Strategies for replacing non-invasive brain stimulation sessions: recommendations for designing neurostimulation clinical trials

References

• Dayan E, Censor N, Buch ER, et al. Noninvasive brain stimulation: from physiology to network dynamics and back. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16(7):838–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(3):206–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggio PS, Rigonatti SP, Ribeiro RB, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(2):249–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche MA, et al. Treatment of major depression with transcranial direct current stimulation. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8(2):203–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiozawa P, Fregni F, Benseñor IM, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for major depression: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;17(9):1443–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo-Saavedra L, Gebodh N, Bikson M, et al. Clinically effective treatment of fibromyalgia pain with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation: phase II open-label dose optimization. J Pain. 2016;17(1):14–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunoni AR, Valiengo L, Baccaro A, et al. The sertraline vs. electrical current therapy for treating depression clinical study: results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(4):383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czobor P, Skolnick P. The secrets of a successful clinical trial: compliance, compliance, and compliance. Mol Interv. 2011;11(2):107–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett DL, Gent M. Controversy in counting and attributing events in clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(26):1410–1412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nüesch E, Trelle S, Reichenbach S, et al. The effects of excluding patients from the analysis in randomised controlled trials: meta-epidemiological study. Bmj. 2009;339:b3244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y. Missing data handling in chronic pain trials. J Biopharm Stat. 2011;21(2):311–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung C-I. Factors predicting adherence to antidepressant treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27(5):344–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera T, George MS, Grammer G, et al. The clinical TMS society consensus review and treatment recommendations for TMS therapy for major depressive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2016;9(3):336–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(11):1761–1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein MM, Treister R, Raij T, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: guidelines for pain treatment research. Pain. 2015;156(9):1601–1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefaucheur J. Cortical neurostimulation for neuropathic pain: state of the art and perspectives. Pain. 2016 Feb;157 Suppl 1:S81-9. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000401.
   Google Scholar
• Brunoni AR, Moffa AH, Fregni F, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for acute major depressive episodes: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208:522–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from: www.cochrane-handbook.org.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan GM. IRB 101. J Gr Med Educ. 2011;3(1):5–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche MA, et al. Cognitive effects of repeated sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with depression. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23(8):482–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo CK, Sachdev P, Martin D, et al. A double-blind, sham-controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13(1):61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunoni AR, Ferrucci R, Bortolomasi M, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in unipolar vs. bipolar depressive disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(1):96–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Osso B, Zanoni S, Ferrucci R, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the outpatient treatment of poor-responder depressed patients. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(7):513–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo CK, Alonzo A, Martin D, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(1):52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberger DM, Tran LC, Fitzgerald PB, et al. A randomized double-blind sham-controlled study of transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression. Front Psychiatry. 2012;3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunoni AR, Boggio PS, De Raedt R, et al. Cognitive control therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2014;162:43–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segrave RA, Arnold S, Hoy K, et al. Concurrent cognitive control training augments the antidepressant efficacy of tDCS: a pilot study. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(2):325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho K-A, Bai S, Martin D, et al. A pilot study of alternative transcranial direct current stimulation electrode montages for the treatment of major depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;167:251–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennabi D, Nicolier M, Monnin J, et al. Pilot study of feasibility of the effect of treatment with tDCS in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression treated with escitalopram. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(6):1185–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderhasselt MA, De Raedt R, Namur V, et al. Transcranial electric stimulation and neurocognitive training in clinically depressed patients: A pilot study of the effects on rumination. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2015;57:93–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu A, Bryant A, Jefferson A, et al. Exploring the efficacy of a 5-day course of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) on depression and memory function in patients with well-controlled temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;55:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual-Leone A, Rubio B, Pallardó F, et al. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. Lancet. 1996;348(9022):233–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Wassermann EM, Kimbrell TA, et al. Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(12):1752–1756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein E, Kolsky Y, Puyerovsky M, et al. Right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenia: A double-blind sham-controlled pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46(10):1451–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Thoma H, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in pharmacotherapy-refractory major depression: comparative study of fast, slow and sham rTMS. Psychiatry Res. 1999;88:163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo CK, Mitchell PB, Sachdev P, et al. Double-blind controlled investigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):946–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Nahas Z, Molloy M, et al. A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(10):962–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman RM, Narasimhan M, Sanacora G, et al. A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47:332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Toro M, Mayol A, Arnillas H, et al. Modest adjunctive benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2001;64(2–3):271–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Toro M, Pascual-Leone A, Romera M, et al. Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as add on treatment in depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(4):546–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manes F, Jorge R, Morcuende M, et al. A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment of depression in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr. 2001;13(2):225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51(8):659–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutros NN, Gueorguieva R, Hoffman RE, et al. Lack of a therapeutic effect of a 2-week sub-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation course for treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatry Res. 2002;113(3):245–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höppner J, Schulz M, Irmisch G, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of two different rTMS procedures. High frequency over left versus low frequency over right prefrontal cortex compared with sham stimulation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;253:103–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, et al. Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5(1):40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Marston NAU, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(10):1002–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg OT, et al. A randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(4):324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Tateno A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment of poststroke depression: A preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55(4):398–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor M, Brenninkmeyer C, Morgan A, et al. Relative effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy on mood and memory: a neurocognitive risk-benefit analysis. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2003;16(2):118–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loo CK, Mitchell PB, Croker VM, et al. Double-blind controlled investigation of bilateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression. Psychol Med. 2003;33(1):33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann A, Kemmler G, Walpoth M, et al. No benefit derived from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: a prospective, single centre, randomised, double blind, sham controlled “add on” trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(2):320–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosimann UP, Schmitt W, Greenberg BD, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A putative add-on treatment for major depression in elderly patients. Psychiatry Res. 2004;126(2):123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtzheimer PE, Russo J, Claypoole KH, et al. Shorter duration of depressive episode may predict response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(1):24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenberg K, Downs D, Pierce K, et al. Low frequency rTMS stimulation of the right frontal cortex is as effective as high frequency rTMS stimulation of the left frontal cortex for antidepressant-free, treatment-resistant depressed patients. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2005;17(3):153–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miniussi C, Bonato C, Bignotti S, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at high and low frequency: an efficacious therapy for major drug-resistant depression? Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116(5):1062–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggio PS, Fregni F, Bermpohl F, et al. Effect of repetitive TMS and fluoxetine on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson’s disease and concurrent depression. Mov Disord. 2005;20(9):1178–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumi DO, Gattaz WF, Rigonatti SP, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation accelerates the antidepressant effect of amitriptyline in severe depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(2):162–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossini D, Lucca A, Zanardi R, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depressed patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychiatry Res. 2005;137(1–2):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossini D, Magri L, Lucca A, et al. Does rTMS hasten the response to escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine in patients with major depressive disorder? A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(12):1569–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su TP, Huang CC, Wei IH. Add-on rTMS for medication-resistant depression: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial in Chinese patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(7):930–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald WM, Easley K, Byrd EH, et al. Combination rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment refractory depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006;2(1):85–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avery DH, Holtzheimer PE, Fawaz W, et al. A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(2):187–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa MA, Gattaz WF, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Comparison of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar non-psychotic refractory depression: a randomized, single-blind study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9(6):667–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Januel D, Dumortier G, Verdon CM, et al. A double-blind sham controlled study of right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): therapeutic and cognitive effect in medication free unipolar depression during 4 weeks. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(1):126–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Toro M, Salva J, Daumal J, et al. High (20-Hz) and low (1-Hz) frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation as adjuvant treatment in medication-resistant depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2006;146(1):53–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller AL, Hjaltason Ó, Ívarsson Ó, et al. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressive symptoms and the P300 event-related potential. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(4):282–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Huntsman S, Gunewardene R, et al. A randomized trial of low-frequency right-prefrontal-cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation as augmentation in treatment-resistant major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9(6):655–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Benitez J, De Castella A, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of sequential bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(1):88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo CK, Mitchell PB, McFarquhar TF, et al. A sham-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of twice-daily rTMS in major depression. Psychol Med. 2007;37(3):341–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eranti S, Mogg A, Pluck G, et al. A randomized, controlled trial with 6-month follow-up of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(1):73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolomasi M, Minelli A, Fuggetta G, et al. Long-lasting effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 2007;150(2):181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(11):1208–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Sritharan A, Daskalakis ZJ, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of low frequency right prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(5):488–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herwig U, Fallgatter AJ, Höppner J, et al. Antidepressant effects of augmentative transcranial magnetic stimulation: randomised multicentre trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191:441–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg A, Pluck G, Eranti SV, et al. A randomized controlled trial with 4-month follow-up of adjunctive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex for depression. Psychol Med. 2008;38:323–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretlau LG, Lunde M, Lindberg L, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in combination with escitalopram in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. A double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;41(2):41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carretero B, Martín MJ, Juan A, et al. Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with fibromyalgia and major depression. Pain Med. 2009;10(4):748–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levkovitz Y, Harel EV, Roth Y, et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex: evaluation of antidepressant and cognitive effects in depressive patients. Brain Stimul. 2009;2(4):188–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bares M, Kopecek M, Novak T, et al. Low frequency (1-Hz), right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) compared with venlafaxine ER in the treatment of resistant depression: A double-blind, single-centre, randomized study. J Affect Disord. 2009;118(1–3):94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speer AM, Benson BE, Kimbrell TK, et al. Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on mood in depressed patients: relationship to baseline cerebral activity on PET. J Affect Disord. 2009;115(3):386–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutter DJLG, Laman DM, Van Honk J, et al. Partial clinical response to 2 weeks of 2 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the right parietal cortex in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12(5):643–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Osso B, Mundo E, D’Urso N, et al. Augmentative repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in drug-resistant bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11(1):76–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, Daskalakis ZJ, et al. A randomized trial of the anti-depressant effects of low- and high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(3):229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price GW, Lee JWY, Garvey CAL, et al. The use of background EEG activity to determine stimulus timing as a means of improving rTMS efficacy in the treatment of depression: A controlled comparison with standard techniques. Brain Stimul. 2010;3(3):140–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triggs WJ, Ricciuti N, Ward HE, et al. Right and left dorsolateral pre-frontal rTMS treatment of refractory depression: A randomized, sham-controlled trial. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178(3):467–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossini D, Lucca A, Magri L, et al. A symptom-specific analysis of the effect of high-frequency left or low-frequency right transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62(2):91–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal E, Nagy F, Aschermann Z, et al. The impact of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2010;25(14):2311–2317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Di Rollo A, et al. Unilateral low frequency versus sequential bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: is simpler better for treatment of resistant depression? Neuroscience. 2010;167(2):323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeppner J, Padberg F, Domes G, et al. Influence of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on psychomotor symptoms in major depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;260(3):197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krstić J, Buzadžić I, Milanović SD, et al. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the right prefrontal cortex combined with partial sleep deprivation in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized sham-controlled trial. J Ect. 2014;30(4):325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Lisanby SH, Avery D, et al. Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):507–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen PEB, Ravnkilde B, Videbech P, et al. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation inferior to electroconvulsive therapy in treating depression. J Ect. 2011;27(1):26–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nongpiur A, Sinha VK, Praharaj SK, et al. Theta-patterned, frequency-modulated priming stimulation enhances low-frequency, right prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in depression: a randomized, sham-controlled study. J Neuropsychiatr. 2011;23:348–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshtkar M, Ghanizadeh A, Firoozabadi A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder, a randomized controlled clinical trial. J ECT. 2011;27(4):310–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguirre I, Carretero B, Ibarra O, et al. Age predicts low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation efficacy in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(3):466–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isserles M, Rosenberg O, Dannon P, et al. Cognitive-emotional reactivation during deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex of depressive patients affects antidepressant outcome. J Affect Disord. 