Working with economically vulnerable women engaged in sex work: Collaborating with community stakeholders in Southern Uganda

References

• Argento, E., Reza-Paul, S., Lorway, R., Jain, J., Bhagya, M., Fathima, M., Sreeram, S. V., Hafeezur, R. S., & O’Neil J. (2011). Confronting structural violence in sex work: Lessons from a community-led HIV prevention project in Mysore, India. AIDS Care, 23(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.498868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnott, J., & Crago, A. L. (2009). Rights not rescue: A report on female, male, and trans sex workers’ human rights in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. Open Society Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Baptiste, D., Blachman, D., Cappella, E., Dew, D., Dixon, K., Bell, C. C., Coleman, D., Coleman, I., Leachman, B., McKinney, L., Paikoff, R. L., Wright, L., Madison-Boyd, S., & McKay, M. M. (2007). Transferring a university-led HIV/AIDS prevention initiative to a community agency. Social Work in Mental Health, 5(3–4), 269–293. https://doi.org/10.1300/J200v05n03_02
   Google Scholar
• Baral, S., Beyrer, C., Muessig, K., Poteat, T., Wirtz, A. L., Decker, M. R., Sherman, S. G, & Kerrigan, D. (2012). Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(7), 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70066-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boaz, A., Hanney, S., Borst, R., O’Shea, A., & Kok, M. (2018). How to engage stakeholders in research: Design principles to support improvement. Health Research Policy and Systems, 16(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0337-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brizay, U., Golob, L., Globerman, J., Gogolishvili, D., Bird, M., Rios-Ellis, B., Rourke, S. B., & Heidari, S. (2015). Community-academic partnerships in HIV-related research: A systematic literature review of theory and practice. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(1), 19354. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.19354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chersich, M. F., Bosire, W., King’ola, N., Temmerman, M., & Luchters, S. (2014). Effects of hazardous and harmful alcohol use on HIV incidence and sexual behaviour: A cohort study of Kenyan female sex workers. Globalization and Health, 10(22), 8603. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-22
   Google Scholar
• Chersich, M. F., Rees, H. V., Scorgie, F., & Martin, G. (2009). Enhancing global control of alcohol to reduce unsafe sex and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Globalization and Health, 5(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-5-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coetzee, J., Gray, G. E., & Jewkes, R. (2017). Prevalence and patterns of victimization and polyvictimization among female sex workers in Soweto, a South African township: A cross-sectional, respondent-driven sampling study. Global Health Action, 10(1), 1403815. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1403815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M. S. (1998). Sexually transmitted diseases enhance HIV transmission: No longer a hypothesis. The Lancet, 351(Suppl 3), S5–S7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)90002-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concannon, T. W., Fuster, M., Saunders, T., Patel, K., Wong, J. B., Leslie, L. K., & Lau, J. (2014). A systematic review of stakeholder engagement in comparative effectiveness and patient-centered outcomes research. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(12), 1692–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-2878-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concannon, T. W., Meissner, P., Grunbaum, J. A., McElwee, N., Guise, J. M., Santa, J., Conway, P. H., Daudelin, D., Morrato, E. H., & Leslie, L. K. (2012). A new taxonomy for stakeholder engagement in patient-centered outcomes research. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27(8), 985–991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2037-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbie-Smith, G., Isler, M. R., Miles, M. S., & Banks, B. (2012). Community-based HIV clinical trials: An integrated approach in underserved, rural, minority communities. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 6(2), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1353/cpr.2012.0023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cwikel, J. G., Lazer, T., Press, F., & Lazer, S. (2008). Sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers: An international review with an emphasis on hard-to-access populations. Sexual Health, 5(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1071/sh07024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dave, G., Frerichs, L., Jones, J., Kim, M., Schaal, J., Vassar, S., Varma, D., Striley, C., Ruktanonchai, C., Black, A., Hankins, J., Lovelady, N., Cene, C., Green, M., Young, T., Tiwari, S., Cheney, A., Cottler, L., Sullivan, G., Brown, A., Burke, J., & Corbie-Smith, G. (2018). Conceptualizing trust in community-academic research partnerships using concept mapping approach: A multi-CTSA study. Evaluation and Program Planning, 66, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2017.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, S., Blumberg, M., Vu, T., Zhao, Y., Rennie, S., & Tucker, J. D. (2018). Stakeholder engagement to inform HIV clinical trials: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(Suppl 7), e25174. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Decker, M. R., Crago, A. L., Chu, S. K., Sherman, S. G., Seshu, M. S., Buthelezi, K., Dhaliwal, M., & Beyrer, C. (2015). Human rights violations against sex workers: Burden and effect on HIV. The Lancet, 385(9963), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60800-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deering, K. N., Amin, A., Shoveller, J., Nesbitt, A., Garcia-Moreno, C., Duff, P., Argento, E., & Shannon, K. (2014). A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. American Journal of Public Health, 104(5), e42–e54. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Santis, J. (2008). Exploring the concepts of vulnerability and resilience in the context of HIV infection. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 22(4), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-7182.22.4.273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunkle, K. L., Beksinska, M. E., Rees, V. H., Ballard, R. C., Htun, Y., & Wilson, M. L. (2005). Risk factors for HIV infection among sex workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 16(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462053420220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Footer, K. H., Silberzahn, B. E., Tormohlen, K. N., & Sherman, S. G. (2016). Policing practices as a structural determinant for HIV among sex workers: A systematic review of empirical findings. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19(Suppl 3), 20883. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.4.20883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerassi, L., Edmond, T., & Nichols, A. (2017). Design strategies from sexual exploitation and sex work studies among women and girls: Methodological considerations in a hidden and vulnerable population. Action Research, 15(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750316630387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, S. M., Brouwer, K. C., Jimenez, T. R., Miranda, S. M., & Mindt, M. R. (2016). Enhancing the ethical conduct of HIV research with migrant sex workers: Human rights, policy, and social contextual influences. PloS One, 11(5), e0155048. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, S. M., Mindt, M. R., Jimenez, T. R., Brouwer, K. C., Miranda, S. M., & Fisher, C. B. (2015). Structural and interpersonal benefits and risks of participation in HIV research: Perspectives of female sex workers in Guatemala. Ethics & Behavior, 25(2), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2014.950270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, M. S., & Sanders Thompson, V. L. (2017). The science of stakeholder engagement in research: Classification, implementation, and evaluation. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 7(3), 486–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-017-0495-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hladik, W., Baughman, A. L., Serwadda, D., Tappero, J. W., Kwezi, R., Nakato, N. D., & Baker, J., (2017). Burden and characteristics of HIV infection among female sex workers in Kampala, Uganda – A respondent-driven sampling survey. BMC Public Health, 17(565), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4428-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holzer, J. K., Ellis, L., & Merritt, M. W. (2014). Why we need community engagement in medical research. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 62(6), 851–855. https://doi.org/10.1097/JIM.0000000000000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., Zhang, C., Li, X., Zhou, Y., & Guo, W. (2014). Female sex workers and their gatekeepers in China: Implications for HIV/STI prevention. Qualitative Health Research, 24(10), 1431–1439. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732314548597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagee, A., De Wet, A., Kafaar, Z., Lesch, A., Swartz, L., & Newman, P. A. (2020). Caveats and pitfalls associated with researching community engagement in the context of HIV vaccine trials. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317745367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. A., Heckman, T. G., Stevenson, L. Y., & Williams, P. N. (2000). Transfer of research-based HIV prevention interventions to community service providers: Fidelity and adaptation. AIDS Education and Prevention, 12, Supplement A, 87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, Y. R., Chu, C., Ananworanich, J., Excler, J. L., & Tucker, J. D. (2015). Stakeholder engagement in HIV cure research: Lessons learned from other HIV interventions and the way forward. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 29(7), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2014.0348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnani, R., Sabin, K., Saidel, T., & Heckathorn, D. (2005). Review of sampling hard-to-reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance. AIDS, 19(Suppl 2), S67–S72. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000172879.20628.e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhakhe, N. F., Grasso, M., Maleke, K., Struthers, H., Mcintyre, J., & Lane, T. (2018). The methodological and practical concerns of conducting an integrated bio-behavioural survey with female sex workers: Lessons from the field. East African Journal of Applied Health Monitoring and Evaluation, 2, 38–45.
   Google Scholar
• McKay, M. M., Bahar, O. S., & Ssewamala, F. M. (2020). Implementation science in global health settings: Collaborating with governmental & community partners in Uganda. Psychiatry Research, 283, 112585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, M., & Paikoff, R. (2007). Community collaborative partnerships: The foundation For HIV prevention research efforts in the United States and internationally. Haworth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mergenova, G., El-Bassel, N., McCrimmon, T., Terlikbayeva, A., Primbetova, S., Riedel, M., Kuskulov, A., Velez-Grau, C., & Witte, S. S. (2019). Project nova: A combination HIV prevention and microfinance intervention for women who engage in sex work and use drugs in Kazakhstan. AIDS and Behavior, 23(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2268-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikesell, L., Bromley, E., & Khodyakov, D. (2013). Ethical community-engaged research: A literature review. American Journal of Public Health, 103(12), e7–e14. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, C. N., & Ferguson, A. G. (2006). Estimation of the sexual transmission of HIV in Kenya and Uganda on the trans-Africa highway: The continuing role for prevention in high-risk groups. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82(5), 368–371. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.020933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, P. A., Rubincam, C., Slack, C., Essack, Z., Chakrapani, V., Chuang, D-M., Tepjan, S., Shunmugam, M., Roungprakhon, S., Logie, C., Koen, J., & Lindegger, G. (2015). Towards a science of community stakeholder engagement in biomedical HIV prevention trials: An embedded four-country case study. PloS One, 10(8), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIMH. (2015). NIMH policy governing the monitoring of clinical trials. Retrieved June 11, 2020, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/nimh-policy-governing-the-monitoring-of-clinical-trials.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Onyeneho, N. G. (2009). HIV/AIDS risk factors and economic empowerment needs of female sex workers in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 11(3), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v11i3.47698
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oransky, M., Fisher, C. B., Mahadevan, M., & Singer, M. (2009). Barriers and opportunities for recruitment for nonintervention studies on HIV risk: Perspectives of street drug users. Substance Use & Misuse, 44(11), 1642–1659. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802543671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto, R. M., Spector, A. Y., & Valera, P. A. (2011). Exploring group dynamics for integrating scientific and experiential knowledge in community advisory boards for HIV research. AIDS Care, 23(8), 1006–1013. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.542126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, E., Khoshnood, K., Blankenship, K. M., & Fisher, C. B. (2014). Confidentiality, privacy, and respect: Experiences of female sex workers participating in HIV research in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 9(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2014.9.1.19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remple, V. P., Johnston, C., Patrick, D. M., Tyndall, M. W., & Jolly, A. M. (2007). Conducting HIV/AIDS research with indoor commercial sex workers: Reaching a hidden population. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 1(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1353/cpr.2007.0011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rennie, S., & Sugarman, J. (2010). Developing ethics guidance for HIV prevention research: The HIV Prevention Trials network approach. Journal of Medical Ethics, 36(12), 810–815. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2010.035444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, M. L., Chersich, M. F., Scorgie, F., Luchters, S., Temmerman, M., & Steen, R. (2010). Sex work and the 2010 FIFA world Cup: Time for public health imperatives to prevail. Globalization and Health, 6(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-6-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scorgie, F., Chersich, M. F., Ntaganira, I., Gerbase, A., Lule, F., & Lo, Y. R. (2012). Socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors of female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. AIDS and Behavior, 16(4), 920–933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-9985-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, J., Tumwekwase, G., & Grosskurth, H. (2009). Fishing for a living but catching HIV: AIDS and changing patterns of the organization of work in fisheries in Uganda. Anthropology of Work Review, 30(2), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1417.2009.01022.x
   Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., Strathdee, S. A., Goldenberg, S. M., Duff, P., Mwangi, P., Rusakova, M., Reza-Paul, S., Lau, J., Deering, K., Pickles, M. R., & Boily, M.-C. (2015). Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: Influence of structural determinants. The Lancet, 385(9962), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60931-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, F. M. (2005). Sex work research: Methodological and ethical challenges. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(3), 296–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504274340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simić, M., & Rhodes, T. (2009). Violence, dignity and HIV vulnerability: Street sex work in Serbia. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01112.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, S. (2017). Ethical and safety issues in doing sex work research: Reflections from a field-based ethnographic study in Kolkata, India. Qualitative Health Research, 27(6), 893–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316669338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ssembatya, J. L., Kagaayi, J., Ssemanda, J. B., Kairania, R., Kato, E., & Nalubega, I. (2015). Interventions for commercial sexual workers: Lessons and challenges from Rakai, Uganda. In Proceedings of the 8th AIS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
   Google Scholar
• Ssewamala, F. M., Alicea, S., Bannon, W. M., & Ismayilova, L. (2008). A novel economic intervention to reduce HIV risks among school-going AIDS orphans in rural Uganda. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(1), 102–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ssewamala, F. M., Bermudez, L. G., Neilands, T. B., Mellins, C. A., McKay, M. M., Garfinkel, I., Sensoy Bahar, O., Nakigozi, G., Mukasa, M., Stark, L., Damulira, C., Nattabi, J., & Kivumbi, A. (2018). Suubi4Her: A study protocol to examine the impact and cost associated with a combination intervention to prevent HIV risk behavior and improve mental health functioning among adolescent girls in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 18(693), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5604-5
   Google Scholar
• Ssewamala, F. M., & Ismayilova, L. (2008). Faith-based institutions as project implementers: An innovative economic empowerment intervention for care and support of AIDS-orphaned and vulnerable children in rural Uganda. In P. Joshi, S. Hawkins, & J. Novey (Eds.), Innovations in effective compassion: Compendium of research papers for the White House FBO conference (pp. 213–235). US Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Ssewamala, F. M., Sensoy Bahar, O., Tozan, Y., Nabunya, P., Mayo-Wilson, L. J., Kiyingi, J., Kagaayi, J., Bellamy, S., McKay, M. M., & Witte, S. S. (2019). A combination intervention addressing sexual risk-taking behaviors among vulnerable women in Uganda: Study protocol for a cluster randomized clinical trial. BMC Women’s Health, 19(111), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0807-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strathdee, S. A., Philbin, M. M., Semple, S. J., Pu, M., Orozovich, P., Martinez, G., Lozada, R., Fraga, M., de la Torre, A., Staines, H., Magis-Rodríguez, C., & Patterson, T. L. (2008). Correlates of injection drug use among female sex workers in two Mexico-U.S. Border cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1–3), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozan, Y., Sun, S., Capasso, A., Shu-Huah Wang, J., Neilands, T. B., Bahar, O. S., Damulira, C., Ssewamala, F. M., & Doran, C. M. (2019). Evaluation of a savings-led family-based economic empowerment intervention for AIDS-affected adolescents in Uganda: A four-year follow-up on efficacy and cost-effectiveness. PloS One, 14(12), e0226809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, L. C., Witte, S. S., Aira, T., Altantsetseg, B., & Riedel, M. (2011). Piloting a savings-led microfinance intervention with women engaging in sex work in Mongolia: Further innovation for HIV risk reduction. The Open Women’s Health Journal, 5(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874291201105010026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Udoh, I. A., Mantell, J. E., Sandfort, T., & Eighmy, M. A. (2009). Potential pathways to HIV/AIDS transmission in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: Poverty, migration and commercial sex. AIDS Care, 21(5), 567–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120802301840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uganda AIDS Commission (UAC). (2019). Uganda country progress report. July 2017-June 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2020 from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/UGA_2019_countryreport.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Uganda AIDS Commission (UAC). (2020). Facts on HIV and AIDS in Uganda 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https://uac.go.ug/sites/default/files/Reports/202020FACT20SHEET.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Uganda Ministry of Health. (2005). Uganda National Policy guidelines on HIV counselling and testing. Retrieved June 12, 2020, from https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/uganda_art.pdf?ua=1.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2011). Good participatory practice guidelines for biomedical HIV prevention trials 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2020, from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC1853_GPP_Guidelines_2011_en_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2018). Miles to go–closing gaps, breaking barriers, righting injustices. Retrieved June 8, 2020, from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/miles-to-go_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2019). UNAIDS DATA 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2020, from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2019-UNAIDS-data_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Uusküla, A., Johnston, L. G., Raag, M., Trummal, A., Talu, A., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (2010). Evaluating recruitment among female sex workers and injecting drug users at risk for HIV using respondent-driven sampling in Estonia. Journal of Urban Health, 87(2), 304–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-009-9427-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandepitte, J., Bukenya, J., Weiss, H. A., Nakubulwa, S., Francis, S. C., Hughes, P., Hayes, R., & Grosskurth, H. (2011). HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in Kampala, Uganda. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38(4), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182099545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Meulen, E. (2011). Action research with sex workers: Dismantling barriers and building bridges. Action Research, 9(4), 370–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750311409767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Hawes, S. E., Gaye, A., Sow, P. S., Ndoye, I., Manhart, L. E., Wald, A., Critchlow, C. W., & Kiviat, N. B. (2007). HIV prevalence, previous HIV testing, and condom use with clients and regular partners among Senegalese commercial sex workers. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83(7), 534–540. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2007.027151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayal, S., Copas, A., Cowan, F., Patel, V., Mabey, D., & Shahmanesh, M. (2008). Respondent-driven sampling technique to study prevalence of STI and HIV among female sex workers in Goa, India: Experiences from field. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12, e186–e187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsberg, W. M., El-Bassel, N., Carney, T., Browne, F. A., Myers, B., & Zule, W. A. (2015). Adapting an evidence-based HIV behavioral intervention for South African couples. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-015-0005-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilkins, C. H. (2018). Effective engagement requires trust and being trustworthy. Medical Care, 56(Suppl 1), S6–S8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000953
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witte, S. S., Aira, T., Tsai, L. C., Riedel, M., Offringa, R., Chang, M., El-Bassel, N., & Ssewamala, F. (2015). Efficacy of a savings-led microfinance intervention to reduce sexual risk for HIV among women engaged in sex work: A randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), e95–e102. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodsong, C., Mutsambi, J. M., Ntshele, S., & Modikoe, P. (2014). Community and research staff collaboration for development of materials to inform microbicide study participants in Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17(Suppl 2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.3.19156
   Google Scholar