 168–176. doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9239-9
  • Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D. (2011). Searching for specificity between cognitive vulnerabilities and mood and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 446–458. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9245-6
  • Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D. (2013). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Measurement invariance, population heterogeneity, and its relation with worry among self-identifying White and Black respondents. Assessment, 20, 555–564. doi:10.1177/1073191112460272
  • Fracalanza, K., Koerner, N., Deschênes, S. S., & Dugas, M. J. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty mediates the relation between generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and anger. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43, 122–132. doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.888754
  • Freeston, M., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791–802. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
  • Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 923–933. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001
  • Gerolimatos, L. A., & Edelstein, B. A. (2012). Anxiety-related constructs mediate the relation between age and health anxiety. Aging & Mental Health, 16, 975–982. doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.688192
  • Glassner, B. (2004). Narrative techniques of fear mongering. Social Research, 71, 819–826. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40971980
  • Gosselin, P., Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (2001). Evaluation of worry: Validation of a French Translation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique Et Therapeutique, 27, 475–484.
  • Gosselin, P., Ladouceur, R., Evers, A., Laverdière, A., Routhier, S., & Tremblay-Picard, M. (2008). Evaluation of intolerance of uncertainty: Development and validation of a new self-report measure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1427–1439. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.005
  • Helbig-Lang, S., & Petermann, F. (2010). Tolerate or eliminate? A systematic review on the effects of safety behavior across anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 218–233. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01213.x
  • Helsen, K., Goubert, L., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2013). Observational learning and pain-related fear: Exploring contingency learning in an experimental study using colored warm water immersions. The Journal of Pain, 14, 676–688. doi:10.1016/J.Jpain.2013.01.771
  • Hirschman, E. C. (1992). The consciousness of addiction: Toward a general theory of compulsive consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 155–179.10.1086/jcr.1992.19.issue-2
  • Holaway, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Coles, M. E. (2006). A comparison of intolerance of uncertainty in analogue obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 158–174. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.65
  • Hong, F. Y., Chiu, S. I., & Huang, D. H. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2152–2159. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.020
  • Hong, R. Y., & Lee, S. S. (2015). Further clarifying prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty: Factorial and construct validity of test scores from the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27, 605–620. doi:10.1037/pas0000074
  • Hussain, R., Guppy, M., Robertson, S., & Temple, E. (2013). Physical and mental health perspectives of first year undergraduate rural university students. BMC Public Health, 13, 492. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-848
  • Katz, J. E. & Aakhus, M. (Eds.). (2002). Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Khawaja, N. G., & Yu, L. N. H. (2010). A comparison of the 27-item and 12-item intolerance of uncertainty scales. Clinical Psychologist, 14, 97–106. doi:10.1080/13284207.2010.502542
  • King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2013). Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia? Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 140–144. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.025
  • Kins, E., Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2013). Separation anxiety in families with emerging adults. Journal of Family Psychology, 27, 495–505. doi:10.1037/a0032869
  • Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2008). An investigation of appraisals in individuals vulnerable to excessive worry: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 619–638. doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9125-2
  • Konstantellou, A., & Reynolds, M. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty and metacognitions in a non-clinical sample with problematic and normal eating attitudes. Eating Behaviors, 11, 193–196. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.01.003
  • Kraemer, K. M., McLeish, A. C., & O’Bryan, E. M. (2015). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in terms of alcohol use motives among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 162–166. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.033
  • Krohne, H. W. (1993). Vigilance and cognitive avoidance as concepts in coping research. In H. W. Krohne (Ed.), Attention and avoidance (pp. 19–50). Toronto, Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
  • Lachance, S., Ladouceur, R., & Dugas, M. J. (1999). Elements explaining the tendency to worry. Applied Psychology-an International Review-Psychologie Appliquee-Revue Internationale, 48, 187–196.
  • Ladouceur, R., Blais, F., Freeston, M. H., & Dugas, M. J. (1998). Problem solving and problem orientation in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 139–152. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00002-4
  • Lee, Yu-Kang, Chang, Chun-Tuan, Lin, You, & Cheng, Zhao-Hong (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 373–383. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047
  • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2013). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.049
  • Liao, K. Y. H., & Wei, M. F. (2011). Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety: The moderating and mediating roles of rumination. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 1220–1239. doi:10.1002/jclp.20846
  • Logan, S., Steel, Z., & Hunt, C. (2015). Investigating the effect of anxiety, uncertainty and ethnocentrism on willingness to interact in an intercultural communication. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 39–52. doi:10.1177/0022022114555762
  • Luhmann, C. C., Ishida, Kanako, & Hajcak, Greg (2011). Intolerance of uncertainty and decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards. Behavior Therapy, 42, 378–386. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.09.002
  • MacDonald, E. M., Pawluk, E. J., Koerner, N., & Goodwill, A. M. (2015). An examination of distress intolerance in undergraduate students high in symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 74–84. doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.964303
  • Mahoney, A. E., & McEvoy, P. M. (2012). Changes in intolerance of uncertainty during cognitive behavior group therapy for social phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 849–854. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.004
  • McEvoy, P. M., & Erceg-Hurn, D. M. (2016). The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 96–107. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.002
  • McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. (2012). To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behavior Therapy, 43, 533–545. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.007
  • McManus, F., Sacadura, C., & Clark, D. M. (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 147–161. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.12.002
  • Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
  • Nelson, B. D., & Shankman, S. A. (2011). Does intolerance of uncertainty predict anticipatory startle responses to uncertain threat? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81, 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.003
  • Norr, A. M., Albanese, B. J., Oglesby, M. E., Allan, N. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty as potential risk factors for cyberchondria. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 64–69. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.023
  • Norr, A. M., Capron, D. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Medical information seeking: Impact on risk for anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 402–407. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.04.003
  • Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 136–142. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063
  • Norton, P. J. (2005). A psychometric analysis of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale among four racial groups. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 699–707. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.08.002
  • Norton, P. J., & Mehta, P. D. (2007). Hierarchical model of vulnerabilities for emotional disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36, 240–254. doi:10.1080/16506070701628065
  • Oglesby, M. E., Medley, A. N., Norr, A. M., Capron, D. W., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty as a vulnerability factor for hoarding behaviors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145, 227–231. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.003
  • Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L. Y., & Raita, E. (2012). Habits make smartphone use more pervasive. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16, 105–114. doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2
  • Parrish, C. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2010). Why do people seek reassurance and check repeatedly? An investigation of factors involved in compulsive behavior in OCD and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 211–222. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.010
  • Pawluk, E. J., & Koerner, N. (2013). A preliminary investigation of impulsivity in generalized anxiety disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 732–737. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.027
  • Peck, J., & Childers, T. L. (2003). Individual differences in haptic information processing: The “Need for Touch” scale. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 430–442. doi:10.1086/378619
  • Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A., & Telch, M. J. (2004). Disentangling the effects of safety-behavior utilization and safety-behavior availability during exposure-based treatment: A placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 448–454. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.448
  • Rassin, E., & Muris, P. (2005). Indecisiveness and the interpretation of ambiguous situations. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1285–1291. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.006
  • Rector, N. A., Kamkar, K., Cassin, S. E., Ayearst, L. E., & Laposa, J. M. (2011). Assessing excessive reassurance seeking in the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 911–917. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.003
  • Reich, Z., & Godler, Y. (2014). A Time of Uncertainty: The effects of reporters’ time schedule on their work. Journalism Studies, 15, 607–618. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2014.882484
  • Reuther, E. T., Davis, T. E., Rudy, B. M., Jenkins, W. S., Whiting, S. E., & May, A. C. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of the relationship between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 773–777. doi:10.1002/da.22100
  • Richardson, T., Elliott, P., Roberts, R., & Jansen, M. (2017). A longitudinal study of financial difficulties and mental health in a national sample of british undergraduate students. Community Mental Health Journal, 53, 344–352. doi:10.1007/s10597-016-0052-0
  • Riskind, J. H., Tzur, D., Williams, N. L., Mann, B., & Shahar, G. (2007). Short-term predictive effects of the looming cognitive style on anxiety disorder symptoms under restrictive methodological conditions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1765–1777.10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.007
  • Roberts, J., & Pirog, S. (2013). A preliminary investigation of materialism and impulsiveness as predictors of technological addictions among young adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 56–62. doi:10.1556/JBA.1.2012.011
  • Robichaud, M., Dugas, M. J., & Conway, M. (2003). Gender differences in worry and associated cognitive-behavioral variables. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 501–516. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00237-2
  • Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., & Carrier, L. M. (2012). iDisorder: Understanding our obsession with technology and overcoming its hold on us. New York, NY: Palgrave-MacMillian.
  • Rosen, N. O., Knäuper, B., & Sammut, J. (2007). Do individual differences in intolerance of uncertainty affect health monitoring? Psychology & Health, 22, 413–430. doi:10.1080/14768320600941038
  • Rosnow, R. L., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (2000). Contrasts and correlations in effect-size estimation. Psychological Science, 11, 446–453.10.1111/1467-9280.00287
  • Rucker, L. S., West, L. M., & Roemer, L. (2010). Relationships among perceived racial stress, intolerance of uncertainty, and worry in a Black sample. Behavior Therapy, 41, 245–253.10.1016/j.beth.2009.04.001
  • Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19, 6–19. doi:10.1017/S0141347300011472
  • Salkovskis, P. M., Thorpe, S. J., Wahl, K., Wroe, A. L., & Forrester, E. (2003). Neutralizing increases discomfort associated with obsessional thoughts: An experimental study with obsessional patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 709–715. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.709
  • Saltzis, K. (2012). Breaking News Online: How news stories are updated and maintained around-the-clock. Journalism Practice, 6, 702–710. doi:10.1080/17512786.2012.667274
  • Sexton, K. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2009). Defining distinct negative beliefs about uncertainty: Validating the factor structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Psychological Assessment, 21, 176–186. doi:10.1037/a0015827
  • Sexton, K. A., Norton, P. J., Walker, J. R., & Norton, G. R. (2003). Hierarchical model of generalized and specific vulnerabilities in anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 32, 82–94. doi:10.1080/16506070302321
  • Shihata, S., McEvoy, P., Mullan, B. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty in emotional disorders: What uncertainties remain? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 115–124. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.001
  • Simmons, A., Matthews, S. C., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2008). Intolerance of uncertainty correlates with insula activation during affective ambiguity. Neuroscience Letters, 430, 92–97. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.10.030
  • Tang, N. K. Y., Salkovskis, P. M., Poplavskaya, E., Wright, K. J., Hanna, M., & Hester, J. (2007). Increased use of safety-seeking behaviors in chronic back pain patients with high health anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2821–2835. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.004
  • Thomas, V., Azmitia, M., & Whittaker, S. (2016). Unplugged: Exploring the costs and benefits of constant connection. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 540–548. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.078
  • Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 3–17. doi:10.1177/2167702617723376
  • Twenge, J. M., Konrath, S., Foster, J. D., Campbell, W. K., & Bushman, B. J. (2008). Egos inflating over time: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory. Journal of Personality, 76, 875–902. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00507.x
  • van Rijsoort, S., Emmelkamp, P., & Vervaeke, G. (1999). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: Structure, reliability and validity. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6, 297–307. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199910)6:4<297::AID-CPP206>3.0.CO;2-E
  • Walsh, S. P., White, K. M., & Young, R. M. (2008). Over-connected? A qualitative exploration of the relationship between Australian youth and their mobile phones. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 77–92. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.004
  • Wei, R. (2008). Motivations for using the mobile phone for mass communications and entertainment. Telematics and Informatics, 25, 36–46. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2006.03.001
  • Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Jacoby, R. J., Zwerling, J., & Rodriguez, C. I. (2016). An investigation of the role of intolerance of uncertainty in hoarding symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 208–214. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.047
  • White, L. O., & Mansell, W. (2009). Failing to ponder? delusion-prone individuals rush to conclusions. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16, 111–124. doi:10.1002/cpp.607
  • Zlomke, K. R., & Young, J. N. (2009). A retrospective examination of the role of parental anxious rearing behaviors in contributing to intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 670–679. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9269-7

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.