2011;128(3):235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, Gunewardene R, et al. A randomized trial of unilateral and bilateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant major depression. Psychol Med. 2011;41(6):1187–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE, Herring SE, et al. A double blind randomized trial of unilateral left and bilateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment resistant major depression. J Affect Disord. 2012;139(2):193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Fitzgerald PB, et al. A randomized double-blind sham-controlled comparison of unilateral and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(6):423–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullrich H, Kranaster L, Sigges E, et al. Ultra-high-frequency left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation as augmentation in severely ill patients with depression: A naturalistic sham-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Neuropsychobiology. 2012;66:141–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valiulis V, Gerulskis G, Dapšys K, et al. Electrophysiological differences between high and low frequency rTMS protocols in depression treatment. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2012;72(3):283–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galletly C, Gill S, Clarke P, et al. A randomized trial comparing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation given 3 days/week and 5 days/week for the treatment of major depression: is efficacy related to the duration of treatment or the number of treatments? Psychol Med. 2012;42(5):981–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenquist PB, Krystal A, Heart KL, et al. Left dorsolateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): sleep factor changes during treatment in patients with pharmacoresistant major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2013;205(1–2):67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeken C, Vanderhasselt MA, Remue J, et al. Intensive HF-rTMS treatment in refractory medication-resistant unipolar depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(2):625–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE, Singh A, et al. Equivalent beneficial effects of unilateral and bilateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in a large randomized trial in treatment-resistant major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(9):1975–1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani A, Aly M, Dagan Y, et al. Randomized sham controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the treatment of panic disorder with comorbid major depression. J Affect Disord. 2013;144(1–2):153–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wajdik C, Claypoole KH, Fawaz W, et al. No change in neuropsychological functioning after receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for major depression. J Ect. 2014;30(4):320–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CT, Chen MH, Juan CH, et al. Efficacy of prefrontal theta-burst stimulation in refractory depression: A randomized sham-controlled study. Brain. 2014;137(7):2088–2098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speer AM, Wassermann EM, Benson BE, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of high and low frequency rTMS at 110% of motor threshold versus sham stimulation over left prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(1):36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Raman R, Benedek DM, et al. A two-site pilot randomized 3 day trial of high dose left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for suicidal inpatients. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(3):421–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelin J, Jalenques I, Trojak B, et al. The efficacy and safety of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: the results from a large multicenter French RCT. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(6):855–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin Y, Phillips B. A pilot study of the use of EEG-based synchronized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (sTMS) for treatment of Major Depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plewnia C, Pasqualetti P, Große S, et al. Treatment of major depression with bilateral theta burst stimulation: A randomized controlled pilot trial. J Affect Disord. 2014;156:219–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bares M, Brunovsky M, Novak T, et al. QEEG Theta cordance in the prediction of treatment outcome to prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or venlafaxine ER in patients with major depressive disorder. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2015;46(2):73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojak B, Meille V, Jonval L, et al. Interest of targeting either cortical area Brodmann 9 or 46 in rTMS treatment for depression: A preliminary randomized study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(12):2384–2389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmyter S, Duprat R, Baeken C, et al. The acute effects of accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on suicide risk in unipolar depression: preliminary results. Psychiatr Danub. 2014;1:48–52.
   Google Scholar
• Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Feifel D, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-field synchronized transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) for treatment of major depression. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(4):787–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasser J, Schecklmann M, Poeppl TB, et al. Bilateral prefrontal rTMS and theta burst TMS as an add-on treatment for depression: a randomized placebo controlled trial. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015;16(1):57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chistyakov AV, Kreinin B, Marmor S, et al. Preliminary assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of continuous theta-burst magnetic stimulation (cTBS) in major depression: A double-blind sham-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2015;170:225–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuzer PM, Schecklmann M, Lehner A, et al. The ACDC pilot trial: targeting the anterior cingulate by double cone coil rTMS for the treatment of depression. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(2):240–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Osso B, Oldani L, Camuri G, et al. Augmentative repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the acute treatment of poor responder depressed patients: a comparison study between high and low frequency stimulation. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30(2):271–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JI, Lee H, Jhung K, et al. Frontostriatal connectivity changes in major depressive disorder after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A randomized Sham-Controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(9):e1137–e1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CT, Hsieh JC, Huang HH, et al. Cognition-modulated frontal activity in prediction and augmentation of antidepressant efficacy: a randomized controlled pilot study. Cereb Cortex. 2016;26(1):202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkos A, Pál E, Aschermann Z, et al. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve depression in parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychobiology. 2016;73(3):169–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha S, Chadda RK, Kumar N, et al. Brain SPECT guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treatment resistant major depressive disorder. Asian J Psychiatr. 2016;21:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu S, Lai J, Xu D, et al. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with quetiapine in treating bipolar II depression: a randomized, double-blinded, control study. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):30537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberger DM, Maller JJ, Thomson L, et al. Unilateral and bilateral MRI-targeted repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatmentresistant depression: A randomized controlled study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016;41(4):E58–E66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Gimenes R, Valle AC, et al. A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(12):3988–3998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Boggio PS, Lima MC, et al. A sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injury. Pain. 2006;122(1):197–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roizenblatt S, Fregni F, Gimenez R, et al. Site-specific effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep and pain in fibromyalgia: a randomized, sham-controlled study. Pain Pract. 2007;7(4):297–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valle A, Roizenblatt S, Botte S, et al. Efficacy of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment of fibromyalgia: results of a randomized, sham-controlled longitudinal clinical trial. J Pain Manag. 2009;2(3):353–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori F, Codecà C, Kusayanagi H, et al. Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on chronic neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Pain. 2010;11(5):436–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antal A, Terney D, Kühnl S, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex ameliorates chronic pain and reduces short intracortical inhibition. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2010;39(5):890–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler MD, Kumru H, Pelayo R, et al. Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation and visual illusion on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. Brain. 2010;133(9):2565–2577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antal A, Kriener N, Lang N, et al. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the visual cortex in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(7):820–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riberto M, Marcon Alfieri F, Monteiro De Benedetto Pacheco K, et al. Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation coupled with a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Open Rheumatol J. 2011;5:45–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auvichayapat P, Janyacharoen T, Rotenberg A, et al. Migraine prophylaxis by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95(8):1003–1012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dasilva AF, Mendonca ME, Zaghi S, et al. TDCS-induced analgesia and electrical fields in pain-related neural networks in chronic migraine. Headache. 2012;52(8):1283–1295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumru H, Soler D, Vidal J, et al. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation with visual illusion in neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury: an evoked potentials and quantitative thermal testing study. Eur J Pain (United Kingdom). 2013;17(1):55–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrigley PJ, Gustin SM, McIndoe LN, et al. Longstanding neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury is refractory to transcranial direct current stimulation: A randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2013;154(10):2178–2184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell NE, Cossar J, Marston L, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized, double-blind exploratory study. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(1):26–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Ku J, Kim H, et al. sham controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Ann. 2013;37(6):766–776.
   Google Scholar
• Mori F, Nicoletti CG, Kusayanagi H, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation ameliorates tactile sensory deficit in multiple sclerosis. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(4):654–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae S-H, Kim G-D, Kim K-Y. Analgesic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on central post-stroke pain. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2014;234(3):189–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi Y-H, Jung S-J, Lee CH, et al. Additional effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation and trigger-point injection for treatment of myofascial pain syndrome: a pilot study with randomized, single-blinded trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(9):698–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagenacker T, Bude V, Naegel S, et al. Patient-conducted anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex alleviates pain in trigeminal neuralgia. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakrajai P, Janyacharoen T, Jensen MP, et al. Pain reduction in myofascial pain syndrome by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation combined with standard treatment: a randomized controlled study. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(12):1076–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon EJ, Kim YK, Kim H-R, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation to lessen neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a mechanistic PET study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28(3):250–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souto G, Borges IC, Goes BT, et al. Effects of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation on pain in HTLV-1: a blind randomized clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(9):809–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simis M, Reidler JS, Duarte Macea D, et al. Investigation of central nervous system dysfunction in chronic pelvic pain using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and noninvasive brain stimulation. Pain Pract. 