Interferon β-1a and β-1b for patients with multiple sclerosis: updates to current knowledge

References

• Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83(3):278–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zettl UK, Stuve O, Patejdl R. Immune-mediated CNS diseases: a review on nosological classification and clinical features. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(3):167–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comi G, De Stefano N, Freedman MS, et al. Comparison of two dosing frequencies of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with a first clinical demyelinating event suggestive of multiple sclerosis (REFLEX): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(1):33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol. 1983;13(3):227–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):292–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA. 2017 proposed revisions to the McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2017;23(3_suppl):8–84.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhle J, Disanto G, Dobson R, et al. Conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis: a large multicentre study. Mult Scler. 2015;21(8):1013–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA, Rae-Grant A, editors. Handbook of multiple sclerosis. London: Springer Healthcare; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hecker M, Hartmann C, Kandulski O, et al. Interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis: the short-term and long-term effects on the patients’ individual gene expression in peripheral blood. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;48(3):737–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhib-Jalbut S, Marks S. Interferon-beta mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2010;74(Suppl 1):S17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse D, Sellebjerg F, Sorensen PS. Absence of MxA induction by interferon beta in patients with MS reflects complete loss of bioactivity. Neurology. 2009;73(5):372–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goertsches RH, Zettl UK, Hecker M. Sieving treatment biomarkers from blood gene-expression profiles: a pharmacogenomic update on two types of multiple sclerosis therapy. Pharmacogenomics. 2011;12(3):423–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tough DF. Modulation of T-cell function by type I interferon. Immunol Cell Biol. 2012;90(5):492–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandinger KP, Sturzebecher CS, Bielekova B, et al. Complex immunomodulatory effects of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis include the upregulation of T helper 1-associated marker genes. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(3):349–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals. Betaseron®. FDA Prescribing Information. 2016. [cited 2016 May 10]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/103471s5157lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer Plc. Betaferon®. EMA summary of product characteristics. 2015. [cited 2016 May 10]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/1809
   Google Scholar
• Merck Serono. Rebif®. EMA summary of product characteristics. 2015. [cited 2016 Feb 05]. Available from: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/22392
   Google Scholar
• EMD Serono. Rebif®. FDA Prescribing Information. 2015. [cited 2016 May 10]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/103780s5194lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Biogen Idec Ltd. Avonex®. EMA Summary of Product Characteristics. 2016. [cited 2016 May 10]. Available from: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/257
   Google Scholar
• Biogen Idec Ltd. Avonex®. FDA Prescribing Information. 2015. [cited 2016 May 10]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/103628s5258lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Biogen Idec Ltd. Plegridy®. EMA Summary of Product Characteristics. 2016. [cited 2016 May 10]. Available from: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/29370
   Google Scholar
• Biogen Idec Ltd. Plegridy®. FDA Prescribing Information. 2015. [cited 2016 May 10]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125499s009lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Neuhaus O, Kieseier BC, Hartung HP. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the interferon-betas, glatiramer acetate, and mitoxantrone in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2007;259(1–2):27–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilli F, Marnetto F, Caldano M, et al. Biological responsiveness to first injections of interferon-beta in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2005;158(1–2):195–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagawa Y, Takasaki S, Utsumi J, et al. Comparative study of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of natural human interferon-beta 1 and recombinant human interferon-beta 1 produced by three different mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(33):17508–17515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runkel L, Meier W, Pepinsky RB, et al. Structural and functional differences between glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms of human interferon-beta (IFN-beta). Pharm Res. 1998;15(4):641–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark DF, Lu SD, Creasey AA, et al. Site-specific mutagenesis of the human fibroblast interferon gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984;81(18):5662–5666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meager A, Das RG. Biological standardization of human interferon beta: establishment of a replacement world health organization international biological standard for human glycosylated interferon beta. J Immunol Methods. 2005;306(1–2):1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uitdehaag BM, Barkhof F, Coyle PK, et al. The changing face of multiple sclerosis clinical trial populations. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27(8):1529–1537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle P, Fang J, Hassan A, et al. No evident disease activity at 24 weeks in patients with relapsing MS treated with interferon β-1a SC vs. interferon β-1a IM in the EVIDENCE study (P102). Mult Scler J. 2014 20;113(1 suppl):67–284.
   Google Scholar
• Hartung HP, Aktas O. Evolution of multiple sclerosis treatment: next generation therapies meet next generation efficacy criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(4):293–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannoni G, Turner B, Gnanapavan S, et al. Is it time to target no evident disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4(4):329–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomised study. Lancet. 2001;357(9268):1576–1582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):898–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2006;67(7):1242–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stefano N, Comi G, Kappos L, et al. Efficacy of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a on MRI outcomes in a randomised controlled trial of patients with clinically isolated syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(6):647–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman MS, Comi G, De Stefano N, et al. Moving toward earlier treatment of multiple sclerosis: findings from a decade of clinical trials and implications for clinical practice. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2014;3(2):147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the McDonald Criteria. Ann Neurol. 2005;58(6):840–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comi G, De Stefano N, Freedman MS, et al. Subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in the treatment of clinically isolated syndromes: 3-year and 5-year results of the phase III dosing frequency-blind multicentre REFLEXION study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(4):285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 1993;43(4):655–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paty DW, Li DK. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology. 1993;43(4):662–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durelli L, Verdun E, Barbero P, et al. Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet. 2002;359(9316):1453–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwid SR, Panitch HS. Full results of the evidence of interferon dose-response-European North American Comparative Efficacy (EVIDENCE) study: a multicenter, randomized, assessor-blinded comparison of low-dose weekly versus high-dose, high-frequency interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther. 2007;29(9):2031–2048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panitch H, Goodin D, Francis G, et al. Benefits of high-dose, high-frequency interferon beta-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis are sustained to 16 months: final comparative results of the EVIDENCE trial. J Neurol Sci. 2005;239(1):67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRISMS Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9139):1498–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRISMS Study Group. PRISMS-4: long-term efficacy of interferon-beta-1a in relapsing MS. Neurology. 2001;56(12):1628–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappos L, Kuhle J, Multanen J, et al. Factors influencing long-term outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: PRISMS-15. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(11):1202–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uitdehaag B, Constantinescu C, Cornelisse P, et al. Impact of exposure to interferon beta-1a on outcomes in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: exploratory analyses from the PRISMS long-term follow-up study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2011;4(1):3–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biogen Idec Ltd. Long-term safety and efficacy study of peginterferon beta-1a (ATTAIN). NCT01332019. 2016. [cited 2016 Jan 25]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01332019
   Google Scholar
• Calabresi PA, Kieseier BC, Arnold DL, et al. Pegylated interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(7):657–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieseier BC, Arnold DL, Balcer LJ, et al. Peginterferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis: 2-year results from ADVANCE. Mult Scler. 2015;21(8):1025–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenembaum SN, Banwell B, Pohl D, et al. Subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study. J Child Neurol. 2013;28(7):849–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor P, Filippi M, Arnason B, et al. 250 microg or 500 microg interferon beta-1b versus 20 mg glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(10):889–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPECTRIMS Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of interferon- beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: clinical results. Neurology. 2001;56(11):1496–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Study Group on Interferon-1b in Secondary Progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Lancet. 1998;352(9139):1491–1497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The North American Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS. Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: results from a 3-year controlled study. Neurology. 2004;63(10):1788–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sormani MP, Giovannoni G. Therapeutic lag: is treatment effect delayed in progressive MS? (Abstract: 215). Mult Scler J. 2016 22;77(3_suppl):7–87.
   Google Scholar
• Citrome L. Compelling or irrelevant? Using number needed to treat can help decide. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;117(6):412–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milo R. Effectiveness of multiple sclerosis treatment with current immunomodulatory drugs. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(5):659–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes D, Alves C, Batel-Marques F. Benefit-risk of therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: testing the number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB), number needed to treat to harm (NNTH) and the likelihood to be helped or harmed (LHH): a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(10):909–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology. 1993;43(4):662–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol. 1996;39(3):285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRISMS Study Group. Magnetic resonance imaging results of the PRISMS trial: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon-beta1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Prevention of relapses and disability by interferon-beta1a subcutaneously in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(2):197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles AJ, Twyman CL, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9856):1829–1839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9856):1819–1828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappos L, Wiendl H, Selmaj K, et al. Daclizumab HYP versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(15):1418–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappos L, Radue EW, O’Connor P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(5):387–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor P, Wolinsky JS, Confavreux C, et al. Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(14):1293–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(12):1098–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman CH, O’Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(9):899–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabresi PA, Radue EW, Goodin D, et al. Safety and efficacy of fingolimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (FREEDOMS II): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):545–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. New England J Med. 2012;367(12):1087–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonetti F, Finocchiaro O, Mascia M, et al. A comparison of the biologic activity of two recombinant IFN-beta preparations used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002;22(12):1181–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegen H, Auer M, Deisenhammer F. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon-beta. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11(12):1803–1819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wencel-Warot A, Michalak S, Warot M, et al. The cross-reactivity of binding antibodies with different interferon beta formulations used as disease-modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis patients. Medicine. 2016;95(45):e5337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundkvist Ryner M, Farrell RA, Fogdell-Hahn A. The case for measuring anti-drug antibodies in people with multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014;10(6):697–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossberg SE, Oger J, Grossberg LD, et al. Frequency and magnitude of interferon beta neutralizing antibodies in the evaluation of interferon beta immunogenicity in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011;31(3):337–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link J, Ramanujam R, Auer M, et al. Clinical practice of analysis of anti-drug antibodies against interferon beta and natalizumab in multiple sclerosis patients in Europe: a descriptive study of test results. PloS One. 2017;12(2):e0170395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachelet D, Hassler S, Mbogning C, et al. Occurrence of anti-drug antibodies against interferon-beta and natalizumab in multiple sclerosis: a collaborative cohort analysis. PloS One. 2016;11(11):e0162752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannoni G, Munschauer FE 3rd, Deisenhammer F. Neutralising antibodies to interferon beta during the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(5):465–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos R, Weinstock-Guttman B, Tamano-Blanco M, et al. Dynamics of interferon-beta modulated mRNA biomarkers in multiple sclerosis patients with anti-interferon-beta neutralizing antibodies. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;176(1–2):125–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capra R, Sottini A, Cordioli C, et al. IFNbeta bioavailability in multiple sclerosis patients: mxA versus antibody-detecting assays. J Neuroimmunol. 2007;189(1–2):102–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegen H, Millonig A, Bertolotto A, et al. Early detection of neutralizing antibodies to interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis patients: binding antibodies predict neutralizing antibody development. Mult Scler. 2014;20(5):577–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen PS, Deisenhammer F, Duda P, et al. Guidelines on use of anti-IFN-beta antibody measurements in multiple sclerosis: report of an EFNS task force on IFN-beta antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12(11):817–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilli F, Valentino P, Caldano M, et al. Expression and regulation of IFNalpha/beta receptor in IFNbeta-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2008;71(24):1940–1947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uze G, Lutfalla G, Mogensen KE. Alpha and beta interferons and their receptor and their friends and relations. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1995;15(1):3–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orpez-Zafra T, Pavia J, Hurtado-Guerrero I, et al. Decreased soluble IFN-beta receptor (sIFNAR2) in multiple sclerosis patients: A potential serum diagnostic biomarker. Mult Scler. 2017;23(7):937–945.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorensen PS. Can we spot the IFNbeta nonresponders? Neurology. 1936–1937;71(24):2008.
   Google Scholar
• Hundeshagen A, Hecker M, Paap BK, et al. Elevated type I interferon-like activity in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients: molecular basis and clinical relevance. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killestein J, Polman CH. Determinants of interferon beta efficacy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nature reviews. Neurology. 2011;7(4):221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goertsches RH, Hecker M, Zettl UK. Monitoring of multiple sclerosis immunotherapy from single candidates to biomarker networks. J Neurol. 2008;255:48–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber JJ, Dhib-Jalbut S. Biomarkers of interferon beta therapy in multiple sclerosis. J Interf Cytok Res. 2014;34(8):600–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axtell RC, de Jong BA, Boniface K, et al. T helper type 1 and 17 cells determine efficacy of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis and experimental encephalomyelitis. Nat Med. 2010;16(4):406–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartung HP, Steinman L, Goodin DS, et al. Interleukin 17F level and interferon beta response in patients with multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurology. 2013;70(8):1017–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aktas O, Schulze-Topphoff U, Zipp F. The role of TRAIL/TRAIL receptors in central nervous system pathology. Front Biosci. 2007;12:2912–2921.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopez-Gomez C, Pino-Angeles A, Orpez-Zafra T, et al. Candidate gene study of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors: association with response to interferon beta therapy in multiple sclerosis patients. PloS One. 2013;8(4):e62540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martire S, Navone ND, Montarolo F, et al. A gene expression study denies the ability of 25 candidate biomarkers to predict the interferon-beta treatment response in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol. 2016;292:34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailon P, Won CY. PEG-modified biopharmaceuticals. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2009;6(1):1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Miller L, Richman S, et al. A novel PEGylated interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: safety, pharmacology, and biology. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52(6):798–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White JT, Newsome SD, Kieseier BC, et al. Incidence, characterization, and clinical impact analysis of peginterferon beta1a immunogenicity in patients with multiple sclerosis in the ADVANCE trial. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2016;9(4):239–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devonshire VA, Verdun di Cantogno E. Review of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a, delivered via the electronic self-injection device RebiSmart, for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Ther Deliv. 2011;2(11):1455–1465.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayas A, Ouallet JC, Kallmann B, et al. Adherence to, and effectiveness of, subcutaneous interferon beta-1a administered by RebiSmart(R) in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: results of the 1-year, observational SMART study. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2015;12(8):1239–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupperts R, Becker V, Friedrich J, et al. Multiple sclerosis patients treated with intramuscular IFN-beta-1a autoinjector in a real-world setting: prospective evaluation of treatment persistence, adherence, quality of life and satisfaction. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2015;12(1):15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panitch H, Goodin DS, Francis G, et al. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: the EVIDENCE trial. Neurology. 2002;59(10):1496–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurwitz BJ, Jeffery D, Arnason B, et al. Tolerability and safety profile of 12- to 28-week treatment with interferon beta-1b 250 and 500 microg QOD in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group pilot study. Clin Ther. 2008;30(6):1102–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg-Wollheim M, Bever C, Carter J, et al. Comparative tolerance of IFN beta-1a regimens in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The EVIDENCE study. J Neurol. 2005;252(1):8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt D, Kavanagh D, Drummond I, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with interferon beta. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1270–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann HC, Kruger K, Fink GR, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after interferon beta-1a monotherapy. J Neurol. 2015;262(3):771–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle PK, Sinclair SM, Scheuerle AE, et al. Final results from the Betaseron (interferon beta-1b) Pregnancy Registry: a prospective observational study of birth defects and pregnancy-related adverse events. BMJ Open. 2014;4(5):e004536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INC Research, Bayer Plc. Betaseron® Pregnancy Registry. NCT00317564. 2013. [cited 2017 Jan 06]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00317564
   Google Scholar
• Biogen Idec Ltd. Pregnancy exposure registry for Avonex® (Interferon Beta-1a). NCT00168714. 2014. [cited 2017 Jan 06]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00168714
   Google Scholar
• EMD Serono. Pfizer. Rebif® Pregnancy Registry. NCT00338741. 2013. [cited 2017 Jan 06]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00338741
   Google Scholar
• Houtchens MK, Kolb CM. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: therapeutic considerations. J Neurol. 2013;260(5):1202–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero RS, Lunzmann C, Bugge JP. Pregnancy outcomes in patients exposed to interferon beta-1b. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(5):587–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg-Wollheim M, Alteri E, Moraga MS, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in multiple sclerosis following subcutaneous interferon beta-1a therapy. Mult Scler. 2011;17(4):423–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg-Wollheim M, Frank D, Goodwin TM, et al. Pregnancy outcomes during treatment with interferon beta-1a in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;65(6):802–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel S, Langer-Gould A, Rockhoff M, et al. Interferon-beta exposure during first trimester is safe in women with multiple sclerosis-A prospective cohort study from the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry. Mult Scler. 2016;22(6):801–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridel C, Lalive PH. Update on multiple sclerosis treatments. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w14012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laroni A, Signori A, Maniscalco GT, et al. Assessing association of comorbidities with treatment choice and persistence in ms: a real-life multicenter study. Neurology. 2017;89(22):2222–2229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar