412
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A medical issue affecting the diagnosis of mood, attention and autistic disorders: a closer look at celiac disease and gluten sensitivity

&
Pages 222-240 | Received 28 May 2010, Accepted 03 Dec 2010, Published online: 15 Feb 2011

References

  • Accomando , S. , Fragapane , M.L. , Montaperto , D. , Trizzino , A. , Amato , G.M. , Calderone , F. and Accomando , I. 2005 . Coeliac disease and depression: Two related entities? . Digestive and Liver Disease , 37 ( 4 ) : 298 – 299 .
  • Addolorato , G. , Capristo , E. , Ghittoni , G. , Valeri , C. , Masciana , R. , Ancona , C. and Gasbarrini , G. 2001 . Anxiety but not depression decreases in coeliac patients after one-year gluten-free diet: A longitudinal study . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 36 : 502 – 506 .
  • Addolorato , G. , De Lorenzi , G. , Abenavoli , L. , Leggio , E. , Capristo , E. and Gasbarrini , G. 2004 . Psychological support counseling improves gluten-free diet compliance in coeliac patients with affective disorders . Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 20 : 777 – 782 .
  • Addolorato , G. , Di Giuda , D. , De Rossi , G. , Valenza , V. , Domenicali , M. , Caputo , F., and Gasbarrini , G. 2004 . Regional cerebral hypoperfusion in patients with celiac disease . American Journal of Medicine , 116 : 312 – 317 .
  • Addolorato , G. , Leggio , L. , D'Angelo , C. , Mirijello , A. , Ferrulli , A. , Cardone , S., and Gasbarrini , G. 2008 . Affective and psychiatric disorders in celiac disease . Digestive Diseases , 26 : 140 – 148 .
  • Addolorato , G. , Mirijello , A. , D'Angelo , C. , Leggio , L. , Ferrulli , A. , Vonghia , L., and Gasbarrini , G. 2008 . Social phobia in coelic disease . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 43 : 410 – 415 .
  • Addolorato , G. , Stefanini , G.F. , Capristo , E. , Caputo , F. , Gasbarrini , A. and Gasbarrini , G. 1996 . Anxiety and depression in adult untreated celiac subjects and in patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease: A personality ‘trait’ or a reactive illness? . Hepatogastroenterology , 43 : 1513 – 1517 .
  • American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM–IV–TR , 4th ed. . Washington , DC : Author .
  • Asperger , H. 1961 . Psychopathology of children with celiac disease . Annal Paediatrica , 197 , 346 – 351 .
  • Autism and Developmental Disability Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2002 Principal Investigators, Center for Disease Control and Prevention . 2007 . Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, 14 sites, United States . MMWR Surveillance Summary , 56 1 , 12 – 28 .
  • Baird , G. , Simonoff , E. , Pickles , A. , Chandler , S. , Loucas , T. , Meldrum , D. and Charman , T. 2006 . Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: The special needs and autism project (SNAP) . Lancet , 368 : 210 – 215 .
  • Barcia , G. , Posar , A. , Santucci , M. , & Parmeggiani , A. 2008 . Autism and coeliac disease . Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders , 38 , 407 – 408 .
  • Beers , M. , Porter , R.S. and Jones , J.V. 2006 . The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy , 18th ed , West Point , PA : Merck .
  • Berquin , P. , Gied , J. , Jacobsen , L. , Hamburger , S. , Krain , A. , Rapoport , J. and Castellanos , F. 1998 . Cerebellum in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A morphometric MRI study . Neurology , 50 : 1087 – 1093 .
  • Bhadada , S. , Bhansali , A. , Kochhar , R. , Menon , A.S. , Sinha , S.K. , Dutta , P.T. and Kanwal-Nain , C.K. 2008 . Does every short stature child need screening for celiac disease? . Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , 23 : 253 – 256 .
  • Bottiglieri , T. 2005 . Homocysteine and folate metabolism in depression . Prognosis Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry , 29 ( 7 ) : 1103 – 1112 .
  • Brar , P. , Kwon , G.Y. , Egbuna , L. , Holleran , S. , Ramakrishnan , R. , Bhagat , G. and Green , P.H.R. 2007 . Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease . Digestive & Liver Disease , 39 ( 1 ) : 26 – 29 .
  • Bushara , K. 2005 . Neurologic presentation of celiac disease . Gastroenterology , 128 : S92 – S97 .
  • Cade , R. , Privette , M. , Fregly , M. , Rowland , N. , Sun , Z. , Zele , V., and Edelstein , C. 1999 . Autism and schizophrenia: Intestinal disorders . Nutritional Neuroscience , 3 : 57 – 72 .
  • Cakir , D. , Tosun , A. , Polat , M. , Celebisoy , N. , Gokben , S. , Aydogdu , S., and Tekgul , H. 2007 . Subclinical neurological abnormalities in children with celiac disease receiving a gluten-free diet . Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition , 45 : 366 – 369 .
  • Carta , M.G. , Hardoy , M.C. , Boi , M.F. , Mariotti , S. , Carpiniello , B. and Usai , P. 2002 . Association between panic disorder, major depressive disorder and celiac disease: A possible role of thyroid autoimmunity . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 53 : 789 – 793 .
  • Carta , M.G. , Hardoy , M.C. , Usai , P. , Carpiniello , B. and Angst , J. 2003 . Recurrent brief depression in celiac disease . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 53 : 573 – 574 .
  • Castellanos , F.X. , Lee , P.P. , Sharp , W. , Jeffries , N. , Greenstein , D. , Clasen , L. , Rapoport , J.C. 2002 . Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 , 1740 – 1748 .
  • Catassi , C. , Fabiani , E. , Rätsch , I.M. , Coppa , G.V. , Giorgi , P.L. , Pierdomineco , R. , Ventura , A. 1996 . The coeliac iceberg in Italy. A multicenter antigliadin antibodies screening for coeliac disease in school-age subjects . Acta Paediatrica Supplements , 412 , 29 – 35 .
  • Catassi , C. , Kryszak , D. , Louis-Jacques , O. , Duerksen , D.R. , Hill , I. , Crowe , S.E. , Moreci , J. 2007 . Detection of celiac disease in primary care: A multicenter case-finding study in North America . American Journal of Gastroenterology , 102 , 1454 – 1460 .
  • Cheliout , W. 1994 . Une depression trompeuse . Encephale , 5 : 531 – 534 .
  • Christison , G.W. and Ivany , K. 2006 . Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: Any wheat amidst the chaff? . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics , 27 ( 2 ) : 162 – 171 .
  • Ciacci , C. , D'Agate , C. , De Rosa , A. , Franzese , C. , Errichiello , S. , Gasperi , V., and Greco , L. 2003 . Self-rated quality of life in celiac disease . Digestive Diseases and Sciences , 48 ( 11 ) : 2216 – 2220 .
  • Ciacci , C. , Iavarone , A. , Mazzacca , G. and De Rosa , A. 1998 . Depressive symptoms in adult coeliac disease . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 33 : 247 – 250 .
  • Cicarelli , G. , Della Roca , G. , Amboni , M. , Ciacci , C. , Mazzacca , G. , Filla , A. and Barone , P. 2003 . Clinical and neurological abnormalities in adult celiac disease . Neurological Science , 24 : 311 – 317 .
  • Collin , P. and Mäki , M. 1994 . Associated disorders in coeliac disease: Clinical aspects . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 29 : 769 – 775 .
  • Cooke , W.T. and Smith , T.W. 1966 . Neurological disorders associated with adult coeliac disease . Brain , 89 : 683 – 722 .
  • Corazza , G.R. , Brusco , G. , Andreani , M.L. , Biagi , F. , Stefano , M.D. and Gasbarrini , G. 1996 . Previous misdiagnosis and diagnostic delay in adult celiac sprue . Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology , 22 ( 4 ) : 324 – 325 .
  • Corazza , G.R. , Di Stefano , M. , Jorizzo , R.A. , Cecchetti , L. , Minguzzi , L. and Gasbarrini , G. 1997 . Propeptide of type 1 procollagen is predictive of post-treatment bone mass gain in adult celiac disease . Gastroenterology , 113 : 67 – 71 .
  • Corrao , G. , Corazza , G.R. , Bagnardi , V. , Brusco , G. , Ciacci , C. , Cottone , M., and Volta , U. 2001 . Mortality in patients with coeliac disease and their relatives: A cohort study . Lancet , 358 : 356 – 361 .
  • Corvaglia , L. , Catamo , R. , Pepe , G. , Lazzari , R. and Corvaglia , E. 1999 . Depression in adult untreated celiac subjects: Diagnosis by the pediatrician . American Journal of Gastroenterology , 94 ( 3 ) : 839 – 843 .
  • D'Angelo , C. , Mirijello , A. , & Addolorato , G. 2008 . Celiac disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 358 7 , 747 .
  • D'Eufemia , P. , Celli , M. , Finocchiaro , R. , Pacifico , L. , Viozzi , L. , Zaccagnini , M., and Giardini , O. 1996 . Abnormal intestinal permeability in children with autism . Acta Paediatrica , 85 : 1076 – 1079 .
  • De Rosa , A. , Troncone , A. , Vacca , M. and Ciacci , C. 2004 . Characteristics and quality of illness behavior in celiac disease . Psychosomatics , 45 ( 4 ) : 336 – 342 .
  • Dicke , W.K. , Weijer , H.J. and Van De Kramer , J.H. 1953 . Celiac disease II: The presence in wheat of a factor having a deleterious effect in cases of celiac disease . Acta Paediatrica , 42 : 34 – 42 .
  • Dohan , F.C. , Martin , L. , Grasberger , J.C. , Boehme , D. and Cottrell , J.C. 1972 . Antibodies to wheat gliadin in blood of psychiatric patients: Possible role of emotional factors . Biological Psychiatry , 5 ( 2 ) : 127 – 137 .
  • Doyle , F. , Conroy , R. and McGee , H. 2007 . Challenges in reducing depression-related mortality in cardiac populations: Cognition, emotion, fatigue or personality? . Health Psychology Review , 1 : 137 – 172 .
  • Elder , J.H. , Shankar , M. , Shuster , J. , Theriaque , D. , Burns , S. and Sherrill , L. 2006 . The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: Results of a preliminary double blind clinical trial . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 36 ( 3 ) : 413 – 420 .
  • Empson , M. 1998 . Celiac and chronic fatigue . American Journal of Medicine , 105 : 79 – 80 .
  • Fabiani , E. , Taccari , L.M. , Rätsch , I.M. , Di Giuseppe , S. , Coppa , G.V. and Catassi , C. 2000 . Compliance with gluten-free diet in adolescents with screening-detected celiac disease: A five year follow-up study . Journal of Pediatrics , 136 : 841 – 843 .
  • Fasano , A. , Berti , I. , Gerarduzzi , T. , Not , T. , Colletti , R. , Drago , S. , Ventura , A. 2003 . Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: A large multicenter study . Archives of Internal Medicine , 163 , 286 – 292 .
  • Fasano , A. and Catassi , C. 2001 . Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease: An evolving spectrum . Gastroenterology , 120 : 636 – 651 .
  • Fombonne , E. 2003 . The prevalence of autism . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 ( 1 ) : 87 – 89 .
  • Ford , R. 2006 . Full of it: The shocking truth about gluten , Auckland , NZ : RRS Global .
  • Froelich , T.E. , Lanphear , B.P. , Epstein , J.N. , Barbaresi , W.J. , Katusic , S.K. and Kahn , R.S. 2007 . Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a national sample of US children . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 161 ( 9 ) : 857 – 864 .
  • Garud , S. , Leffler , D. , Dennis , M. , Edwards-George , J. , Saryan , D. , Sheth , S. and Kelly , C.P. 2009 . Interaction between psychiatric and autoimmune disorders in celiac disease patients in the northeastern United States . Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 29 ( 8 ) : 898 – 905 .
  • Genuis , S.J. and Bouchard , T. 2010 . Celiac disease presenting as autism . Journal of Child Neurology , 25 ( 1 ) : 114 – 119 .
  • Green , P.H.R. and Cellier , C. 2007 . Celiac disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 357 ( 17 ) : 1731 – 1743 .
  • Grizzle , K. 2007 . Developmental dyslexia . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 54 ( 3 ) : 507 – 523 .
  • Hadjivassiliou , M. , Chattopadhyay , A.K. , Davies-Jones , G.A.B. , Gibson , A. , Grünewald , R.A. and Lobo , A.J. 1997 . Neuromuscular disorder as a presenting feature of coeliac disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 63 : 770 – 775 .
  • Hadjivassiliou , M. , Gibson , A. and Davies-Jones , G. 1996 . Is cryptic gluten sensitivity an important cause of neurological illness? . Lancet , 347 : 369 – 371 .
  • Hadjivassiliou , M. , Grünewald , R.A. and Davies-Jones , G.A.B. 2002 . Gluten sensitivity as a neurological illness . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 72 : 560 – 563 .
  • Hadjivassiliou , M. , Grünewald , R.A. , Lawden , M. , Davies-Jones , G.A.B. , Powell , T. and Smith , C.M.L. 2001 . Headache and CNS white matter abnormalities associated with gluten sensitivity . Neurology , 56 : 385 – 388 .
  • Hadziselimovic , F. , & Bürgin-Wolff , A. 2008 . Letter to the editor: celiac disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 358 7 , 747 .
  • Hagger , M.S. , Wood , C. , Stiff , C. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 2009 . The strength model of self-regulation failure and health-related behavior . Health Psychology Review , 3 : 208 – 238 .
  • Hallert , C. , Äström , J. and Sedvall , G. 1982 . Psychic disturbances in adult coeliac disease: III. Reduced central monoamine metabolism and signs of depression . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 17 : 25 – 28 .
  • Hallert , C. and Derefeldt , T. 1982 . Psychic disturbances in adult coeliac disease: I. Clinical observations . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 17 : 17 – 19 .
  • Hallert , C. , Grant , C. , Grehn , S. , Grännö , C. , Hultén , S. , Midhagen , G., and Valdimarsson , T. 2002 . Evidence of poor vitamin status in celiac patients on a gluten-free diet for 10 years . Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 16 : 1333 – 1339 .
  • Harrington , D. , Lee , R. , Boyd , L. , Rapcsak , S. and Knight , R. 2004 . Does the representation of time depend on the cerebellum? Effect of cerebellar stroke . Brain , 127 : 561 – 574 .
  • Hernanz , A. and Polanco , I. 1991 . Plasma precursor amino acids of central nervous system monoamines in children with coeliac disease . Gut , 32 : 1478 – 1481 .
  • Ivry , R. , Spencer , R. , Zelaznik , H. and Diedrichsen , J. 2002 . The cerebellum and event timing . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 978 : 303 – 317 .
  • Kaukinen , K. , Partanen , J. , Mäki , M. and Collin , P. 2002 . HLA DQ typing in the diagnosis of celiac disease . American Journal of Gastroenterology , 97 : 695 – 699 .
  • Kieslich , M. , Errázuriz , G. , Posselt , G.H. , Moeller-Hartmann , W. , Zanella , F. and Boehles , H. 2001 . Brain white-matter lesions in celiac disease: A prospective study of 75 diet-treated patients . Pediatrics , 108 ( 2 ) : 21
  • Knivsberg , A.M. , Reichelt , K.L. , Høien , T. and Nødland , M. 2002 . A randomized, controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes . Nutritional Neuroscience , 5 ( 4 ) : 251 – 261 .
  • Knivsberg , A.M. , Reichelt , K.L. , Nødland , M. and Høien , T. 1995 . Autistic syndromes and diet: A follow-up study . Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research , 39 ( 3 ) : 223 – 236 .
  • Knivsberg , A.M. , Wiig , K. , Lind , G. , Nødland , N. and Reichelt , K.L. 1990 . Dietary interventions in autistic syndromes . Brain Dysfunction , 3 : 315 – 327 .
  • Kozlowska , Z.E. 1991 . Evaluation of mental status of children with malabsorption syndrome after long-term treatment with gluten-free diet [Abstract] . Psychiatria Polska , 25 : 130 – 134 .
  • Lebwohl , B. , Greene , P. , Mäki , M. and Mustalahti , K. 2003 . Screening for celiac disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 349 ( 17 ) : 1673 – 1674 .
  • Lee , S.K. , Lo , W. , Memeo , L. , Rotterdam , H. and Green , P.H. 2003 . Duodenal histology in patients with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet . Gastrointestinal Endoscopy , 57 ( 2 ) : 187 – 191 .
  • Lucarelli , S. , Frediani , T. , Zingoni , A. , Feruzzi , F. , Giradini , O. , Quintieri , F., and Cardi , E. 1995 . Food allergy and infantile autism . Panminerva Medica , 37 : 137 – 141 .
  • Ludvigsson , J.F. , Reutfors , J. , Ösby , U. , Ekbom , A. and Montgomery , S.M. 2007 . Coeliac disease and risk of mood disorders – a general population-based cohort study . Journal of Affective Disorders , 99 : 117 – 126 .
  • Luostarinen , L. , Dastidar , P. , Collin , P. , Peräaho , M. , Mäki , M. , Erilä , T. and Pirttila , T. 2001 . Association between coeliac disease, epilepsy and brain atrophy . European Neurology , 46 : 187 – 191 .
  • Mackie , S. , Shaw , P. , Lenroot , R. , Pierson , R. , Greenstein , D. , Nugent , D.K., and Rapoport , J.L. 2007 . Cerebellar development and clinical outcome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 ( 4 ) : 647 – 655 .
  • Mäki , M. and Collin , P. 1997 . Coeliac disease . Lancet , 349 : 1755 – 1759 .
  • Mäki , M. , Mustalahti , K. , Kokkonen , J. , Kulmala , P. , Haapalahti , M. , Karttunen , T., and Knip , M. 2003 . Prevalence of celiac disease among children in Finland . New England Journal of Medicine , 348 ( 25 ) : 2517 – 2524 .
  • Marsh , M.N. 1997 . Is celiac disease (gluten sensitivity) a pre-malignant disorder? . Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition , 24 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S25 – S27 .
  • Mearin , M.L. , Kommer , C.A.S. , Csizmadia , C.G. , Brodin , H. , Verkerk , P.H. , & Verloove-Vanhorick , S.P. 2002 . Estimation of costs and benefits of mass screening for coeliac disease (Abstract) . Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition , 34 , 450 .
  • Mostofsky , S. , Reiss , A. , Lockhart , P. and Denckla , M. 1998 . Evaluation of cerebellar size in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Child Neurology , 13 : 434 – 439 .
  • Muhle , R. , Trentacoste , S.V. , & Rapin , I. 2004 . The genetics of autism . Pediatrics , 113 5 , e 472 – e486 .
  • Murray , J.A. , Van Dike , C. and Plevak , M.F. 2003 . Trends in the identification and clinical features of celiac disease in a North American community, 1950–2001 . Clinical Gastroenterology Hepatology , 1 : 19 – 27 .
  • Niederhofer , H. and Pittschieler , K. 2006 . A preliminary investigation of ADHD symptoms in persons with celiac disease . Journal of Attention Disorders , 10 ( 2 ) : 200 – 204 .
  • Olfson , M. , Marcus , S.C. , Weissman , M.M. and Jensen , P.S. 2002 . National trends in the use of psychotropic medications by children . Journal of the American Academy for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 41 ( 5 ) : 514 – 521 .
  • Parens , E. and Johnston , J. 2008 . Understanding the agreements and controversies surrounding psychopharmacology . Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health , 2 ( 5 ) : 1 – 7 .
  • Peterson , V. and Peterson , R. 2009 . The gluten effect: How innocent wheat is ruining your health , New York : True Health .
  • Pietzak , M. 2005a . Follow-up of patients with celiac disease: Achieving compliance with treatment . Gastroenterology , 128 ( 4, Suppl. 1 ) : S135 – S141 .
  • Pietzak , M. 2005b . What if my baby is celiac? In P.J. Lowel , The gluten-free bible: The thoroughly indispensable guide to negotiating life without wheat ( 306 – 310 ). New York : Holt .
  • Pynnönen , P.A. , Isometsä , E.T. , Aronen , E.T. , Verkasalo , M.A. , Savilahti , E. and Aalberg , V.A. 2004 . Mental disorders in adolescents with celiac disease . Psychosomatics , 45 : 325 – 335 .
  • Pynnönen , P.A. , Isometsä , E.T. , Verkasalo , M.A. , Kähkönen , S.A. , Sipila , I. , Savilahti , E. and Aalberg , V.A. 2005 . Gluten-free diet may alleviate depressive and behavioral symptoms in adolescents with coeliac disease: A prospective follow-up case-series study . BMC Psychiatry , 5 ( 14 ) : 1471 – 1476 .
  • Pynnönen , P.A. , Isometsä , E.T. , Verkasalo , M.A. , Savilahti , E. and Aalberg , V.A. 2002 . Untreated celiac disease and development of mental disorders in children and adolescents . Psychosomatics , 43 ( 4 ) : 331 – 335 .
  • Rampertab , S.D. , Pooran , N. , Brar , P. , Singh , P. and Green , P.H.R. 2006 . Trends in the presentation of celiac disease . American Journal of Medicine , 119 : 355.e9 – 335.e14 .
  • Rimland , B. 2000 . Parent ratings of behavioural effects of drugs, nutrients and diets . Autism Research Review International , 14 ( 4 ) : 34
  • Roos , S. , Kärner , A. and Hallert , C. 2006 . Psychological well-being of adult coeliac patients treated for 10 years . Digestive and Liver Disease , 38 : 177 – 182 .
  • Rostom , A. , Dubé , C. , Cranney , A. , Saloojee , N. , Sy , R. , Garrity , C., and Macneil , J. 2005 . The diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for celiac disease: A systematic review . Gastroenterology , 128 : S38 – S46 .
  • Rubia , K. and Smith , A. 2004 . The neural correlates of cognitive time management: A review . Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis , 64 : 329 – 340 .
  • Schmahmann , J. 2004 . Disorders of the cerebellum: Ataxia, dysmetria of thoughts, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience , 16 : 367 – 378 .
  • Seung , H. , Rogalski , Y. , Shankar , M. and Elder , J. 2007 . The gluten- and casein-free diet and autism: Communication outcomes from a preliminary double-bind clinical trial . Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology , 15 ( 4 ) : 337 – 345 .
  • Shattock , P. , Kennedy , A. , Rowell , F. and Berney , T. 1990 . Role of neuropeptides in autism and their relationship with classic neurotransmitters . Brain Dysfunction , 3 : 315 – 327 .
  • Siniscalchi , M. , Iovino , P. , Tortora , R. , Forestiero , S. , Somma , A. , Capuano , L., and Ciacci , C. 2005 . Fatigue in adult celiac disease . Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 22 : 489 – 494 .
  • Tack , G.J. , Verbeek , W.H.M. , Schreurs , M.W.J. and Mulder , C.J.J. 2010 . The spectrum of celiac disease: Epidemiology, clinical aspects and treatment . Nature Reviews, Gastroenterology & Hepatology , 7 ( 4 ) : 204 – 213 .
  • Takahashi , M. , Fukunaga , H. , Kaneto , H. , Fukudome , S.I. and Yoshikawa , M. 2000 . Behavioral and pharmacological studies on gluten exorphin A5, a newly isolated bioactive food protein fragment in mice . Japanese Journal of Pharmacology , 84 : 259 – 265 .
  • Thijs , W.J. , Van Baarlen , J. , Kleibeuker , J.H. and Kolkman , J.J. 2004 . Duodenal versus jejuna biopsies in suspected celiac disease . Endoscopy , 36 ( 11 ) : 993 – 996 .
  • Timimi , S. and Taylor , E. 2004 . ADHD is best understood as a cultural context: For and against . British Journal of Psychiatry , 184 : 8 – 9 .
  • Tommasini , A. , Not , T. , Kiren , V. , Baldas , V. Santon , D. , Trevisiol , C. , Ventura , A. 2004 . Mass screening for coeliac disease using antihuman transglutaminase antibody assay . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 89 , 512 – 515 .
  • Velluzzi , F. , Caradonna , A. , Boy , M.F. , Pinna , M.A. , Cabula , R. , Lai , M.A. , Mariotti , S. 1998 . Thyroid and celiac disease: Clinical, serological and echographic study . American Journal of Gastroenterology , 93 , 976 – 979 .
  • Ventura , A. , Magazzu , G. and Greco , L. 1999 . Duration of exposure to gluten and risk for autoimmune disorders in patients with celiac disease . Gastroenterology , 117 : 297 – 303 .
  • Verkasalo , M.A. , Raitakari , O.T. , Viikari , J. , Marniemi , J. and Savilahti , E. 2005 . Undiagnosed silent coeliac disease: A risk for underachievement? . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 40 : 1407 – 1412 .
  • Vojdani , A. , O'Bryan , T. , Green , J.A. , McCandless , J. , Woeller , K.N. , Vojdani , E., and Cooper , E.L. 2004 . Immune response to dietary proteins, gliadin and cerebellar peptides in children with autism . Nutritional Neuroscience , 7 ( 3 ) : 151 – 161 .
  • Whiteley , P. , Haracopos , D. , Knivsberg , A.M. , Reichelt , K.L. , Parlar , S. , Jacobsen , J. and Shattock , P. 2010 . The ScanBrit randomized, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders . Nutritional Neuroscience , 13 ( 2 ) : 87 – 100 .
  • Whiteley , P. , Rodgers , J. , Savery , D. and Shattock , P. 1999 . A gluten-free diet as an intervention for autism and associated spectrum disorders: Preliminary findings . Autism , 43 : 45 – 65 .
  • Working Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition . 1990 . Revised criteria for diagnosis of celiac disease . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 65 , 909 – 911 .
  • Zelnik , N. , Pacht , A. , Obeid , R. and Lerner , A. 2004 . Range of neurologic disorders in patients with celiac disease . Pediatrics , 113 ( 6 ) : 1672 – 1676 .
  • Zimbardo , P.G. 1999 . Discontinuity theory: Cognitive and social searches for rationality and normality – may lead to madness . In M.P. Zanna , Advances in experimental social psychology ( 31 , 345 – 386 ). San Diego , CA : Academic Press
  • Zioudrou , C. , Streaty , R.A. and Klee , W. 1979 . Opioid peptides derived from food proteins: The exorphins . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 254 ( 7 ) : 2446 – 2449 .
  • Zuvekas , S.H. , Vitiello , B. and Norquist , G.S. 2006 . Recent trends in stimulant medication use among US children . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 ( 4 ) : 579 – 585 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.