2015;15(5):423–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolognini N, Spandri V, Ferraro F, et al. Immediate and sustained effects of 5-day transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex in phantom limb pain. J Pain. 2015;16(7):657–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnell AD, Nascimento T, Lawrence M, et al. High-definition and non-invasive brain modulation of pain and motor dysfunction in chronic TMD. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(6):1085–1092. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foerster BR, Nascimento TD, DeBoer M, et al. Excitatory and inhibitory brain metabolites as targets and predictors of effective motor cortex tDCS therapy in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015 Feb;67(2):576–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickmann F, Stephani C, Czesnik D, et al. Prophylactic treatment in menstrual migraine: a proof-of-concept study. J Neurol Sci. 2015;354(1–2):103–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luedtke K, Rushton A, Wright C, et al. Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation preceding cognitive behavioural management for chronic low back pain: sham controlled double blinded randomised controlled trial. Bmj. 2015;350:h1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerlund AJ, Hansen OA, Aslaksen PM. Transcranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2015;156(1):62–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira LB, Lopes TS, Soares C, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation and exercises for treatment of chronic temporomandibular disorders: A blind randomised-controlled trial. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42(10):723–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brietzke AP, Rozisky JR, Dussan-Sarria JA, et al. Neuroplastic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on painful symptoms reduction in chronic hepatitis C: A phase II randomized, double blind, sham controlled trial. Front Neurosci. 2016;9(JAN):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Volz MS, Farmer A, Siegmund B. Reduction of chronic abdominal pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease through transcranial direct current stimulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2016;157(2):429–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonca ME, Simis M, Grecco LC, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with aerobic exercise to optimize analgesic responses in fibromyalgia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummiford CM, Nascimento TD, Foerster BR, et al. Changes in resting state functional connectivity after repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation applied to motor cortex in fibromyalgia patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18(1):40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khedr EM, Kotb H, Kamel NF, et al. Longlasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(6):833–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defrin R, Grunhaus L, Zamir D, et al. The effect of a series of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations of the motor cortex on central pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(12):1574–1580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passard A, Attal N, Benadhira R, et al. Effects of unilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex on chronic widespread pain in fibromyalgia. Brain. 2007;130(10):2661–2670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery DH, Holtzheimer PE, Fawaz W, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces pain in patients with major depression: a sham-controlled study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(5):378–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang BS, Shin HI, Bang MS. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the hand motor cortical area on central pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(10):1766–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teepker M, Hötzel J, Timmesfeld N, et al. Low-frequency rTMS of the vertex in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(2):137–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picarelli H, Teixeira MJ, De Andrade DC, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is efficacious as an add-on to pharmacological therapy in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) Type i. J Pain. 2010;11(11):1203–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed MA, Mohamed SA, Sayed D. Long-term antalgic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and serum beta-endorphin in patients with phantom pain. Neurol Res. 2011;33(9):953–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Potvin K, Dasilva D, et al. Clinical effects and brain metabolic correlates in non-invasive cortical neuromodulation for visceral pain. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(1):53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhalla A, Baudic S, De Andrade DC, et al. Long-term maintenance of the analgesic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in fibromyalgia. Pain. 2011;152(7):1478–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short EB, Borckardt JJ, Anderson BS, et al. Ten sessions of adjunctive left prefrontal rTMS significantly reduces fibromyalgia pain: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Pain. 2011;152(11):2477–2484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SJ, Kim DY, Chun MH, et al. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on fibromyalgia: a randomized sham-controlled trial with 1-mo follow-up. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91(12):1077–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosomi K, Shimokawa T, Ikoma K, et al. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex for neuropathic pain: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, crossover, sham-controlled trial. Pain. 2013;154(7):1065–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fricová J, Klírová M, Masopust V, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of chronic orofacial pain. Physiol Res Sci Bohemoslov. 2013;62(Suppl 1):S125–S134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onesti E, Gabriele M, Cambieri C, et al. H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain relief in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pain. 2013;17(9):1347–1356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzabazis A, Aparici CM, Rowbotham MC, et al. Shaped magnetic field pulses by multi-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) differentially modulate anterior cingulate cortex responses and pain in volunteers and fibromyalgia patients. Mol Pain. 2013;9(1):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conforto AB, Amaro E, Gonçalves AL, et al. Randomized, proof-of-principle clinical trial of active transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2013;34(6):464–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dall’Agnol L, Medeiros LF, Torres ILS, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the corticospinal inhibition and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in chronic myofascial pain syndrome: an explanatory double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled trial. J Pain. 2014;15(8):845–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yılmaz B, Kesikburun S, Yaşar E, et al. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on refractory neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(4):397–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Oliveira RAA, De Andrade DC, Mendonca M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left premotor/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not have analgesic effect on central poststroke pain. J Pain. 2014;15(12):1271–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khedr EM, Kotb HI, Mostafa MG, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropathic pain secondary to malignancy: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Pain. 2015;19(4):519–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery DH, Zarkowski P, Krashin D, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of chronic widespread pain. J Ect. 2015;31(1):57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma S-M, Ni J-X, Li X-Y, et al. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces pain in postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Med. 2015;16(11):2162–2170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer L, Dousset A, Roussel P, et al. RTMS in fibromyalgia: A randomized trial evaluating QoL and its brain metabolic substrate. Neurology. 2014;82(14):1231–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambriz-Tututi M, Alvarado-Reynoso B, Drucker-Colín R. Analgesic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with chronic low back pain. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016;37:527–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malavera A, Silva FA, Fregni F, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for phantom limb pain in land mine victims: a double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled trial. J Pain. 2016;17(8):911–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardone R, Höller Y, Langthaler PB, et al. rTMS of the prefrontal cortex has analgesic effects on neuropathic pain in subjects with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(1):20–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapinesi C, Del Casale A, Scatena P, et al. Add-on deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) for the treatment of chronic migraine: A preliminary study. Neurosci Lett. 2016;623:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradnam L, McDonnell M, Ridding M. Cerebellar intermittent theta-burst stimulation and motor control training in individuals with cervical dystonia. Brain Sci. 2016;6(4):56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medeiros LF, Caumo W, Dussán-Sarria J, et al. Effect of deep intramuscular stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation on neurophysiological biomarkers in chronic myofascial pain syndrome. Pain Med (United States). 2016;17(1):122–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurmikko T, MacIver K, Bresnahan R, et al. Motor cortex reorganization and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain-a methodological study. Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface. 2016;19(7):669–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehata HS, Esmail EH, Abdelalim A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus botulinum toxin injection in chronic migraine prophylaxis: A pilot randomized trial. J Pain Res. 2016;9:771–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umezaki Y, Badran BW, Devries WH, et al. The efficacy of daily prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for burning mouth syndrome (BMS): a randomized controlled single-blind study. Brain Stimul. 2016;9(2):234–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu T, Hosomi K, Maruo T, et al. Efficacy of deep rTMS for neuropathic pain in the lower limb: a randomized, double-blind crossover trial of an H-coil and figure-8 coil. J Neurosurg. 2017 Feb 3:1–9. doi: 10.3171/2016.9.JNS16815. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Sabaté, E., & World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Zanão TA, Moffa AH, Shiozawa P, et al. Impact of two or less missing treatment sessions on tDCS clinical efficacy: results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial in major depression. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(8): 737–742. discussion 742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonzo A, Brassil J, Taylor JL, et al. Daily transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) leads to greater increases in cortical excitability than second daily transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2012;5(3):208–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte-Silva K, Kuo M-F, Liebetanz D, et al. Shaping the optimal repetition interval for cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). J Neurophysiol. 2010;103(4):1735–1740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlay SM, Eveleth JM, Shah ND, et al. Medication adherence among community-dwelling patients with heart failure. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(4):273–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lars Osterberg MD. and Terrence Blaschke MD. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:487–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravitz RL, Joy M. Medical adherence research: time for a change in direction? Med Care. 2004;42(3):197–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte-Silva K, Kuo MF, Hessenthaler S, et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(3):424–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushmore RJ, Desimone C, Valero-Cabré A. Multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation to the intact hemisphere improves visual function after unilateral ablation of visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;38(12):3799–3807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehi AK. Self-reported medication adherence and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart diseasethe heart and soul studyarch. Intern Med. 2007;167(16):1798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bienenstock EL, Cooper LN, Munro PW. Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex. J Neurosci. 1982;2(1):32–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper LN, Bear MF. The BCM theory of synapse modification at 30: interaction of theory with experiment. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(11):798–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar