Diagnosing retinal vasculitis and its implications for treatment

References

• Abu El-Asrar AM, Herbort CP, Tabbara KF. Retinal vasculitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005;13:415–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Asrar AM, Herbort CP, Tabbara KF. A clinical approach to the diagnosis of retinal vasculitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2010;30:149–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt R. Retinal vasculitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2005;45:99–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paovic J, Paovic P, Vukosavljevic M. Clinical and immunological features of retinal vasculitis in systemic diseases. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2009;66:961–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaide RF. Microvascular flow abnormalities associated with retinal vasculitis. Retina. 2017;37:1034–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes EH, Dick AD. The pathology and pathogenesis of retinal vasculitis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2003;29:325–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace GR, Farmer I, Church A, et al. Serum levels of chemokines correlate with disease activity in patients with retinal vasculitis. Immunol Lett. 2003;90:59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim I, Moon SO, Kim SH, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin through nuclear factor-kappa B activation in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:7614–7620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena S, Rajasingh J, Biswas S, et al. Cellular response to retinal S-antigen and interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein fragments in patients with Eales’ disease. Pathobiology. 1999;67:37–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum JT, Sibley CH, Lin P. Retinal vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016;28:228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco A, Rizzo MI, De Virgilio A, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14:341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butta NV, Fernández-Bello I, López-Longo FJ, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and altered coagulation as mediators of thromboembolism in Behçet disease. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41:621–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. Revised international Chapel Hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbort CP, Cimino L, Abu El Asrar AM. Ocular vasculitis: a multidisciplinary approach. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17:25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena S, Kumar D. A new staging system for idiopathic retinal periphlebitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2004;14:236–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zierhut M, Pavesio C, Ohno S, et al. Intraocular inflammation. Berlin: Springer. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Walker S, Iguchi A, Jones NP. Frosted branch angiitis: a review. Eye (Lond). 2004;18:527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chazalon E, Conrath J, Ridings B, et al. Kyrieleis arteritis: report of two cases and literature review. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2013;36:191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gass JDM, Tiedeman J, Thomas MA. Idiopathic recurrent branch retinal arterial occlusion. Ophthalmol. 1986;93:1148–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan RA. Diagnostic criteria and treatment algorithm for susac syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018. DOI:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahloun R, Mbarek S, Khairallah-Ksiaa I, et al. Branch retinal artery occlusion associated with posterior uveitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;3:16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Attia S, Khochtali S, Mbarek S, et al. Acute retinal necrosis associated with central retinal artery occlusion followed after its resolution by keratouveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013;21:405–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano-López V, Rodríguez-Lozano B, Losada- Castillo MJ, et al. Central retinal artery occlusion in Wegener’s granulomatosis: a diagnostic dilemma. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2011;1:71–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lida T, Spaide RF, Kantoretal J. Retinal and choroidal arterial occlusion in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:151–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palejwala NV, Walia HS, Yeh S. Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of the literature. Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2012:290898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishiguchi KM, Ito Y, Terasaki H. Bilateral central retinal artery occlusion and vein occlusion complicated by severe choroidopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2013;22:733–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partal A, Moshfeghi DM, Alcorn D. Churg-Strauss syndrome in a child: retina and optic nerve findings. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:971–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CT, Kerrison JB, Miller NR, et al. Choroidal infarction, ischemic optic neuropathy, and central retinal artery occlusion from polyarteritis nodosa. Retina. 2001;21:348–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curi AL, Freeman G, Pavesio C. Aggressive retinal vasculitis in polyarteritis nodosa. Eye. 2001;15:229–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubal AA, Perez VL. Ocular manifestations of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2010;36:573–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford MR, Verity DH. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with retinal vasculitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2000;40:69–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell JP, Beardsley RM, Palejwala NV, et al. Peripheral vascular leakage in uveitis: clinical and angiographic findings. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1269–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson BP, Nigam D, Miller D, et al. Comparison of wide field fluorescein angiography and 9-field montage angiography in uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157:673–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leder HA, Campbell JP, Sepah YJ, et al. Ultra-wide-field retinal imaging in the management of non-infectious retinal vasculitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;3(1):30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mesquida M, Llorenc V, Fontenla JR, et al. Use of ultrawide-field retinal imaging in the management of active Behcet retinal vasculitis. Retina. 2014;34:2121–2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal K, Mulkutkar S, Mahajan S, et al. Role of ultrawidefield imaging in the management of tubercular posterior uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24:631–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairallah M, Abroug N, Khochtali S, et al. optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with Behçet uveitis. Retina. 2017;37:1678–1691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerquaglia A, Iaccheri B, Fiore T, et al. New insights on ocular sarcoidosis: an optical coherence tomography angiography study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;6:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Abucham-Neto JZ, Torricelli AAM, Lui ACF, et al. Comparison between optical coherence tomography angiography and fluorescein angiography findings in retinal vasculitis. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2018;16:4:15.
   Google Scholar
• Markomichelakis NN, Halkiadakis I, Pantelia E, et al. Patterns of macular edema in patients with uveitis: qualitative and quantitative assessment using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:946–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran TH, de Smet MD, Bodaghi B, et al. Uveitic macular oedema: correlation between optical coherence tomography patterns with visual acuity and fluorescein angiography. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:922–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichi F, Veronese C, Lembo A, et al. New appraisals of Kyrieleis plaques: a multimodal imaging study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101:316–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum AD, Fawzi AA, Rademaker A, et al. Correlation between clinical signs and optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging findings in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132:929–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetikoglu M, Temizturk F, Sagdik HM, et al. Evaluation of the choroid, fovea, and retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25:210–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi WJ, Pepple KL, Wang RK. Automated three-dimensional cell counting method for grading uveitis of rodent eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography. J Biophotonics. 2018;11:e201800140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena S, Singhal V, Akduman L. Three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of the retina in choroidal tuberculoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2012-008156.
   Google Scholar
• Reznicek L, Seidensticker F, Stumpf C, et al. Systematic analysis of wide-Field fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging in posterior uveitis. Curr Eye Res. 2014;39:164–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semécas R, Mauget-Faÿsse M, Aptel F, et al. Analysis of autofluorescencepatternin birdshot chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;255:1333–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merino D, Loza-Alvarez P. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope imaging: technology update. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:743–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JE, Chung M. Adaptive optics for retinal imaging: current status. Retina. 2013;33:1483–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errera MH, Coisy S, Fardeau C, et al. Retinal vasculitis imaging by adaptive optics. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:1311–2.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahendradas P, Vala R, Kawali A, et al. Adaptive optics imaging in retinal vasculitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26:760–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalcindag FN, Bingol Kiziltunc P, Savku E. Evaluation of intraocular inflammation with laser flare photometry in Behçet uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25:41–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Işık MU, Yalcındag N. Comparison of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) findings with laserflare photometry (LFP) measurements in Behçet‘s uveitis.Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;17:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Moschos MM, Gouliopoulos NS, Kalogeropoulos C. Electrophysiological examination in uveitis: a review of the literature. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:199–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta V, Shoughy SS, Mahajan S, et al. Clinics of ocular tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23:14–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas J1, Ravi RK, Naryanasamy A, et al. Eales’ disease – current concepts in diagnosis and management. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;3:11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh R, Toor P, Parchand S, et al. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in so called Eales’ disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20:153–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JL. Ocular syphilis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2014;25:513–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenberger SD, Kim SJ, Thorne JE, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute retinal necrosis: areport by the American academy of ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:382–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodossiodis P, Kokolakis S, Ladas I, et al. Retinal vascular involvement in acute toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Int Ophthalmol. 1995;19:19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Valle D, Diaz-Rodriguez E, Diaz-Valle T, et al. Frosted branch angiitis and late peripheral retinochoroidal scar in a patient with acquired toxoplasmosis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003;13:726–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evereklioglu C. Current concepts in the etiology and treatment of Behcet disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:297–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairallah M, Ben Yahia S, Kahloun R, et al. The eye and Behçet‘s disease. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2012;35:826–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namba K, Goto H, Kaburaki T, et al. A major review: current aspects of ocular Behçet‘s disease in Japan. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23:1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criteria for diagnosis of Behçet’s disease. Lancet. 1990;335:1078–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International team for the revision of the international criteria for Behçet‘s disease (ITR-ICBD). The international criteria for Behçet‘s disease (ICBD): a collaborative study of 27 countries on the sensitivity and specificity of the new criteria. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:338–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatemi G, Christensen R, Bang D, et al. 2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Behçet‘s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:808–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki M, Smith JR, Takase H, et al. Revised criteria of international workshop on ocular sarcoidosis (IWOS) for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis. Br J Ophthalmol. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313356.
   Google Scholar
• Ohara K, Okubo A, Sasaki H, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion in a child with ocular sarcoidosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:806–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsou A, Tsaousis KT. Management of chronic ocular sarcoidosis: challenges and solutions. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:519–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quillen DA, Stathopoulos NA, Blankenship GW, et al. Lupus associated frosted branch periphlebitis and exudative maculopathy. Retina. 1997;17:449–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Gordon LK. Ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005;16:315–320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner SJ, Dharmasena A, Deane J. Bilateral rubeosis iridis and rubeotic glaucoma due to peripheral occlusive vasculitis associated with multiple sclerosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19:373–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:292–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker MD, Heiligenhaus A, Hudde T, et al. Interferon as a treatment for uveitis associated with multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:1254–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel MA, Equi RA, Chang TS, et al. Idiopathic retinitis, vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN): new observations and a proposed staging system. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1526–9.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlmann D, Macedo S, Stübiger N, et al. Multimodal imaging in birdshot retinochoroiditis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(5):621–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbiah S, McAvoy CE, Best JL. Retinal vasculitis as an early sign of bacterial post-operative endophthalmitis. Eye (Lond). 2010;24(8):1410–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorich B, Faia LJ, Thanos A, et al. Vancomycin-associated hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: aclinical-pathophysiological analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;188:131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maleki A, Cao JH, Silpa-Archa S, et al. Visual outcome and poor prognostic factors in isolated idiopathic retinal vasculitis. Retina. 2016;36:1979–1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bali T, Saxena S, Kumar D, et al. Response time and safety profile of pulsed oral methotrexate therapy in idiopathic retinal periphlebitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005;15:374–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali A, Ku JH, Suhler EB, et al. The course of retinal vasculitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:785–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman S, Kramer M, Amer R, et al. Characteristics and long-termoutcomeof patients with noninfectious retinal vasculitis. Retina. 2015;35:2633–2640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer HE, Stanford MR, Sanders MD, et al. Visual outcome of patients with idiopathic ischaemic and non-ischaemic retinal vasculitis. Eye (Lond). 1996;10:343–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku JH, Ali A, Suhler EB, et al. Characteristics and visual outcome of patients with retinal vasculitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1261–1266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar