Systematic review of character development in low- and middle-income countries

References

• Abdollahi, R., Iranpour, S., & Ajri-Khameslou, M. (2021). Relationship between resilience and professional moral courage among nurses. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 14, 3–3. https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v14i3.5436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul Kadir, N. B., & Mohd, R. H. (2021). The 5Cs of positive youth development, purpose in life, hope, and well-being among emerging adults in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 641876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, G., Dobles, I., Gómez, L. H., Kurtiş, T., & Molina, L. E. (2015). Decolonizing psychological science: Introduction to the special thematic section. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3(1), 213–238. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.564
   Google Scholar
• Adams, C., Kiruki, M., Karuga, R., Otiso, L., Graham, S. M., & Beima-Sofie, K. M. (2022). ‘Your status cannot hinder you’: The importance of resilience among adolescents engaged in HIV care in Kenya. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1272. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13677-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, B. G., Wiium, N., & Abubakar, A. (2019). Developmental assets and academic performance of adolescents in Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-018-9480-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajgaonkar, V., Shyam, R., Shaikh, N., Rajan, S., Karandikar, N., & Jayaraman, A. (2022). Enabling young people from informal urban communities to exercise their right to sexual and reproductive health: A practice-based study. Journal of Adolescent Research, 39(2), 461–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584221091780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Adamat, A., Al-Gasawneh, J., & Al-Adamat, O. (2020). The impact of moral intelligence on green purchase intention. Management Science Letters, 10(9), 2063–2070. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.2.005
   Google Scholar
• Al-Shuaibi, J., Hamdan-Mansour, A. M., & Haourani, E. M. (2013). Correlates of moral development among university students in Jordan. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 2607–2612.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved September 26, 2023, from https://dictionary.apa.org/
   Google Scholar
• April, K., Peters, K., Locke, K., & Mlambo, C. (2010). Ethics and leadership: Enablers and stumbling blocks. Journal of Public Affairs, 10(3), 152–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.360
   Google Scholar
• Arfaoui, F., Damak-Ayadi, S., Ghram, R., & Bouchekoua, A. (2016). Ethics education and accounting students’ level of moral development: Experimental design in Tunisian audit context. Journal of Business Ethics, 138(1), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2643-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayaya, G. I. (2021). Equipping students for leadership through community engagement. Improving Schools, 24(3), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480220969296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahri, A., Palennari, M., Hardianto, H., Muharni, A., & Arifuddin, M. (2021, 2). Problem-based learning to develop students’ character in biology classroom. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 20. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85113747588&partnerID=40&md5=f17ba65f2a1da6cf2014218b2cb902d0
   Google Scholar
• Betancourt, T. S., Meyers-Ohki, S., Stulac, S. N., Barrera, A. E., Mushashi, C., & Beardslee, W. R. (2011). Nothing can defeat combined hands (abashize hamwe ntakibananira): Protective processes and resilience in Rwandan children and families affected by HIV/AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 73(5), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betawi, A. (2020). Calling for character education: Promoting moral integrity in early childhood education in Jordan. Early Child Development & Care, 190(5), 738–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1489383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blignault, I., & Ritchie, J. (2009). Revealing the wood and the trees: Reporting qualitative research. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 20(2), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE09140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buenconsejo, J. U., Datu, J. A. D., Chiu, M. M., & Chan, R. C. H. (2022). Psychometric validity and measurement invariance of positive youth development in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Developmental Science, 27(4), No–Specified. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2022.2078719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukchin, S., & Kerret, D. (2020). Character strengths and sustainable technology adoption by smallholder farmers. Heliyon, 6(8), e04694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanas, E. (2018). Positive psychology and the legitimation of individualism. Theory & Psychology, 28(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354317747988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, J., Li, X., Ye, Z., Xie, M., & Lin, D. (2022). Parental psychological and behavioral control and positive youth development among young Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 41(7), 4645–4656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00980-1
   Google Scholar
• Caram, C. S., Peter, E., & Brito, M. J. (2019). Invisibility of the self: Reaching for the telos of nursing within a context of moral distress. Nursing Inquiry, 26(1), e12269–e12269. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro Solano, A., & Cosentino, A. C. (2016). The relationships between character strengths and life fulfillment in the view of lay-people in Argentina. Interdisciplinaria: Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines, 33(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2016.33.1.4
   Google Scholar
• Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 98–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano, R. F., Skinner, M. L., Alvarado, G., Kapungu, C., Reavley, N., Patton, G. C., Jessee, C., Plaut, D., Moss, C., Bennett, K., Sawyer, S. M., Sebany, M., Sexton, M., Olenik, C., & Petroni, S. (2019). Positive youth development programs in low- and middle-income countries: A conceptual framework and systematic review of efficacy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai, X., Li, X., Ye, Z., Li, Y., & Lin, D. (2019). Subjective well-being among left-behind children in rural China: The role of ecological assets and individual strength. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai, X., Wang, J., Li, X., Liu, W., Zhao, G., & Lin, D. (2022). Development and validation of the Chinese positive youth development scale. Applied Developmental Science, 26(1), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2020.1712206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, C., & Ananthram, S. (2019). Religion-based decision making in Indian multinationals: A multi-faith study of ethical virtues and mindsets. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(3), 651–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3558-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, S., Wang, J., Cheng, L., Guo, M., Wang, L., & Kong, P. (2020). Family dinner and the happiness of Chinese adolescents: Identifying mediators and moderators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(8), 1674–1686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01275-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauke, T. A., & Malatji, K. S. (2022). A narrative systematic review of the mental toughness programme offered by the national youth development agency. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 11(1), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0025
   Google Scholar
• Chauke, T. A., Malatji, K. S., & Obadire, O. S. (2021). Development of youth capabilities through the national youth service programme. African Renaissance, 18(2), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.31920/2516-5305/2021/18n2a4
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, X., Bu, H., Duan, W., He, A., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Measuring character strengths as possible protective factors against suicidal ideation in older Chinese adults: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 439–439. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8457-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, B.-B., Wiium, N., & Dimitrova, R. (2019). A life history approach to understanding developmental assets among Chinese adolescents. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9433-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherif, L., Wood, V. M., & Watier, C. (2021). Testing the effectiveness of a strengths-based intervention targeting all 24 strengths: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Reports, 124(3), 1174–1183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120937441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, C., & Lee, T. (2010). Improving social competence through character education. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, X., & Cui, X. (2020). Externalizing problem behaviors among adolescents in a southern city of China: Gender differences in prevalence and correlates. Children & Youth Services Review, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105632
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, X., Huang, L., Zhang, J., Wang, E., & Ren, Y. (2022). Latent profiles of multi-dimensionality of self-compassion predict youth psychological adjustment outcomes during the COVID-19: A longitudinal mixture regression analysis. Current Psychology (New Brunswick, NJ), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03378-3
   Google Scholar
• Chi, X., Liu, X., Huang, Q., Huang, L., Zhang, P., & Chen, X. (2020). Depressive symptoms among junior high school students in Southern China: Prevalence, changes, and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, Y. W., & Hamid, S. N. B. A. (2016). Meeting the challenges of personal development and character building in university students. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(8), 181–186.
   Google Scholar
• Christopher, J. C. (2014). Putting “positive” and “psychology” in perspective: The role of Indian psychology. Perspective: The Role of Indian Psychology Psychological Studies, 59(2), 110–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-014-0256-8
   Google Scholar
• Christopher, J., & Hickinbottom, S. (2008). Positive psychology, ethnocentrism, and the disguised ideology of individualism. Theory & Psychology - THEOR PSYCHOL, 18(5), 563–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308093396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couto, R. N., Da Fonesca, P. N., Da Silva, P. G. N., & De Medeiros, P. C. B. (2021). Strengths of character: Evidence from a scale and prevalence in the Brazilian northeast. Ciencias Psicologicas, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v15i1.2357
   Google Scholar
• Couto, R. N., & da Fonseca, P. N. (2019). character strengths in the Brazilian northeast region: Contributions of personality beyond age and sex. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 36. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275201936e180137
   Google Scholar
• Dametto, D. M., & Noronha, A. P. P. (2021). Study between personality traits and character strengths in adolescents. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 40(5), 2067–2072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-0146-2
   Google Scholar
• Datu, J. A. D., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2020). The blessings of social-oriented virtues: Interpersonal character strengths are linked to increased life satisfaction and academic success among Filipino high school students. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(7), 983–990. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620906294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datu, J. A. D., & Mateo, N. J. (2020). Character strengths, academic self-efficacy, and well-being outcomes in the Philippines: A longitudinal study. Children & Youth Services Review, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Albuquerque, L., Scheeren, E., Vagetti, G., & De Oliveira, V. (2021). Influence of the coach’s method and leadership profile on the positive development of young players in team sports. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 20(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desie, Y. (2020). From surviving to thriving: Characterizing positive youth development among youth in Ethiopia. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1608272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diana, R. R., Chirzin, M., Bashori, K., Suud, F. M., & Khairunnisa, N. Z. (2021). Parental engagement on children character education: The influences of positive parenting and agreeableness mediated by religiosity. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 40(2), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v40i2.39477
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E. (2012). Positive psychology: Past, present, and future. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), The oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 7–12). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0002
   Google Scholar
• Ding, H., & Liu, J. (2022). Paying close attention to strengths mindset: The relationship of employee strengths mindset with job performance. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, No–Specified. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03400-8
   Google Scholar
• Ding, H., & Quan, G. (2021). How and when does follower’s strengths-based leadership relate to follower innovative behavior: The roles of self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion. The Journal of Creative Behavior, No–Specified. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dost-Gozkan, A., Kozina, A., Stefenel, D., & Wiium, N. (2021). External developmental assets and positive identity among emerging adults in Norway, Romania, Slovenia, and Turkey. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(101550902), 656972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656972
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dou, D., & Shek, D. T. L. (2021). Concurrent and longitudinal relationships between positive youth development attributes and adolescent internet addiction symptoms in Chinese mainland high school students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, W., & Bu, H. (2017). Development and initial validation of a short three-dimensional inventory of character strengths. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 26(9), 2519–2531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1579-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, W., & Guo, P. (2015). Association between virtues and posttraumatic growth: Preliminary evidence from a Chinese community sample after earthquakes. PeerJ, 3, e883. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du Plessis, G. Saccaggi, C. & de Bruin, G. (2015). Cross-cultural differences in the character strength of citizenship in South Africa. Psychology in Society, 48, 22–44.
   Google Scholar
• Durant, W. (1961). Story of philosophy. Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Dutra-Thome, L., DeSousa, D., & Koller, S. H. (2019). Promotive and risk factors for positive youth development among emerging adults in Brazil. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-018-9475-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwita, D. S., Nuraini, S., Rihatno, T., Sudrajat, A., Marini, A., & Wahyudi, A. (2020). Six years old elementary school student character enhancement through implementation of character building based on stop motion animation. International Journal of Advanced Science & Technology, 29(6), 1125–1128.
   Google Scholar
• Efendi, A., & Nurjanah, R. (2019). Literary learning for teenager inmates in institute for children special rehabilitation. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 38(3), 411–425. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v38i3.27322
   Google Scholar
• El-Bassiouny, N., Taher, A., & Abou-Aish, E. (2011). An empirical assessment of the relationship between character/ethics education and consumer behavior at the tweens segment: The case of Egypt. Young Consumers, 12(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/17473611111141614
   Google Scholar
• Frances, C., Garnsey, C., & DeMulder, J. (2023). Neglected gaps in improving the health, wellbeing, and care for sexual and gender minority young people living in low- and lower-middle- income countries: A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1664. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16443-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes-Balderrama, J., Castillo, C. C., Parra-Cardona, J. R., Plaza, B. T., Garc{\’{i}}a, A. O., & D{\’{i}}az-Loving, R. (2020). parental practices and maternal warmth as protective factors for problem behaviors in Mexican preadolescents. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 47(2), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.4369
   Google Scholar
• Gander, F., Hofmann, J., & Ruch, W. (2020). Character strengths: Person–environment fit and relationships with job and life satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, A., & Deb, A. (2016). Positive psychology progress in India: Accomplishments and pathways ahead. Psychological Studies, 61(3), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-016-0367-5
   Google Scholar
• Green, Z. A. (2021). Strengthening career adaptation among school teachers in Pakistan: Test of strengths-based career intervention imparted through emotionalized learning experiences. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 101651716(1), 43–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-021-09502-2
   Google Scholar
• Green, Z. A. (2022). Character strengths intervention for nurturing well-being among Pakistan’s university students: A mixed-method study. Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being, 14(1), 252–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustems, J., & Calderon, C. (2014). Character strengths and psychological wellbeing among students of teacher education. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 3(3), 265–286. https://doi.org/10.4471/ijep.2014.14
   Google Scholar
• Hafina, A., Nur, L., & Malik, A. A. (2022). The development and validation of a character education model through traditional games based on the Socratic method in an elementary school. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(2), 404–415. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i2.46125
   Google Scholar
• Hakam, K. A. (2018). Tradition of value education implementation in Indonesian primary schools. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 9(4), 295–318. https://doi.org/10.17499/jsser.98315
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, W. R., Moore, J. R., Bachleda, C., Canterbury, A., Franco, C., Marion, A., & Schreiber, C. (2017). Theory of moral development of business students: Case studies in Brazil, North America, and Morocco. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 16(3), 393–414. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2014.0312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haron, H., Ismail, I., & Na, A. L. (2015). The effect of moral reasoning, exposure to ethics and perceived ethical climate on ethical judgement of auditors in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Business and Accounting, 8(2), 25–65.
   Google Scholar
• Hastasari, C., Setiawan, B., & Aw, S. (2022). Students’ communication patterns of Islamic boarding schools: The case of Students in Muallimin Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Heliyon, 8(1), e08824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausler, M., Strecker, C., Huber, A., Brenner, M., Höge, T., & Höfer, S. (2017). Associations between the application of signature character strengths. Health and Well-Being of Health Professionals Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01307
   Google Scholar
• Held, B. S. (2018). Positive psychology’s a priori problem. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 58(3), 313–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817739409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriks, T., Warren, M. A., Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Hassankhan, A., Graafsma, T., Bohlmeijer, E., & de Jong, J. (2019). How WEIRD are positive psychology interventions? A bibliometric analysis of randomized controlled trials on the science of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(4), 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1484941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010a). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29–29. Article 7302. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010b). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermino, A., & Arifin, I. (2020). Contextual character education for students in the senior high school. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1009–1023. https://doi.org/10.12973/EU-JER.9.3.1009
   Google Scholar
• Hidayati, K., Budiyono, & Sugiman. (2018). Development and validation of student’s responsibility scale on mathematics learning using subject scaling model. International Journal of Instruction, 11(4), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11431a
   Google Scholar
• Hidayati, R., Rahman, A., Nuryana, Z., & Yusutria. (2022). Character education and the rise of mental health in muhammadiyah boarding school. International Journal of Public Health Science, 11(1), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i1.20889
   Google Scholar
• Hinerman, K. M., Hull, D. M., Näslund-Hadley, E. I., & Mirzaei Rafe, M. (2021). Social emotional learning competencies in Belize children: Psychometric validation through exploratory structural equation modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 770501–770501. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.770501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C.-C., Chen, Y., Jin, H., Stringham, M., Liu, C., & Oliver, C. (2020). Mindfulness, life skills, resilience, and emotional and behavioral problems for gifted low-income adolescents in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(101550902), 594. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00594
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hull, D. M., Hinerman, K. M., Fagan, M. A., Powell, M. G., Naslund-Hadley, E. I., & Hayes, D. (2021). ‘Positive youth development in Belize: A cluster-randomised trial of positive action’: Correction. Educational Psychology, 41(10), 1337. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2021.1922611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huysmans, Z., Whitley, M. A., Clement, D., Gonzalez, M., & Sheehy, T. L. (2022). “The relationship was a big success–the bond”: Exploring coaching strategies to foster life skills development in Eswatini. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(4), 751–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2021.1872734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwandi, S., Sakroni, S., Lukitasari, M., & Hasan, R. (2022). School-community collaboration in inquiry-based learning to strengthen religious character and improve learning outcome of students. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3), 913–930. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15349a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabakci, O. F., Ergene, T., & Dogan, N. (2019). Character strengths in Turkey: Initial adaptation study of values in action inventory of strengths for youth (VIA-Youth) and life satisfaction in young people. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 5(3), 489–501. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.5.3.489
   Google Scholar
• Kabir, R. S., Doku, D. T., & Wiium, N. (2021). Connection in youth development key to the mental health continuum in Ghana: A structural equation model of thriving and flourishing indicators. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 676376. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagitcibasi, C., Baydar, N., & Cemalcilar, Z. (2020). Supporting positive development in early adolescence: A school-based intervention in Turkey. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 170–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1457962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyar, M. N., & Kalyar, H. (2018). Provocateurs of creative performance: Examining the roles of wisdom character strengths and stress. Personnel Review, 47(2), 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2016-0286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamushadze, T., & Martskvishvili, K. (2021). Character strength at its worst and best: Mediating effect of coping strategies. Trends in Psychology, 29(4), 655–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-021-00085-z
   Google Scholar
• Khanna, P., Singh, K., & Proctor, C. (2021). Exploring the impact of a character strengths intervention on well-being in Indian classrooms. School Mental Health: A Multidisciplinary Research and Practice Journal, 13(4), 819–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09450-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A., & Ungar, M. (2021). Resilience to self-harm: A scoping review of protective factors that aid in recovery among marginalized young people. The Crisis, 44(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000831
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiadarbandsari, A., Madon, Z., Hamsan, H. H., & Mehdinezhad Nouri, K. (2016). Role of parenting style and parents’ education in positive youth development of adolescents. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 24(4), 1465–1480.
   Google Scholar
• King, B., & Thatcher, A. (2014). ‘Attitudes towards software piracy in South Africa: Knowledge of intellectual property laws as a moderator’: Erratum. Behaviour & Information Technology, 33(3), 302–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2012.688870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, P. E., Vaughn, J. M., Yoo, Y., Tirrell, J. M., Dowling, E. M., Lerner, R. M., Geldhof, G. J., Lerner, J. V., Iraheta, G., Williams, K., & Sim, A. T. R. (2020). Exploring religiousness and hope: Examining the roles of spirituality and social connections among Salvadoran youth. Religions, 11(2), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11020075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komalasari, K., & Masyitoh, I. S. (2022). The effect of living values-based authentic assessment on character development of high school student. New Educational Review, 67(67), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.22.67.1.08
   Google Scholar
• Kracher, B., Chatterjee, A., & Lundquist, A. R. (2002). Factors related to the cognitive moral development of business students and business professionals in India and the United States: Nationality, education, sex and gender. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(4), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013859404733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss, S. E., Collura, J., Zeldin, S., Ortega, A., Abdullah, H., & Sulaiman, A. H. (2014). Youth–adult partnership: Exploring contributions to empowerment, agency and community connections in Malaysian youth programs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(9), 1550–1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0027-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristjánsson, K. (2010). Positive psychology, happiness, and virtue: The troublesome conceptual issues. Review of General Psychology, 14(4), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, S., Zhou, J., Xu, X., Li, S., Ji, Y., Yang, S., Tang, W., Zhang, J., Jiang, J., & Liu, Q. (2022). Subjective well-being among AIDS orphans in southwest China: The role of school connectedness, peer support, and resilience. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03833-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan, X., & Wang, W. (2019). Direct and interactive effects of peer support and resilience on psychosocial adjustment in emerging adults with early left-behind experiences. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 277–288. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S202774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, E., George, A., Morgan, R., & Poteat, T. (2016). 10 best resources on … intersectionality with an emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. Health Policy and Planning, 31(8), 964–969. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng, J., Guo, Q., Ma, B., Zhang, S., & Sun, P. (2020). Bridging personality and online prosocial behavior: The roles of empathy, moral identity, and social self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 575053–575053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leontopoulou, S., & Triliva, S. (2012). Explorations of subjective wellbeing and character strengths among a Greek university student sample. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3). https://www.internationaljournalofwellbeing.org/index.php/ijow/article/view/99227010.5502/ijw.v2.i3.6
   Google Scholar
• Li, F., Chao, M. C., Chen, N. Y., & Zhang, S. (2018). Moral judgment in a business setting: The role of managers’ moral foundation, ideology, and level of moral development. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 35(1), 121–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-017-9529-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Li, Y., Duan, W., Guan, Q., & Tao, Y. (2021). Testing the contribution of general factor of character strengths to well-being: An exploratory bifactor approach. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 41(11), No–Specified. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01223-z
   Google Scholar
• Lin, L., Shek, D. T. L., & Li, X. (2022). Who benefits and appreciates more? An evaluation of online service-learning projects in Mainland China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18(2), 625–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10081-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, S., Geldhof, G. J., Bowers, E. P., & Thogmartin, A. (2018). 4-S positive youth development in Latin America: Professional schools in Costa Rica. Journal of Extension, 56(1). https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042423355&partnerID=40&md5=a3ce2068557d8af44438803a0d7fa04356(1)10.34068/joe.56.01.26
   Google Scholar
• Malagueño, R., Pillalamarri, S., Rezende, A. J., & Moraes, M. B. C. (2020). The effects of length of service and ethical ideologies on moral development and behavioral intentions: A study among Brazilian public sector tax auditors. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 21(4), 589–613. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-04-2019-0061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, C., Mastrotheodoros, S., & Lan, X. (2022). Linking classmate autonomy support with prosocial behavior in Chinese left-behind adolescents: The moderating role of self-esteem and grit. Personality and Individual Differences, 195, 195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manaf, A., Kartowagiran, B., & Harun. (2020). Character and values of junior high school students in the coastal area, Indonesia. New Educational Review, 60(2), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2020.60.2.03
   Google Scholar
• Manrique-Millones, D., Wiium, N., Pineda-Marín, C., Fernández-Arata, M., Alfonso-Murcia, D., López-Martínez, J. L., & Millones-Rivalles, R. (2021). Association between substance use behaviors, developmental assets and mental health: A glance at Latin American young college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 639578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini, A., Safitri, D., & Muda, I. (2018). Managing school based on character building in the context of religious school culture (case in Indonesia). Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 9(4), 274–294. https://doi.org/10.17499/jsser.11668
   Google Scholar
• Martínez-Martí, M. L., Theirs, C. I., Pascual, D., & Corradi, G. (2020). Character strengths predict an increase in mental health and subjective well-being over a one-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanty, A., Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2015). Curiosity and meaning of life leading towards personal growth: The role of emotional intelligence. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 41(2), 226–235.
   Google Scholar
• Mohd Ghazali, N. A. (2021). Factors influencing ethical judgements of accounting practitioners: Some Malaysian evidence. International Journal of Social Economics, 48(3), 384–398. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-07-2020-0473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi, S., Nima, A. A., Rapp Ricciardi, M., Archer, T., & Garcia, D. (2014). Exercise, character strengths, well-being, and learning climate in the prediction of performance over a 6-month period at a call center. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosavel, M., Ahmed, R., Ports, K. A., & Simon, C. (2015). South African, urban youth narratives: Resilience within community. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 20(2), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2013.785439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostafa, D., Hussain, M., & Mohamed, E. K. A. (2020). The effect of religiosity–morality interaction on auditor independence in Egypt. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(8), 1009–1031. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-04-2019-2267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulin-Stozek, D., de Irala, J., Beltramo, C., & Osorio, A. (2018). Relationships between religion, risk behaviors and prosociality among secondary school students in Peru and El Salvador. Journal of Moral Education, 47(4), 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2018.1438250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muassomah, M., Abdullah, I., Istiadah, I., Mujahidin, A., Masnawi, N., & Sohrah S. (2020). Believe in literature: Character education for Indonesia’s youth. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(6), 2223–2231. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080605
   Google Scholar
• Muhtar, T., Supriyadi, T., & Lengkana, A. S. (2020). Character development-based physical education learning model in primary school. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(6), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080605
   Google Scholar
• Mulla, Z. R., & Krishnan, V. R. (2009). Do Karma-Yogis make better leaders? Exploring the relationship between the leader’s Karma-Yoga and transformational leadership. Journal of Human Values, 15(2), 167–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/097168581001500207
   Google Scholar
• Namy, S., Carlson, C., Norcini Pala, A., Faris, D., Knight, L., Allen, E., Devries, K., & Naker, D. (2017). Gender, violence and resilience among Ugandan adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nga, J. K. H., & Lum, E. W. S. (2013). An investigation into unethical behavior intentions among undergraduate students: A Malaysian study. Journal of Academic Ethics, 11(1), 45–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-012-9176-1
   Google Scholar
• Nouri, K. M., Krauss, S. E., Ahrari, S., Ismail, I. A., & Arshad, M. M. (2022). Pathways to positive youth development in Malaysian undergraduate Co-curricular programs: A moderated mediation model of youth voice and psychological hardiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 886911. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci, L., Narvaez, D., & Krettenauer, T. (2014). Introduction and overview. In Nucci, L. & Krettenauer, T. (Eds.), Handbook of moral and character education (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nurasiah, I., Sumantri, M. S., Nurhasanah, N., & Casmana, A. R. (2022). Cultural values’ integration in character development in elementary schools: The sukuraga as learning media. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.849218
   Google Scholar
• Nur Wangid, M., Mustadi, A., & Ramadhani Putri, A. (2018). Fairy story integration for meaningful classroom. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 37(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v37i2.19516
   Google Scholar
• Oboh, C. S. (2019). Personal and moral intensity determinants of ethical decision-making: A study of accounting professionals in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 9(1), 148–180. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-04-2018-0035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oluwafemi, O. O., Bibire, A. H., Mebu, V. A., Dung, P. H., Aderibigbe, J. K., & Feng, G. C. (2020). Conditional indirect effects of gender and school on internet use for academic activities and social-moral development among secondary school students in Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1748478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orejudo, S., Balaguer, Á., Osorio, A., de la Rosa, P. A., & Lopez-Del Burgo, C. (2022). Activities and relationships with parents as key ecological assets that encourage personal positive youth development. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(2), 896–915. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer, C., Ridgeway, K., Lenzi, R., Gonzalez-Calvo, L., Moon, T. D., Green, A. F., & Burke, H. M. (2020). Hope, self-efficacy, and crushed dreams: Exploring how adolescent girls’ future aspirations relate to marriage and childbearing in rural Mozambique. Journal of Adolescent Research, 35(5), 579–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558419897385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S. & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and Virtues: A handbook and classification. American Psychological Association; Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pimthong, S. (2015). Psychosocial factors correlated with sufficient consumption behavior of students in Thailand and Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 11(4), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n4p169
   Google Scholar
• Proctor, C., Maltby, J., & Linley, P. A. (2011). Strengths use as a predictor of well-being and health-related quality of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(1), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9181-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proyer, R. T., Gander, F., Wellenzohn, S., & Ruch, W. (2013). What good are character strengths beyond subjective well-being? The contribution of the good character on self-reported health-oriented behavior, physical fitness, and the subjective health status. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(3), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.777767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao, X., Lv, Y., Aldbyani, A., Guo, Q., Zhang, T., & Cai, M. (2021). Chaos may prevail without filial piety: A cross-cultural study on filial piety, the dark triad, and moral disengagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 738128–738128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.738128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, C., Cheng, X., Huang, Y., Xu, S., Liu, K., Tian, M., Liao, X., Zhou, X., Xiang, B., Lei, W., & Chen, J. (2022). Character strengths as protective factors against behavior problems in early adolescent. Psicologia, Reflexao e Critica : Revista Semestral Do Departamento de Psicologia Da UFRGS, 35(1), 16–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-022-00217-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Racelis, A. D. (2013). Developing a virtue ethics scale: Exploratory survey of Philippine managers. Asian Journal of Business and Accounting, 6(1), 15–37.
   Google Scholar
• Rahmat, M., Supriadi, U., & Fahrudin F. (2016). The development of sufistic ‘core’ character-based Quranic stories learning model in Islamic education for the improvement of the students’ behavior. Man in India, 96(12), 5099–5111.
   Google Scholar
• Raimundi, M. J., Molina, M. F., Schmidt, V., & Hernandez-Mendo, A. (2019). Family functioning profiles and character strengths in young elite athletes from Argentina. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1189949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramli, S., Wook, M., Ghazali, A., Ahmad, R., Mohd Zainudin, N., & Razali, N. A. M. (2020). Correlation between military character strengths and leaders of character in software development process among computer science students. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(10), 763–767. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2020.10.10.1455
   Google Scholar
• Ranjbar, H., Joolaee, S., Vedadhir, A., Abbaszadeh, A., & Bernstein, C. (2017). Becoming a nurse as a moral journey: A constructivist grounded theory. Nursing Ethics, 24(5), 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015620940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reverdito, R. S., Galatti, L. R., Strachan, L., Scaglia, A. J., & Paes, R. R. (2020). Coaching and continuity make a difference: Competence effects in a youth sport program. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(4), 1964–1971. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.04266
   Google Scholar
• Rosmiati, R., Mahmud, A., & Talib, S. B. (2016). The effectiveness of learning model of basic education with character-based at universitas Muslim Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 11(12), 5633–5643.
   Google Scholar
• Samsuddin, S. F., Omar, S. Z., & Shaffril, H. A. M. (2018). Youth development in rural library: ICT gratification as mediating effect. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, 23(2), 111–134. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol23no2.7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samsuddin, S. F., & Shaffril, H. A. M. (2019). ICT usage at rural libraries: Does positive youth development exist? Library Philosophy & Practice, 2019. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072872440&partnerID=40&md5=36c4a75121d007f612ec51e20b1bd3a5
   Google Scholar
• Saran, A., White, H., & Kuper, H. (2020). Evidence and gap map of studies assessing the effectiveness of interventions for people with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16(1), e1070. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1070
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saripudin, D., Komalasari, K., & Anggraini, D. N. (2021). Value-based digital storytelling learning media to foster student character. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 369–384. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14221a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarizadeh, M. S., Najafi, M., & Rezaei, A. M. (2020). The prediction of depression based on religious coping and the components of positive youth development in adolescents. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(2), 216–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1710123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkadi, D., Casmana, A. R., & Rahmawati, Y. (2020). Improved learning design for pre-service teacher in a character education course. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(1), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080126
   Google Scholar
• Scales, P. C. (2011). Youth developmental assets in global perspective: Results from international adaptations of the developmental assets profile. Child Indicators Research, 4(4), 619–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-011-9112-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., & The CONSORT Group. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Medicine, 8(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seale, J. P., Seale, D. M., Pande, Y., Lewis, T. M., Manda, W., Kasanga, L., Gibson, E. B., Hadfield, K., Ogoh, T., McGrath, R. E., & Harris, S. K. (2022). GROW Zambia: A pilot cluster-randomized trial of a spiritually-based character strengths training curriculum to enhance resilience among Zambian youth. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(4), 596–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1913640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvam, S. G. (2015). Character strengths in the context of Christian contemplative practice facilitating recovery from alcohol misuse: Two case studies. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 17(3), 190–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2015.1053302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanthakumari, R. S., Chandra, P. S., Riazantseva, E., & Stewart, D. E. (2014). ‘Difficulties come to humans and not trees and they need to be faced’: A study on resilience among Indian women experiencing intimate partner violence. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(7), 703–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764013513440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shek, D. T. L., Han, X. Y., Lee, T. Y., & Yu, L. (2014). Subjective outcome evaluation of a positive youth development program in China. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 13(2), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2014-0313
   Google Scholar
• Shek, D. T. L., Leung, K. H., Dou, D., & Zhu, X. (2022). Family functioning and adolescent delinquency in Mainland China: Positive youth development attributes as a mediator. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 883439–883439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shek, D. T. L., Yu, L., Sun, R. C. F., Lee, T. Y., Han, X. Y., Li, X. X., & Zhao, X. (2014). Objective outcome evaluation of a positive youth development program in China. Special Issue: Statistical Analyses in Human Development Research, 13(2), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2014-0311
   Google Scholar
• Shek, D. T. L., Zhao, L., Dou, D., Zhu, X., & Xiao, C. (2021). The impact of positive youth development attributes on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Chinese adolescents under COVID-19. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 68(4), 676–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shek, D. T. L., Zhu, X., Leung, J. T. Y., Lee, T. Y., & Wu, F. (2019). Evaluation of the project P.A.T.H.S. Mainland China: Findings Based on Student Diaries Research on Social Work Practice, 29(4), 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731517745994
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart, N. (1999). World philosophies. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, K. D., Smith, S. T., & Christopher, J. C. (2007). What defines the good person? Cross-cultural comparisons of experts’ models with lay prototypes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(3), 333–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107300279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokip, A., & Sulistyorini. (2019). Incurring Islamic values in character education for the secondary schools in Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity & Change, 7(3), 58–72.
   Google Scholar
• Supriyadi, E., Zamtinah, Z., Soenarto, S., & Hatmojo, Y. I. (2019). A character-based assessment model for vocational high schools. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 38(2), 269–280. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v38i2.24099
   Google Scholar
• Su, C., Sirgy, M. J., & Littlefield, J. E. (2003). Is guanxi orientation bad, ethically speaking? A study of Chinese enterprises. Journal of Business Ethics, 44(4), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023696619286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter, M., Perrin, P. B., Peralta, S. V., Stolfi, M. E., Morelli, E., Pena Obeso, L. A., & Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (2016). Beyond strain: Personal strengths and mental health of Mexican and Argentinean dementia caregivers. Journal of Transcultural Nursing: Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society, 27(4), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659615573081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syamsi, I., & Tahar, M. (2021). Local wisdom-based character education for special needs students in inclusive elementary schools. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(6), 3329–3342. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i6.6567
   Google Scholar
• Tadjuddin, N., Elfiah, R., Meriyati, M., Wekke, I. S., & Saregar, A. (2019). The interaction of children’s early moral development process through a holistic approach. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity & Change, 8(9), 126–142.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, H., Liu, Z., Wong, Y. J., Wang, S.-Y., Datu, J. A. D., Zhang, Z., & Xing, Q. (2022). The psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the encouragement character strength scale in selected undergraduate students and teachers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 105(3), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2022.2090368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theron, L., Liebenberg, L., & Malindi, M. (2014). When schooling experiences are respectful of children’s rights: A pathway to resilience. School Psychology International, 35(3), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723713503254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirrell, J. M., Gansert, P. K., Dowling, E. M., Williams, K., Iraheta, G., Lerner, J. V., King, P. E., Sim, A. T. R., & Lerner, R. M. (2021). Interrogating ergodicity and specificity in youth development programs in El Salvador. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirrell, J. M., Hay, S. W., Gansert, P. K., Le, T. U., O’Neil, B. C., Vaughn, J. M., Bishara, L., Tan, E., Lerner, J. V., King, P. E., Dowling, E. M., Williams, K., Iraheta, G., Sim, A. T. R., & Lerner, S. (2021). Exploring the role of the ‘big three’ features of effective youth development programs in El Salvador: The sample case of programs of compassion international. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 45(6), 524–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254211022858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zyl, L. E., Gaffaney, J., Van Der Vaart, L., Dik, B. J., & Donaldson, S. I. (2023). The critiques and criticisms of positive psychology: A systematic review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2178956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). Strengthening The Reporting Of Observational Studies In Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 335(7624), 806–808. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, L., & Ruch, W. (2015). Good character at school: Positive classroom behavior mediates the link between character strengths and school achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Fu, X., Zhang, L., & Kou, Y. (2015). The impacts of moral evaluations and descriptive norms on children’s and adolescents’ tolerance of transgression. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 9(2), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2015.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, M., Su, S., Li, X., & Lin, D. (2015). Positive youth development in rural China: The role of parental migration. Social Science & Medicine, 132, 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, M., Ye, Z., Lin, D., Wang, W., & Li, Z. (2022). Preliminary development of a multidimensional positive youth development scale for young rural and urban adolescents in China. Public Library of Science ONE, 17(7), e0270974–e0270974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270974
   Google Scholar
• Weziak-Bialowolska, D., McNeely, E., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019). Human flourishing in cross cultural settings. Evidence from the United States, China, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Mexico. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiium, N., Wreder, L. F., Chen, B.-B., & Dimitrova, R. (2019). Gender and positive youth development: Advancing sustainable development goals in Ghana. Special Issue: Sustainable Human Development: Challenges and Solutions for Implementing the United Nations’ Goals, 227(2), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000365
   Google Scholar
• World Bank Open Data. (n.d.). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved May 24, 2023, from https://data.worldbank.org
   Google Scholar
• Wu, A. M. S., Chen, J. H., Tong, K.-K., Yu, S., & Lau, J. T. F. (2018). Prevalence and associated factors of internet gaming disorder among community dwelling adults in Macao, China. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J. (2014). Becoming a moral child amidst China’s moral crisis: Preschool discourse and practices of sharing in shanghai. Ethos, 42(2), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yépez-Tito, P., Ferragut, M., Cóndor-Guerrón, S., & Blanca, M. J. (2022). Life satisfaction and character strenghs in Ecuatorian adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 15(2), 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09886-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, Z., Wen, M., Wang, W., & Lin, D. (2020). Subjective family socio-economic status, school social capital, and positive youth development among young adolescents in China: A multiple mediation model. International Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychologie, 55(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., Chotipanvithayakul, R., Wichaidit, W., & Cai, W. (2022). Effects of character strength-based intervention vs group counseling on post-traumatic growth, well-being, and depression among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Guangdong, China: A non-inferiority trial. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1517–1529. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S359073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yung, B., Yu, K.-P., Leung, B. Y. P., & Chun, J. (2021). Efficacy of border-crossing service-learning in empathy and moral development: Urban students in the rural developing world. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 25(1), 51–64.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, L., & Xie, D. (2021). Measuring virtues in Chinese culture: Development of a Chinese moral character questionnaire. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09745-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Duan, W., Tang, X., Gan, F., Wang, F., Wang, J., Guo, P., & Wang, Y. (2014). A preliminary investigation on the relationship between virtues and pathological internet use among Chinese adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 8(1), 8–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-8-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, S., Yang, L., Zhao, C., Shi, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Sun, T., & Cao, D. (2021). Contribution of character strengths to psychology stress. Sleep Quality, and Subjective Health Status in a Sample of Chinese Nurses Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 631459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631459
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Z., Shek, D. T. L., & Zhu, X. (2020). The importance of positive youth development attributes to life satisfaction and hopelessness in mainland Chinese adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 553313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.553313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Z., Shek, D. T. L., Zhu, X., & Dou, D. (2020). Positive youth development and adolescent depression: A longitudinal study based on Mainland Chinese high school students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, X., & Shek, D. T. L. (2020a). Impact of a positive youth development program on junior high school students in mainland China: A pioneer study. Children & Youth Services Review, 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, X., & Shek, D. T. L. (2020b). Predictive effect of positive youth development attributes on delinquency among adolescents in Mainland China. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 615900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.615900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubair, A., Kamal, A., & Artemeva, V. (2018). Gender differences in character strengths, social competence, and peer relations among Pakistani and Russian university students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 33(2), 607–626.
   Google Scholar
• Zurqoni, Z., Retnawati, H., Apino, E., & Anazifa, R. D. (2018). Impact of character education implementation: A goal-free evaluation. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 76(6), 881–899. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.881
   Google Scholar