Nanoemulsion-based dosage forms for the transdermal drug delivery applications: A review of recent advances

References

• Sengupta P, Chatterjee B. Potential and future scope of nanoemulgel formulation for topical delivery of lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2017;526(1–2):353–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai M-J, Fu Y, Lin Y-H, et al. The effect of nanoemulsion as a carrier of hydrophilic compound for transdermal delivery. PloS one. 2014;9:e102850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawar KR, Babu RJ. Lipid materials for topical and transdermal delivery of nanoemulsions. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2014;31(5):429–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y, Ouyang WQ, Wei YP, et al. Effects of Carbopol(®) 934 proportion on nanoemulsion gel for topical and transdermal drug delivery: a skin permeation study. Int J Nanomedicine. 2016;11:5971–5987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai VK, Mishra N, Yadav KS, et al. Nanoemulsion as pharmaceutical carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery: formulation development, stability issues, basic considerations and applications. J Control Release. 2018;270:203–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu S, Katiyar SS, Kushwah V, et al. Active natural oil-based nanoemulsion containing tacrolimus for synergistic antipsoriatic efficacy. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2018;13(16):1985–1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakeel F, Shafiq S, Haq N, et al. Nanoemulsions as potential vehicles for transdermal and dermal delivery of hydrophobic compounds: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012;9(8):953–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pangani R, Choi SW, Jeon O-C, et al. Multiple nanoemulsion system for an oral combinational delivery of oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil: preparation and in vivo evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine. 2016;11:6379–6399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao Y, Chen X, Xu B, et al. Eprinomectin nanoemulgel for transdermal delivery against endoparasites and ectoparasites: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2019;26(1):1104–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan HS, Mahajan MS, Nerkar PP, et al. Nanoemulsion-based intranasal drug delivery system of saquinavir mesylate for brain targeting. Drug Deliv. 2014;21(2):148–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbain NH, Salim N, Masoumi HRF, et al. In vitro evaluation of the inhalable quercetin loaded nanoemulsion for pulmonary delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2019;9(2):497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar HO, Salama HA, Ghorab M, et al. Nanoemulsion as a potential ophthalmic delivery system for dorzolamide hydrochloride. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10(3):808–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan SL, Stanslas J, Basri M, et al. Nanoemulsion-based parenteral drug delivery system of carbamazepine: preparation, characterization, stability evaluation and blood-brain pharmacokinetics. Current Drug Delivery. 2015;12(6):795–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setya S, Madaan T, Razdan BK, et al. Design and development of novel transdermal nanoemulgel for alzheimer’s disease: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and biochemical investigations. Curr Drug Deliv. 2019;16(10):902–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setya S, Madaan T, Tariq M, et al. Appraisal of transdermal water-in-oil nanoemulgel of selegiline hcl for the effective management of parkinson’s disease: pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and biochemical investigations. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018;19(2):573–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakeel F, Ramadan W. Transdermal delivery of anticancer drug caffeine from water-in-oil nanoemulsions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010;75(1):356–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razzaq FA, Asif M. Glimepiride-Loaded nanoemulgel; development, in vitro characterization. Ex Vivo Permeation and In Vivo Antidiabetic Evaluation. 2021. 10(9)
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Singh AP, Harikumar SL. Development and optimization of nanoemulsion based gel for enhanced transdermal delivery of nitrendipine using Box-Behnken statistical design. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2020;46(2):329–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay H, Auddy B, Sur T, et al. Transdermal co-delivery of glucosamine sulfate and diacerein for the induction of chondroprotection in experimental osteoarthritis. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2020;10(5):1327–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poonia N, Lather V, Kaur B, et al. Optimization and development of methotrexate- and resveratrol-loaded nanoemulsion formulation using box-behnken design for rheumatoid arthritis. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2020;18(8):356–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, Daoping Z, Xiaoping X, et al. Magnesium oil-enriched transdermal nanogel of methotrexate for improved arthritic joint mobility, repair, and reduced inflammation. J Microencapsul. 2020;37(1):77–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Ajitha M. Formulation of transdermal nanoemulsion gel drug delivery system of lovastatin and its in vivo characterization in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis rat model. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2019;52:968–978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Ajitha M. Transdermal delivery of fluvastatin loaded nanoemulsion gel: preparation, characterization and in vivo anti-osteoporosis activity. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019;136:104956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Q, Liu S, Gu Y, et al. Development of sulconazole-loaded nanoemulsions for enhancement of transdermal permeation and antifungal activity. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:3955–3966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaker DS, Ishak RAH, Elhuoni MA, et al. Boosting transdermal delivery of atorvastatin calcium via o/w nanoemulsifying system: two-step optimization, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2020;578:119073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain A, Altamimi MA, Alshehri S, et al. Novel approach for transdermal delivery of rifampicin to induce synergistic antimycobacterial effects against cutaneous and systemic tuberculosis using a cationic nanoemulsion gel. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:1073–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambharose S, Kalhapure RS, Govender T. Nanoemulgel using a bicephalous heterolipid as a novel approach to enhance transdermal permeation of tenofovir. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2017;154:221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosny KM. Development of saquinavir mesylate nanoemulsion-loaded transdermal films: two-step optimization of permeation parameters, characterization, and ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:8589–8601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almehmady A, Ali S. Transdermal film loaded with garlic oil-acyclovir nanoemulsion to overcome barriers for its use in alleviating cold sore conditions. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13:669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali MS, Alam MS, Alam N, et al. Preparation, characterization, and stability study of dutasteride loaded nanoemulsion for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Iran J Pharm Res. 2014;13(4):1125–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leite CB, Coelho JM, and Ferreira-Nunes R, et al. Phonophoretic application of a glucosamine and chondroitin nanoemulsion for treatment of knee chondropathies Nanomedicine. 2020;15(7):647–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Q, Huang Y, Zhu C, et al. Combination of microneedles and mf59 adjuvant as a simple approach to enhance transcutaneous immunization. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2020;16(12):1776–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutradhar K, Amin M. Nanoemulsions: increasing possibilities in drug delivery. Eur J Nanomed. 2013;5:97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Jaiswal M, Dudhe R, Sharma PK. Nanoemulsion: an advanced mode of drug delivery system. 3 Biotech. 2015;5(2):123–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali A, Ansari VA, Ahmad U, et al. Nanoemulsion: an advanced vehicle for efficient drug delivery. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2017;67(11):617–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nastiti C, Ponto T, Abd E, et al. Topical nano and microemulsions for skin delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2017;9(4):1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClements DJ. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: terminology, differences, and similarities. Soft Matter. 2012;8(6):1719–1729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jangdey MS, Gupta A, Saraf S. Fabrication, in-vitro characterization, and enhanced in-vivo evaluation of carbopol-based nanoemulsion gel of apigenin for UV-induced skin carcinoma. Drug Deliv. 2017;24(1):1026–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh Y, Meher JG, Raval K, et al. Nanoemulsion: concepts, development, and applications in drug delivery. J Control Release. 2017;252:28–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asasutjarit R, Meesomboon T, Adulheem P, et al. Physicochemical properties of alpha-mangostin loaded nanoemulsions prepared by ultrasonication technique. Heliyon. 2019;5:e02465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotta S, Khan AW, Ansari SH, et al. Formulation of nanoemulsion: a comparison between phase inversion composition method and high-pressure homogenization method. Drug Deliv. 2015;22(4):455–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmataeeshy M, Sokar M, and Bahey-El-Din M, et al. Enhanced transdermal permeability of terbinafine through novel nanoemulgel formulation; development, in vitro and in vivo characterization. Future J Pharm Sci. 2018;4(1):18–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baspinar Y, Borchert -H-H. Penetration and release studies of positively and negatively charged nanoemulsions—Is there a benefit of the positive charge? Int J Pharm. 2012;430(1):247–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque T, Talukder MMU. Chemical enhancer: a simplistic way to modulate barrier function of the stratum corneum. Adv Pharm Bull. 2018;8(2):169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanikkannan N, Kandimalla K, Lamba S, et al. Structure-activity relationship of chemical penetration enhancers in transdermal drug delivery. Curr Med Chem. 2000;7:593–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeem A, Talegaonkar S, Negi LM, et al. Oil based nanocarrier system for transdermal delivery of ropinirole: a mechanistic, pharmacokinetic and biochemical investigation. Int J Pharm. 2012;422(1–2):436–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su R, Fan W, Yu Q, et al. Size-dependent penetration of nanoemulsions into epidermis and hair follicles: implications for transdermal delivery and immunization. Oncotarget. 2017;8(24):38214–38226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kováčik, A, Kopečná, M, Vávrová, K Permeation enhancers in transdermal drug delivery: benefits and limitations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2020;17(2):145–155.Epub 2020 Jan 14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trommer H, Neubert RH. Overcoming the stratum corneum: the modulation of skin penetration. A review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;19(2):106–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rancan F, Vogt A. Getting under the skin: what is the potential of the transfollicular route in drug delivery? Ther Deliv. 2014;5(8):875–877.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rawat SR, Vengurlekar S, Rakesh B, et al. Transdermal delivery by iontophoresis. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70:5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganta S, Talekar M, Singh A, et al. Nanoemulsions in translational research opportunities and challenges in targeted cancer therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014;15(3):694–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury H, Gorain B, Pandey M, et al. Recent update on nanoemulgel as topical drug delivery system. J Pharm Sci. 2017;106(7):1736–1751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain A, Khan GM, Shah SU, et al. Development of a novel ketoprofen transdermal patch: effect of almond oil as penetration enhancers on in-vitro and ex-vivo penetration of ketoprofen through rabbit skin. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012;25(1):227–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Aggarwal G, Harikumar SL, Kaur K. Nanoemulsion based hydrogel for enhanced transdermal delivery of ketoprofen. Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2014;2014:468456.
   Google Scholar
• Rhee YS, Nguyen T, Park ES, et al. Formulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of a transdermal patch containing aceclofenac. Arch Pharm Res. 2013;36(5):602–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakeel F, Baboota S, Ahuja A, et al. Nanoemulsions as vehicles for transdermal delivery of aceclofenac. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007;8(4):E104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabir F, Qindeel M, and Rehman AU. An efficient approach for developing and optimizing curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles’ patch for transdermal delivery. J Microencapsul. 2021;38(4):233–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachmawati H, Budiputra DK, Mauludin R. Curcumin nanoemulsion for transdermal application: formulation and evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2015;41(4):560–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Yadav T, Pandey B, et al. Engineering nanomaterials for smart drug release. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Recent Advances and Challenges (Elsevier); 2019. p. 411–449.
   Google Scholar
• Paudel KS, Milewski M, Swadley CL, et al. Challenges and opportunities in dermal/transdermal delivery. Ther Deliv. 2010;1(1):109–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guideline on quality of transdermal patches. EMA/CHMP/QWP/608924/2014. 2014 Oct 23:Committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP). European Medicines Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymus. Over 30 million people in India suffer from various forms of neurological diseases. Lifestyle, Health and Wellbeing https://wwwdeccanchroniclecom/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/120418/over-30-million-people-in-India-suffer-from-various-forms-of-neurologihtml. 2018
   Google Scholar
• Colović M, Krstic D, Lazarević-Pašti T, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013;11:315–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sita VG, Vavia P. Bromocriptine nanoemulsion-loaded transdermal gel: optimization using factorial design, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2020;21(3):80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeem A, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK, et al. Nanocarrier for the transdermal delivery of an antiparkinsonian drug. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10(4):1093–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit N, Kohli K, Baboota S. Nanoemulsion system for the transdermal delivery of a poorly water-soluble cardiovascular drug. PDA journal of pharmaceutical science and technology/PDA. 2008;62:46–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piérard GE, Arrese JE, Piérard-Franchimont C. Itraconazole. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2000;1(2):287–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sampath S, Mankala DSK, Wankar J, et al. Nanoemulsion based hydrogels of itraconazole for transdermal drug delivery. J Sci Ind Res. 2015;74:88–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryder NS. Terbinafine: mode of action and properties of the squalene epoxidase inhibition. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126(s39):2–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwansh RK, Mukherjee PK, Kar A, et al. Enhancement of photoprotection potential of catechin loaded nanoemulsion gel against UVA-induced oxidative stress. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology B, Biology. 2016;160:318–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Peng Q, and Guo Y. Preparation and in vitro and in vivo study of asiaticoside-loaded nanoemulsions and nanoemulsions-based gels for transdermal delivery. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:3123–3136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhawan B, Aggarwal G, Harikumar S. Enhanced transdermal permeability of piroxicam through novel nanoemulgel formulation. Int J Pharm Invest. 2014;4(2):65–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang M, Gu Y, Yang D, et al. Development of triptolide-nanoemulsion gels for percutaneous administration: physicochemical, transport, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. J Nanobiotechnology. 2017;15(1):88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Say KM, Ahmed TA, Badr-Eldin SM, et al. Enhanced permeation parameters of optimized nanostructured simvastatin transdermal films: ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol. 2015;20(8):919–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta J, Gupta R, Vanita. Microneedle technology: an insight into recent advancements and future trends in drug and vaccine delivery. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2021;19(2):97–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JH, Choi SO, Seo S, et al. A microneedle roller for transdermal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;76(2):282–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee Hiuen SKCK N, Xiu J, Mm Chun Him Wong, et al. Nanoemulsion for transdermal delivery and method of making the same US Patent. 2015;US10137085B2.
   Google Scholar
• Jain S, Patel N, Shah MK, et al. Recent advances in lipid-based vesicles and particulate carriers for topical and transdermal application. J Pharm Sci. 2017;106(2):423–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymus. Guidance for industry: considering whether an FDA-regulated product involves the application of nanotechnology. US Department of Health and Human Services,Food and Drug Administration. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Industry Gf. Liposome drug products: chemistry, manufacturing, and controls; human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability; and labeling documentation. United States: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER); 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Guha IF, Anand S, Varanasi KK. Creating nanoscale emulsions using condensation. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Moreno C, Satué-Gracia M, Frankel E. Antioxidant activity of selected Spanish wines in corn oil emulsions. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:5581–5587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakeel F, Baboota S, Ahuja A, et al. Celecoxib nanoemulsion: skin permeation mechanism and bioavailability assessment. J Drug Target. 2009;16:733–740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lala RR, Awari NG. Nanoemulsion-based gel formulations of COX-2 inhibitors for enhanced efficacy in inflammatory conditions. Appl Nanosci. 2014;4(2):143–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana S, Jain NK, Bedi PM. Nanoemulsion based gel for transdermal delivery of meloxicam: physico-chemical, mechanistic investigation. Life Sci. 2013;92(6–7):383–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wais M, Samad A, Nazish I, et al. Formulation development Ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation of nanoemulsion for transdermal delivery of glibenclamide. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5:747–754.
   Google Scholar
• He KB, Wang YZ, Feng AL, et al. Preparation of Kushan-Dilong nanoemulsion gel and transdermal characterization in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong Yao za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhong Yao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2013;38(16):2623–2627.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmad N, Amin S, Neupane YR, et al. Anal fissure nanocarrier of lercanidipine for enhanced transdermal delivery: formulation optimization, ex vivo and in vivo assessment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014;11(4):467–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz ZAA, Nasir HM, Ahmad A, et al. Enrichment of eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion by micellar nanotechnology: transdermal analgesic activity using hot plate test in rats. assay. 2019;9(1):13678.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng WW, Zhao L, Wei YM, et al. Preparation and the in vitro evaluation of nanoemulsion system for the transdermal delivery of granisetron hydrochloride. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2010;58(8):1015–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su R, Yang L, Wang Y, et al. Formulation, development, and optimization of a novel octyldodecanol-based nanoemulsion for transdermal delivery of ceramide IIIB. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017;12:5203–5221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Hu J, Sui H, et al. Enhanced skin permeation of glabridin using eutectic mixture-based nanoemulsion. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2017;7(2):325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennet D, Kim S. A transdermal delivery system to enhance quercetin nanoparticle permeability. J biomater sci Poly ed. 2013;24:185–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Gao J, Zheng H, et al. The preparation of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene nanoemulsion and in vitro release. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:649–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakeel F, Ramadan W, Ahmed MA. Investigation of true nanoemulsions for transdermal potential of indomethacin: characterization, rheological characteristics, and ex vivo skin permeation studies. J Drug Target. 2009;17(6):435–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva TND, Reynaud F, Picciani PHS, et al. Chitosan-based films containing nanoemulsions of methyl salicylate: formulation development, physical-chemical and in vitro drug release characterization. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;164:2558–2568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Cheng X, Wang Z, et al. Transdermal delivery of 10,11-methylenedioxycamptothecin by hyaluronic acid-based nanoemulsion for inhibition of keloid fibroblast. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;112:376–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar D, Ali J, Baboota S. Omega 3 fatty acid-enriched nanoemulsion of thiocolchicoside for transdermal delivery: formulation, characterization and absorption studies. Drug Deliv. 2016;23(2):591–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngan CL, Basri M, and Tripathy M, et al. Physicochemical characterization and thermodynamic studies of nanoemulsion-based transdermal delivery system for fullerene. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;219035. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/219035
   Google Scholar
• Sarheed O, Dibi M, Ramesh K, et al., Fabrication of alginate-based O/W nanoemulsions for transdermal drug delivery of lidocaine. Influence of the Oil Phase and Surfactant. 2021. 26(9)
   Google Scholar
• Kumar D, Aqil M, Rizwan M, et al. Investigation of a nanoemulsion as vehicle for transdermal delivery of Amlodipine. Pharmazie. 2009;64:80–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gönüllü Ü, Üner M, Yener G, et al. Formulation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and nanoemulsion of lornoxicam for transdermal delivery. Acta Pharm. 2015;65(1):1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Ko JA, Kim JT, et al. Preparation of a capsaicin-loaded nanoemulsion for improving skin penetration. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(3):725–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Figueroa MJ, Abarca-Riquelme JM, González-Aramundiz JV. Influence of protamine shell on nanoemulsions as a carrier for cyclosporine-A skin delivery. Pharm Dev Technol. 2019;24(5):630–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhengguang L, Jie H, Yong Z, et al. Study on the transdermal penetration mechanism of ibuprofen nanoemulsions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2019;45(3):465–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed TA, El-Say KM. Development of alginate-reinforced chitosan nanoparticles utilizing W/O nano emulsification/internal crosslinking technique for transdermal delivery of rabeprazole. Life Sci. 2014;110(1):35–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandig AG, Campmany AC, Campos FF, et al. Transdermal delivery of imipramine and doxepin from newly oil-in-water nanoemulsions for an analgesic and anti-allodynic activity: development, characterization and in vivo evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;103:558–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altamimi MA, Hussain A, Alshehri S, et al. Development and evaluations of transdermally delivered luteolin loaded cationic nanoemulsion: in vitro and ex vivo evaluations. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(8):1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar