Age and growth of the crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

References

• Akaike H. 1973. Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Petrov BN, Csaksi F, editors. 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado; p. 199–213.
   Google Scholar
• Ardizzone D, Cailliet GM, Natanson LJ, Andrews AH, Kerr LA, Brown TA. 2006. Application of bomb radiocarbon chronologies to shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) age validation. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 77:355–366. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9106-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Fisheries Management Authority. 2014. AFMA submission for Reassessment of the Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery 2014. Canberra: Australian Government.
   Google Scholar
• Beamish RJ, Fournier DA. 1981. A method for comparing the precision of a set of age determinations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 38(8):982–983. doi:10.1139/f81-132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beverton RJH. 1954. Notes on the use of theoretical models in the study of the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Beaufort: US Fishery Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop SDH, Francis MP, Duffy C, Montgomery JC. 2006. Age, growth, maturity longevity and natural mortality of the shortfin shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) in New Zealand waters. Marine and Freshwater Research. 57:143–154. doi:10.1071/MF05077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branstetter S, Musick JA. 1994. Age and growth estimates for the sand tiger in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 123(2):242–254. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0242:AAGEFT>2.3.CO;20242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham KP, Anderson DR. 2002. Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 66(3):912–918. doi:10.2307/3803155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cailliet GM, Goldman KJ. 2004. Age determination and validation in chondrichthyan fishes. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR, editors. Biology of sharks and their relatives. Boca Raton: CRC Press; p. 399–447.
   Google Scholar
• Cailliet GM, Martin LK, Harvey JT, Kusher D, Welden BA. 1983. Preliminary studies on the age and growth of blue (Prionace glauca), common thresher (Alopias vulpinus), and shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), sharks from California waters. In: Prince ED, Pulos LM, editors. Proceedings of the international workshop on age determination of oceanic pelagic fishes: tunas, billfishes, and sharks. USDOC Tech. Rep. NMFS 8. p. 179–188.
   Google Scholar
• Cailliet GM, Mollet HF, Pittenger GG, Bedford D, Natanson LJ. 1992. Growth and demography of the Pacific angel shark (Squatina californica), based upon tag returns off California. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 43(5):1313–1330. doi:10.1071/MF9921313.
   Google Scholar
• Cailliet GM, Radtke RL, Welden BA. 1986. Elasmobranch age determination and verification: a review. In: Uyeno T, Arai R, Taniuchi T, Matsuura K, editors. Indo-Pacific Fish Biology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Indo-Pacific Fishes. Tokyo: Ichthyological Society of Japan; p. 345–359.
   Google Scholar
• Cailliet GM, Smith WD, Mollet HF, Goldman KJ. 2006. Age and growth studies of Chondrichthyan fishes: the need for consistency in terminology, verification, validation, and growth function fitting. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 77:211–228. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9105-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle-Morán MD, Aragón-Noriega EA. 2023. Reproductive biology of the crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, in the Ecuadorian Pacific Ocean. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 66:103135. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2023.103135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle-Morán MD, Hernández-Téllez AR, Tibán-Vivar ER, Intriago-Vera YE, Del Valle-Coello IG, Loor-Jama BC, Ganchozo-López AR. 2022. Diet composition and feeding habits of the crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 105:685–697. doi:10.1007/s10641-022-01277-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camhi M, Fowler S, Musick J, Bräutigam A, Fordham S. 1998. Sharks and their relatives: ecology and conservation. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Paper No. 20. Oxford: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Campana SE. 2001. Accuracy, precision, and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods. Journal of Fish Biology. 59:197–242. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00127.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campana SE. 2014. Age determination of elasmobranchs, with special reference to Mediterranean species: a technical manual. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Campana SE, Annand MC, McMillan JI. 1995. Graphical and statistical methods for determining the consistency of age determinations. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124(1):131–138. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0131:GASMFD>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celis-De la Rosa AJ, Labrada-Martagón V. 2014. Bioestadística. 3° edición. Ciudad de México: El Manual Moderno.
   Google Scholar
• Chang WYB. 1982. A statistical method for evaluating the reproducibility of age determination. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 39(8):1208–1210. doi:10.1139/f82-158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CT, Liu KM, Chang YC. 1997. Reproductive biology of the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839) (Chondrichthyes: Alopiidae), in the northwestern Pacific. Ichthyological Research. 44:227–235. doi:10.1007/BF02678702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Jackson DA, Harvey HH. 1992. A comparison of von Bertalanffy and polynomial function in modeling fish growth data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 49:1228–1235. doi:10.1139/f92-138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coello D, Herrera M. 2018. Desembarques de tiburones en las pesquerías artesanales del Ecuador durante el 2012. Revista Científica de Científicas Naturales y Ambientales. 12(1):1–8. doi:10.53591/cna.v12i1.269.
   Google Scholar
• Compagno LJV. 2001. Sharks of the world. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the shark species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue for Fisheries Purposes No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Compagno LJV, Dando M, Fowler SL. 2005. A field guide to the sharks of the world. London: Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Cortés E. 1997. Demographic analysis as an aid in shark stock assessment and management. Fishery Research. 39(2):199–208. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00183-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortés E. 2000. Life history patterns and correlations in sharks. Reviews in Fisheries Science. 8:299–344. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00183-0.
   Google Scholar
• Dai XK, Zhu JF, Chen XJ, Xu LX, Chen Y. 2012. Biological observations on the crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai). Journal of Fish Biology. 80(5):1207–1212. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03177.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel WW. 1991. Bioestadística, base para el análisis de las Ciencias de la Salud. 4 edición. Ciudad de México: Limusa.
   Google Scholar
• Drew M, White WT, Dharmadi HA, Huveneers C. 2015. Age, growth and maturity of the pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus), and the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini). Journal of Fish Biology. 86(1):333–354. doi:10.1111/jfb.12586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebert DA. 2016. Deep–sea cartilaginous fishes of the Southeastern Pacific Ocean. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 10. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt NM. 1981. Curso sobre Métodos en Dinámica de Poblaciones. Primera parte: estimación de parámetros poblacionales. Ciudad de México: FAO-INP.
   Google Scholar
• Everhart WH, Youngs WD. 1981. Principles of fishery science. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fabens AJ. 1965. Properties and fitting of the von Bertalanffy growth curve. Growth. 29(3):265–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flammang K, Ebert D, Cailliet G. 2008. Reproductive biology of deep-sea catsharks (Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinidae) in the Eastern North Pacific. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 81:35–49. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9162-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis MP, Campana SE, Jones CM. 2007. Age underestimation in New Zealand porbeagle sharks (Lamna nasus): is there an upper limit to ages that can be determined from shark vertebrae? Marine and Freshwater Research. 58:10–23. doi:10.1071/MF06069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis RICC. 1990. Back-calculation of fish length: a critical review. Journal of Fish Biology. 36(6):883–902. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05636.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita K. 1981. Oviphagous embryos of the pseudocarchariid shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) from the central Pacific. Journal of Icthyology. 28:37–44. doi:10.11369/jji1950.28.37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervelis BJ, Natanson LJ. 2013. Age and growth of the common thresher shark in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 142(6):1535–1545. doi:10.1080/00028487.2013.815658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman KJ. 2005. Age and growth of elasmobranch fishes. In: Musick JA, Bonfil R, editors. Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 474. Rome: FAO; p. 96–132.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman KJ, Branstetter S, Musick JA. 2006. A re-examination of the age and growth of sand tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus) in the western North Atlantic: the importance of ageing protocols and use of multiple back-calculation techniques. Environmental Biology Fishes. 77:241–252. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9128-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman KJ, Musick JA. 2006. Growth and maturity of salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) in the Eastern and Western North Pacific, and comments on back-calculation methods. Fishery Bulletin. 104:278–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gompertz B. 1825. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 115(1825):513–585. doi:10.1098/rspl.1815.0271.
   Google Scholar
• Helfman GS, Collete BB, Facey DE, Bowen BW. 2009. The diversity of the fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hoenig JM, Gruber SH. 1990. Life-history patterns in the elasmobranchs: implications for fisheries management. In: Pratt HL, Gruber SH, Taniuchi T, editors. Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in biology, ecology, systematics and status of the fisheries. Technical Report No. 90. Honolulu: NOAA NMFS; p. 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Holden MJ, Raitt DFS. 1975. Manual de Ciencias Pesqueras, métodos para investigar los recursos y su aplicación. Parte 2. Roma: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu HH, Joung SJ, Hueter RE, Liu KM. 2014. Age and growth of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) in the Northwestern Pacific. Marine and Freswater Research. 65(12):1145–1154. doi:10.1071/MF13330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura DM. 1980. Likelihood methods for the Von Bertalanffy growth curve. Fishery Bulletin. 77(4):765–776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kindong R, Wang H, Wu F, Dai X, Tian S. 2020. Age, growth, and sexual maturity of the crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science. 7:586024. doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.586024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney MJ, Wells RJD, Kohin S. 2016. Oxytetracycline age validation of an adult shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, after 6 years at liberty. Journal of Fish Biology. 89:1828–1833. doi:10.1111/jfb.13044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneebone J, Natanson LJ, Andrews AH, Howell WH. 2008. Using bomb radiocarbon analyses to validate age and growth estimates for the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) in the western North Atlantic. Marine Biology. 154:423–434. doi:10.1007/s00227-008-0934-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusher DI, Smith SE, Cailliet GM. 1992. Validated age and growth of the leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) from central California. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 35:187–203. doi:10.1007/BF00002193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyne PM, Romanov E, Barreto R, Carlson J, Fernando D, Fordham S, Francis MP, Jabado RW, Liu KM, Marshall A, et al. 2019. Pseudocarcharias kamoharai. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [accessed 2022 Oct 23]. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39337/171964644/.
   Google Scholar
• LaMarca MJ. 1966. A simple technique for demonstrating calcified annuli in the vertebrae of large elasmobranchs. Copeia. 1966(2):351–352. doi:10.2307/1441147.
   Google Scholar
• Lessa R, Andrade HA, De Lima KL, Santana FM. 2015. Age and growth of the midwater crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai). Journal of Fish Biology. 89:1–15. doi:10.1111/jfb.12717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessa R, Santana FM, Duarte-Neto P. 2006. A critical appraisal of marginal increment analysis for assessing temporal periodicity in band formation among tropical sharks. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 77:309–315. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9111-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu KM, Chen CT, Liao T, Joung S. 1999. Age, growth, and reproduction of the pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus) in the northwestern Pacific. Copeia. 1(1):68–74. doi:10.2307/1447386.
   Google Scholar
• Liu KM, Chiang PJ, Chen CT. 1998. Age and growth estimates of the bigeye thresher shark (Alopias superciliosus) in northeastern Taiwan waters. Fishery Bulletin. 96(3):482–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu KM, Wu CB, Joung SJ, Tsai WP, Su KY. 2021. Multi-model approach on growth estimation and association with life history trait for Elasmobranchs. Frontiers in Marine Science. 8:591692. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.591692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Ortiz J, García-Domínguez M. 2013. Guía de campo: condrictios del Ecuador, quimeras, tiburones y rayas. Manta: Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca, Viceministerio de Acuicultura y Pesca, Subsecretaría de Recursos Pesqueros.
   Google Scholar
• Matsubara K. 1936. A new carcharoid shark found in Japan. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo). 48(7):380–382.
   Google Scholar
• Murua H, Santiago J, Coelho R, Zudaire I, Neves C, Rosa D, Zudaire I, Semba Y, Geng Z, Bach P, et al. 2018. Updated Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) for shark species caught in fisheries managed by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). In: Conference 21st Scientific Committee IOTC. Seychelles: IOTC; p. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Musick JA. 1999. Ecology and conservation of long-lived marine animals. In: Musick JA, editor. Life in the slow lane: ecology and conservation of long-lived marine animals. American Fisheries Society Symposium 23. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society; p. 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Natanson LJ, Casey JG, Kohler NE. 1995. Age and growth estimates for the dusky shark, (Carcharhinus obscurus) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Fishery Bulletin. 93:116–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natanson LJ, Kohler NE, Ardizzone D, Cailliet GM, Wintner SP, Mollet HF. 2006. Validated age and growth estimates for the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 77:367–383. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9127-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natanson LJ, Melo JJ, Campana SE. 2002. Validated age and growth of the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Fishery Bulletin. 100:266–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natanson LJ, Skomal GB, Hoffmann SH, Porter ME, Goldman KJ, Serra D. 2018. Age and growth of sharks: do vertebral band pairs record age? Marine and Freshwater Research. 69(9):1440–1452. doi:10.1071/MF17279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natanson LJ, Wintner SP, Johansson F, Piercy A, Campbell P, De Maddalena A, Gulak SJB, Human B, Cigala-Fulgosi F, Ebert DA, et al. 2008. Ontogenetic vertebral growth patterns in the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 361:267–278. doi:10.3354/meps07399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen J, Hedeholm RB, Heinemeier J, Bushnell PG, Christiansen JS, Olsen J, Ramsey CB, Brill RW, Simon M, Steffensen KF, Steffensen JF. 2016. Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). Science. 353(6300):702–704. doi:10.1126/science.aaf1703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Officer RA, Gason AS, Walker TI, Clement JG. 1996. Sources of variation in counts of growth increments in vertebrae from gummy shark (Mustelus antarcticus) and school shark (Galeorhinus galeus): implications for age determination. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53(8):1765–1777. doi:10.1139/f96-103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira P, Hazin FHV, Carvalho F, Rego M, Coelho R, Piercy A, Burgess G. 2010. Reproductive biology of the crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai). Journal of Fish Biology. 76:1655–1670. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02606.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panfili J, De Pontual H, Troadec H, Wright PJ. 2002. Manual of fish schlerochronology. Brest: Ifremer-IRD.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons GR. 1993. Age determination and growth of the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo): a comparison of two populations. Marine Biology. 117(1):23–31. doi:10.1007/BF00346422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot-Carballal MC, Galván-Magana F, Quiñónez-Velázquez C. 2005. Age and growth of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) from the western coast of Baja California Sur, México. Fishery Research. 76(1):14–21. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2005.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards FJ. 1959. A flexible growth function for empirical use. Journal of Experimental Botany. 10:290–300. doi:10.1093/jxb/10.2.290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricker WE. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Ottawa: Fisheries and Marine Service.
   Google Scholar
• Ricker WE. 1979. Growth rates and models. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ, Brett JR, editors. Fish physiology, III, bioenergetics and growth. New York: Academic Press; p. 677–743.
   Google Scholar
• Rosa D, Gago M, Fernandez-Carvalho J, Coelho R. 2021. Life history parameters of the crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 101(4):753–763. doi:10.1017/S0025315421000588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semba Y, Nakano H, Aoki I. 2009. Age and growth analysis of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the western and central North Pacific Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 84(4):377–391. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9447-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpfendorfer CA, McAuley RB, Chidlow J, Unsworth P. 2002. Validated age and growth of the dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), from western Australian waters. Marine and Freshwater Research. 53(2):567–573. doi:10.1071/MF01131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skomal GB. 1990. Age and growth of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the North Atlantic [Master of Science thesis]. University of Rhode Island. 82 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Smith SE, Mitchell RA, Fuller D. 2003. Age-validation of a leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) recaptured after 20 years. Fishery Bulletin. 101:194–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka S, Kitamura T, Mochizuki T, Kofuji K. 2011. Age, growth and genetic status of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from Kashima-nada, Japan. Marine and Freshwater Research. 62(6):548–556. doi:10.1071/MF10130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor CC. 1962. Growth equation with metabolic parameters. ICES Journal of Marine Sciences. 27(3):270–286. doi:10.1093/icesjms/27.3.270.
   Google Scholar
• Von Bertalanffy L. 1938. A quantitative theory of organic growth. Human Biology. 10(2):181–213.
   Google Scholar
• Wells RJD, Smith SE, Kohin S, Ellen F, Spear N, Ramon DAA. 2013. Age validation of juvenile shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) tagged and marked with oxytetracycline off southern California. Fishery Bulletin. 111:147–160. doi:10.7755/FB.111.2.3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White WT. 2007. Biological observations on lamnoid sharks (Lamniformes) caught by fisheries in eastern Indonesia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 87:781–788. doi:10.1017/S0025315407056391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintner SP, Cliff G. 1999. Age and growth determination of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from the east coast of South Africa. Fishery Bulletin. 97:153–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintner SP, Dudley SFJ. 2000. Age and growth estimates for the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) from the east coast of South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research. 51(1):43–53. doi:10.1071/MF99077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintner SP, Dudley SFJ, Kistnasamy N, Everett B. 2002. Age and growth estimates for the Zambezi shark (Carcharhinus leucas) from the east coast of South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research. 53(2):557–566. doi:10.1007/BF00004952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Kindong R, Dai X, Sarr O, Zhu J, Tian S, Li Y, Nsangue BTN. 2020. Aspects of the reproductive biology of two pelagic sharks in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology. 97:1651–1661. doi:10.1111/jfb.14526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar