Bioecological control of organ failure: The role of enteral nutrition, probiotics and synbiotics

References

• Angus DC, Wax RS. Epidemiology of sepsis: an update. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 109–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1303–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent J-L, Abraham E, Annane D, Bernard G, Rivers E, Van den Berghe G. Reducing mortality in sepsis: new directions. Crit Care 2002; 6(Suppl 3)S1–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz MN. Hospital-acquired infections; diseases with increasingly limited therapies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 2420–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengmark S. Nutritional modulation of acute and “chronic” phase response. Nutrition 2001; 17: 489–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halonen KI, Leppäniemi AK, Lundin JE, Puolakkainen PA, Kemppainen EA, Haapiainen RK. Prediction fatal outcome in the early phase of severe acute pancreatitis by using novel prognostic models. Pancreatology 2003; 3: 309–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imrie CW. Prognostic indicators in acute pancreatitis. Can J Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 325–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biffl WL, Moore EE, Moore FA, Barnett CC. Interleukin-6 delays neutrophil apoptosis via a mechanism involving platelet-activating factor. Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care 1996; 40: 575–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sautner T, Függer R, Götzinger P, Mittlbock M, Winkler S, Roth E, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6: early indicators of bacterial infection after human orthotopic liver transplantation. Eur J Surg 1995; 161: 97–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alessi MC, Peiretti F, Morange P, Henry M, Nalbone G, Juhan-Vague I. Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by human adipose tissue. Possible link between visceral fat accumulation and vascular disease. Diabetes 1997; 46: 860–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 840–847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas EL, Saeed N, Hajnal JV, Brynes A, Goldstone AP, Frost G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of total body fat. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 1778–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kompan L, Kremzar B, Gadzijev E, Prosek M. Effects of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability and the development of multiple organ failure after multiple injury. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 129–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangiante, G, Colucci, G, Marinello, P, , et al. Bengmark's selfpropelling naso-jejunal tube: a new useful device for intensive enteral nutrition. Intensive Care Med 1998;24, :abstract, 330.
   Google Scholar
• Lai CWY, Barlow R, Barnes M, Hawthorne AB. Bedside placement of nasojejunal tubes: a randomized-controlled trial of spiral- vs straight-ended tubes. Clin Nutr 2003; 22: 267–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsenti D, Viguiler J, Bourlier P, d'Alteroche L, Barbieux JP, Metman EH, et al. Enteral nutrition during acute pancreatitis. Feasibility study of a self-propelling spiral distal end jejunal tube. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2003; 27: 614–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 978–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin 2001; 17: 107–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunder K, Lind L, Zethelius B, Lithell H. Increase in blood glucose concentration during hypertensive treatment as a predictor of myocardial infarction: population based cohort study. BMJ 2003; 326: 681–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerr KJ, Furnary AP, Grunkemeier GL, Bookin S, Kanhere V, Starr A. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetes after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63: 356–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesotten D, Van den Berghe G. Clinical potential of insulin therapy in critically ill patients. Drugs 2003; 63: 625–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner CK, Jones KL, Samson N, Horowitz M. Relationship of upper gastrointestinal motor and sensory function with glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 371–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton E, Jr, Kandaswami C, Theoharides TC. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2000; 52: 673–751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schorah CJ, Downing C, Piripitsi A, Gallivan L, Al-Hazaa AH, Sanderson MJ, et al. Total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid concentrations in plasma of critically ill. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 760–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, Klotz P, Farver K, Ruzinski JT, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2002; 236: 814–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baines M, Shenkin A. Use of antioxidants in surgery: a measure to reduce postoperative complications. Curr Opin Nutr Metab 2002; 5: 665–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Feng F, Hoos A, Klimberg VS. Glutamine enhances gut glutathione production. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998; 22: 224–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wischmeyer PE, Lynch J, Liedel J, Wolfson R, Riehm J, Gottlieb L, et al. Glutamine reduces cytokine release, organ damage, and mortality in a rat model of endotoxemia. Shock 2001; 16: 398–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manhart N, Vierlinger K, Spittler A, Bergmeister H, Sautner T, Roth E. Oral feeding with glutamine prevents lymphocyte and glutathione depletion of Peyer's patches in endotoxemic mice. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 92–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly D, Wischmeyer PE. Role of L-glutamine in critical illness: new insights. Curr Opin Nutr Metab 2003; 6: 217–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Fellippe J, da Rocha e Silva M, Maciel FMB, Soares Ade M, Mendes NF. Infection prevention in patients with severe multiple trauma with the immunomodulator beta 1-3 polyglucose (glucan). Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993; 177: 383–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bengmark S. Aggressive perioperative and intraoperative enteral nutrition – strategy for the future. SIRS, MODS and MOF – systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, multiple organ failure – pathophysiology, prevention and therapy, AE Baue, A Faist, D Fry. Springer, New York 2000; 365–80
   Google Scholar
• Bengmark S. Pre-, pro- and synbiotics in clinical enteral nutrition. Rombeau's clinical nutrition: enteral and tube feeding4th ed, RH Rolandelli, R Bankhead, JL Boullata, CW Compher. Elsevier, New York 2005
   Google Scholar
• Andersson R, Wang X, Ihse I. The influence of abdominal sepsis on acute pancreatitis in rats: a study on mortality, permeability, arterial blood pressure and intestinal blood flow. Pancreas 1995; 11: 365–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveau P, Wang X, Soltesz V, Ihse I, Andersson R. Alterations in intestinal permeability and microflora in experimental acute pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol 1996; 20: 119–125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Souza LJ, Sampietre SN, Figueiredo S, Yria Y, Machado MC, Pinotti HW. Bacterial translocation during acute pancreatitis in rats. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med S Paolo 1996; 51: 116–20, (In Portuguese with English summary.)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansson ML, Molin G, Jeppsson B, Nobaek S, Ahrne S, Bengmark S. Administration of different lactobacillus strains in fermented oatmeal soup: in vivo colonization of human intestinal mucosa and effect on the indigenous flora. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59: 15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruszewska K, Lan J, Lorca G, Yanagisawa N, Marklinder I, Ljungh Å. Selection of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic strains by in vitro tests. Microecology and Therapy 2002; 29: 37–51
   Google Scholar
• Ljungh, Å, Lan, J-G, Yamagisawa, N. Isolation, selection and characteristics of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei isolate F19. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2002;Suppl 3:4–6.
   Google Scholar
• Oláh A, Belágyi T, Issekutz Á, Gamal ME, Bengmark S. Early enteral nutrition with specific lactobacillus and fibre reduces sepsis in severe acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1103–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayes N, Hansen S, Boucsein K, Müller AR, Serke S, Bengmark S, et al. Early enteral supply of fibre and lactobacilli vs parenteral nutrition – a controlled trial in major abdominal surgery patients. Nutrition 2002; 18: 609–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Chunmao, Martindale, R, Huang, H, Bengmark, S. Pre- and postoperative enteral supply of a synbiotic composition reduces the incidence of postoperative septic complications in abdominal cancer surgery, In press.
   Google Scholar
• Rayes N, Hansen S, Seehofer D, Boucsein K, Muller AR, Serke S, et al. Early enteral supply of Lactobacillus and fibre vs selective bowel decontamination (SBD) – a controlled trial in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002; 74: 123–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Schiller RA, Langrehr JM, Jonas S, et al. Combined perioperative enteral supply of bioactive pre- and probiotics abolishes postoperative bacterial infections in human liver transplantation – a randomised, double blind clinical trial. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 125–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B. A controlled, double-blind, randomised study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 13: 1143–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowska H, Pieczul-Mroz J, Jastrzebska M, Chelstowski K, Naruszewicz M. Decrease in fibrinogen and LDL-cholesterol levels upon supplementation of diet with Lactobacillus plantarum in subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 1998; 137: 437–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan F. Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease: from fads and fantasy to facts and future. Br J Nutr 2002; 88(Suppl 1)S5–9
   Google Scholar
• Simenhoff ML, Dunn SR, Zollner G, Fitzpatrick ME, Emery SM, Sandine WE, et al. Biomodulation of the toxic and nutritional effects of small bowel bacterial overgrowth in end-stage kidney disease using freeze-dried Lactobacillus acidophilus. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1996; 22: 92–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hida M, Aiba Y, Sawamura S, Suzuki N, Satoh T, Koga Y. Inhibition of the accumulation of uremic toxins in the blood and their precursors in feces after oral administration of Lebenin®, a lactic acid bacteria preparation, to uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Nephron 1994; 74: 349–55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan SM, Skinner N, Nagree A, McCallum H, McIver CJ, Kurtovic J, et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression of Toll-like receptors and relation to cytokine levels in cirrhosis. Hepatology May 2003; 37: 1154–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qing Liu, Zhong Ping Duan, Da Kang Ha X, Bengmark S, Kurtovic J, Riordan SM. Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004; 39: 1441–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtovic J, Ruettimann U, Adamson H, Bengmark S, Williams R, Riordan SM. Improvement in indocyanine gree clearance following synbiotic treatment in cirrhosis (abstract). Gut 2003; 52(Suppl)A3
   Google Scholar
• Miettinen M, Alander M, von Wright A, Vuopio-Varkila J, Marteau P, Huis in't Veld J, Mattila-Sandholm T. The survival of and cytokine induction by lactic acid bacteria after passage through a gastrointestinal model. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 1998; 10: 41–147
   Google Scholar
• Müller M, Lier D. Fermentation of fructans by epiphytic lactic acid bacteria. J Appl Bact 1994; 76: 406–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naaber P, Smidt I, Stsepetova J, Brilene T, Annuk H, Mikelsaar M. Inhibition of Clostridium difficile strains by intestinal Lactobacillus species. Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 551–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain PK, McNaught CE, Anderson ADG, MacFie J, Mitchell CJ. IInfluence of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5, Bifidobacterium lactis BP12, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and oligofructose on gut barrier function and sepsis in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 1069–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock NP, McNaught CE, Morgan DR, Gregg KL, MacFie J. An investigation into the effect of a probiotic on gut immune function in surgical patients. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 1069–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengmark S. Synbiotics to strengthen gut barrier function and reduce morbidity in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 441–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, CD, Abu-Hilal, M, Members of British Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. Persistent organ failure during the first week as a marker of fatal outcome in acute pancreatitis. Gut 2004;53:1340–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay CJ, Buter A. Natural history of organ failure in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2003; 3: 111–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taneja R, Parodo J, Jia SH, Kapus A, Rotstein OD, Marshall JC. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9 activity. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1460–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Cambronera LG, Sabater L, Pereda J, Cassinello N, Camps B, Vina J, et al. Role of cytokines and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis: therapeutic implications. Current Drug Targets Inflammation and Allergy 2002; 1: 393–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilkgul, O, Aydede, H, Erhan, Y, Surucuoglu, S, Gazi, H, Vatansever, S, , et al. Subcutaneous administration of live lactobacillus prevents sepsis-induced lung organ failure in rats. Br J Intensive Care; in press.
   Google Scholar
• Deitsch EA. Cytokines yes, cytokines no, cytokines maybe. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 817–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-de-Lorenzo A, Ortiz-Leyba C, Planas M, Montejo JC, Nunez R, Ordonez FJ, et al. Parenteral administration of different amounts of branch-chain amino acids in septic patients: clinical and metabolic aspects. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 418–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths JC, Palmer TEA. Six months outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 1997; 13: 295–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliet P, Pichard C. Growth hormone therapy in intensive care patients: from biochemistry to muscle function. Nutrition 1997; 13: 815–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarwood GD, Ross RJM, Medbak S, Coakley J, Hinds CJ. Administration of human recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1352–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, Nielsen MS, Zandstra DF, Vundelinckx G, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 785–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengmark, S. Bio-ecological control of acute pancreatitis; the role of enteral nutrition, pro- and synbiotics. Curr Opin Nutr Metab Care; in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengmark, S. Synbiotics and the mucosal barrier in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Gastroenterol; in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengmark, S. Bio-ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract: the role of flora and supplemented pro- and synbiotics. Gastroenterol Clin North Am; in press.
   Google Scholar