Respiratory monitoring in adult intensive care unit

References

• Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Muriel A, et al. Evolution of mortality over time in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:220–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardis M, Busani S, Damiani E, et al. Effect of conservative vs conventional oxygen therapy on mortality among patients in an intensive care unit: the oxygen-ICU randomized clinical trial. JAMA: J Am Med Assoc. 2016;316:1583–1589. Epub 2016/10/19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafner S, Beloncle F, Koch A, et al. Hyperoxia in intensive care, emergency, and peri-operative medicine: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? A 2015 update. Ann Intensive Care. 2015;5:42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covelli HD, Nessan VJ, Tuttle WK 3rd. Oxygen derived variables in acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med. 1983;11:646–649. Epub 1983/08/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition. Jama. 2012;307:2526–2533. Epub 2012/07/17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteley JP, Gavaghan DJ, Hahn CE. Variation of venous admixture, SF6 shunt, PaO2, and the PaO2/FIO2 ratio with FIO2. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:771–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowda MS, Klocke RA. Variability of indices of hypoxemia in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:41–45. Epub 1997/01/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert R, Keighley JF. The arterial-alveolar oxygen tension ratio. An index of gas exchange applicable to varying inspired oxygen concentrations. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974;109:142–145. Epub 1974/01/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert R, Auchincloss JH Jr., Kuppinger M, et al. Stability of the arterial/alveolar oxygen partial pressure ratio. Effects of low ventilation/perfusion regions. Crit Care Med. 1979;7:267–272. Epub 1979/06/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dechert RE, Park PK, Bartlett RH. Evaluation of the oxygenation index in adult respiratory failure. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76:469–473. Epub 2014/01/25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khatib MF, Jamaleddine GW. A new oxygenation index for reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Chest. 2004;125:592–596. Epub 2004/02/11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannheimer PD. The light-tissue interaction of pulse oximetry. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:S10–7. Epub 2007/12/06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson BJ, Cowan HJ, Lord JA, et al. The accuracy of pulse oximetry in emergency department patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Emergency Medicine. 2010;10:9. Epub 2010/05/07.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Secker C, Spiers P. Accuracy of pulse oximetry in patients with low systemic vascular resistance. Anaesthesia. 1997;52:127–130. Epub 1997/02/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan ED, Chan MM, Chan MM. Pulse oximetry: understanding its basic principles facilitates appreciation of its limitations. Respir Med. 2013;107:789–799. Epub 2013/03/16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesseler N, Frenel JV, Launey Y, et al. Pulse oximetry and high-dose vasopressors: a comparison between forehead reflectance and finger transmission sensors. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1718–1722. Epub 2012/08/08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod DB, Cortinez LI, Keifer JC, et al. The desaturation response time of finger pulse oximeters during mild hypothermia. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:65–71. Epub 2004/12/17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riviello ED, Kiviri W, Twagirumugabe T, et al. Hospital incidence and outcomes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome using the kigali modification of the Berlin definition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:52–59. Epub 2015/09/10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady K, Joshi B, Zweifel C, et al. Real-time continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow autoregulation using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke. 2010;41:1951–1956. Epub 2010/07/24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun S, Liu NH, Huang SQ. Role of cerebral oxygenation for prediction of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. J Clin Monit Comput. 2016;30:417–421. Epub 2015/07/19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerz T, Beyer C, Huthmann A, et al. Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy is not related to brain tissue oxygen tension. J Clin Monit Comput. 2016;30:641–647. Epub 2015/08/21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesquida J, Gruartmoner G, Espinal C. Skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (StO2) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in the critically ill patients. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:502194. Epub 2013/09/13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creteur J, Carollo T, Soldati G, et al. The prognostic value of muscle StO2 in septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1549–1556. Epub 2007/06/19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbegozo Cortes D, Rahmania L, Irazabal M, et al. Microvascular reactivity is altered early in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Res. 2016;17:59. Epub 2016/05/18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poriazi M, Kontogiorgi M, Angelopoulos E, et al. Changes in thenar muscle tissue oxygen saturation assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Minerva Anestesiol. 2014;80:666–675. Epub 2013/11/15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368–1377. Epub 2002/01/17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ince C, Mik EG. Microcirculatory and mitochondrial hypoxia in sepsis, shock, and resuscitation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016;120:226–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klocke RA. Dead space: simplicity to complexity. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006;100:1–2. Epub 2005/12/17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas CG, Haldane JS. The capacity of the air passages under varying physiological conditions. J Physiol. 1912;45:235–238. Epub 1912/10/22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamia B, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Meaning of arterio-venous PCO2 difference in circulatory shock. Minerva Anestesiol. 2006;72:597–604. Epub 2006/05/10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ospina-Tascon GA, Umana M, Bermudez WF, et al. Can venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences reflect microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock? Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:211–221. Epub 2015/11/19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ospina-Tascon GA, Bautista-Rincon DF, Umana M, et al. Persistently high venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences during early resuscitation are associated with poor outcomes in septic shock. Crit Care (London, England). 2013;17:R294. Epub 2013/12/18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekontso-Dessap A, Castelain V, Anguel N, et al. Combination of venoarterial PCO2 difference with arteriovenous O2 content difference to detect anaerobic metabolism in patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:272–277. Epub 2002/03/21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siobal MS. Monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide. Respir Care. 2016;61:1397–1416. Epub 2016/09/08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousuf T, Brinton T, Murtaza G, et al. Establishing a gradient between partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and end-tidal carbon dioxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Investig Med. 2016;65:338-341. Epub 2016/10/16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman JG, Aitkenhead AR. Estimation of alveolar deadspace fraction using arterial and end-tidal CO2: a factor analysis using a physiological simulation. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1999;27:452–458. Epub 1999/10/16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman JG, Aitkenhead AR. Estimating alveolar dead space from the arterial to end-tidal CO(2) gradient: a modeling analysis. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1846–1851. Epub 2003/11/25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball L, Sutherasan Y, Pelosi P. Monitoring respiration: what the clinician needs to know. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2013;27:209–223. Epub 2013/09/10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nassar BS, Schmidt GA. Capnography during critical illness. Chest. 2016;149:576–585. Epub 2015/10/09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tusman G, Suarez-Sipmann F, Bohm SH, et al. Capnography reflects ventilation/perfusion distribution in a model of acute lung injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55:597–606. Epub 2011/02/24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlon GC, Ray C Jr., Miodownik S, et al. Capnography in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 1988;16:550–556. Epub 1988/05/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JE, Jaffe MB. Capnographic waveforms in the mechanically ventilated patient. Respir Care. 2005;50:100–108; discussion 8-9. Epub 2005/01/08.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verscheure S, Massion PB, Verschuren F, et al. Volumetric capnography: lessons from the past and current clinical applications. Crit Care (London, England). 2016;20:184. Epub 2016/06/24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tusman G, Groisman I, Fiolo FE, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of lung recruitment maneuvers in morbidly obese patients: the role of pulse oximetry and volumetric capnography. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:137–144. Epub 2013/12/21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siobal MS, Ong H, Valdes J, et al. Calculation of physiologic dead space: comparison of ventilator volumetric capnography to measurements by metabolic analyzer and volumetric CO2 monitor. Respir Care. 2013;58:1143–1151. Epub 2012/12/13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murias G, Blanch L, Lucangelo U. The physiology of ventilation. Respir Care. 2014;59:1795–1807. Epub 2014/10/16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez PO, Bonelli I, Setten M, et al. Transpulmonary pressure and gas exchange during decremental PEEP titration in pulmonary ARDS patients. Respir Care. 2013;58:754–763. Epub 2012/10/12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato MB, Meade MO, Slutsky AS, et al. Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:747–755. Epub 2015/02/19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Brioni M, et al. Airway driving pressure and lung stress in ARDS patients. Crit Care (London, England). 2016;20:276. Epub 2016/08/23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Avalli L, et al. Pressure-volume curve of total respiratory system in acute respiratory failure. Computed tomographic scan study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136:730–736. Epub 1987/09/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, et al. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:347–354. Epub 1998/02/05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demory D, Arnal JM, Wysocki M, et al. Recruitability of the lung estimated by the pressure volume curve hysteresis in ARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:2019–2025. Epub 2008/06/26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godet T, Constantin JM, Jaber S, et al. How to monitor a recruitment maneuver at the bedside. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21:253–258. Epub 2015/04/02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso S, Terragni P, Mascia L, et al. Airway pressure-time curve profile (stress index) detects tidal recruitment/hyperinflation in experimental acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1018–1027. Epub 2004/04/09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formenti P, Graf J, Santos A, et al. Non-pulmonary factors strongly influence the stress index. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:594–600. Epub 2011/02/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiumello D, Gattinoni L. Stress index in presence of pleural effusion: does it have any meaning? Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:561–563. Epub 2011/02/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho AR, Pacheco SA, De Souza Rocha PV, et al. Detection of tidal recruitment/overdistension in lung-healthy mechanically ventilated patients under general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:677–684. Epub 2012/05/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho AR, Bergamini BC, Carvalho NS, et al. Volume-independent elastance: a useful parameter for open-lung positive end-expiratory pressure adjustment. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:627–633. Epub 2012/04/03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho AR, Spieth PM, Pelosi P, et al. Ability of dynamic airway pressure curve profile and elastance for positive end-expiratory pressure titration. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:2291–2299. Epub 2008/10/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersten AD. Measurement of overinflation by multiple linear regression analysis in patients with acute lung injury. Eur Respir J. 1998;12:526–532. Epub 1998/10/08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Suter PM, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Different Syndromes? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998;158:3–11. Epub 1998/07/09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauri T, Yoshida T, Bellani G, et al. Esophageal and transpulmonary pressure in the clinical setting: meaning, usefulness and perspectives. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:1360–1373. Epub 2016/06/24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akoumianaki E, Maggiore SM, Valenza F, et al. The application of esophageal pressure measurement in patients with respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189:520–531. Epub 2014/01/29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelosi P, Goldner M, McKibben A, et al. Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: an experimental study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:122–130. Epub 2001/07/04.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talmor D, Sarge T, Malhotra A, et al. Mechanical ventilation guided by esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2095–2104. Epub 2008/11/13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish E, Novack V, Banner-Goodspeed VM, et al. The esophageal pressure-guided ventilation 2 (EPVent2) trial protocol: a multicentre, randomised clinical trial of mechanical ventilation guided by transpulmonary pressure. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e006356. Epub 2014/10/08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso S, Terragni P, Birocco A, et al. ECMO criteria for influenza A (H1N1)-associated ARDS: role of transpulmonary pressure. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:395–403. Epub 2012/02/11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherasan Y, D’Antini D, Pelosi P. Advances in ventilator-associated lung injury: prevention is the target. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2014;8:233–248. Epub 2014/03/08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliet P, Tassaux D. Clinical review: patient-ventilator interaction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care (London, England). 2006;10:236. Epub 2006/11/14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanch L, Bernabe F, Lucangelo U. Measurement of air trapping, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure, and dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care. 2005;50:110–123; discussion 23-4. Epub 2005/01/08.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laghi F, Goyal A. Auto-PEEP in respiratory failure. Minerva Anestesiol. 2012;78:201–221. Epub 2011/10/06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peigang Y, Marini JJ. Ventilation of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8:70–76. Epub 2002/09/03.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dellamonica J, Lerolle N, Sargentini C, et al. Accuracy and precision of end-expiratory lung-volume measurements by automated nitrogen washout/washin technique in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care (London, England). 2011;15:R294. Epub 2011/12/15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Brochard L. Lung volume assessment in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21:259–264. Epub 2015/04/02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bikker IG, Van Bommel J, Reis Miranda D, et al. End-expiratory lung volume during mechanical ventilation: a comparison with reference values and the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure in intensive care unit patients with different lung conditions. Crit Care (London, England). 2008;12:R145. Epub 2008/11/22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellamonica J, Lerolle N, Sargentini C, et al. PEEP-induced changes in lung volume in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Two methods to estimate alveolar recruitment. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:1595–1604. Epub 2011/08/26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serpa Neto A, Schmidt M, Azevedo LC, et al. Associations between ventilator settings during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hypoxemia and outcome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled individual patient data analysis: mechanical ventilation during ECMO. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:1672–1684. Epub 2016/10/21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neto AS, Barbas CS, Simonis FD, et al. Epidemiological characteristics, practice of ventilation, and clinical outcome in patients at risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units from 16 countries (PRoVENT): an international, multicentre, prospective study. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4:882–893. Epub 2016/11/02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Fujino Y, Amato MB, et al. Spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation - risks, mechanisms & management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;195:985-992. Epub 2016/10/28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Roldan R, Beraldo MA, et al. Spontaneous effort during mechanical ventilation: maximal injury with less positive end-expiratory pressure. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:e678–88. Epub 2016/03/24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saddy F, Sutherasan Y, Rocco PR, et al. Ventilator-associated lung injury during assisted mechanical ventilation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;35:409–417. Epub 2014/08/12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virolainen J, Ventila M, Turto H, et al. Effect of negative intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular pressure dynamics and relaxation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1995;79:455–460. Epub 1995/08/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubran A, Mathru M, Dries D, et al. Continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen saturation during weaning from mechanical ventilation and the ramifications thereof. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:1763–1769. Epub 1998/12/16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saddy F, Oliveira GP, Garcia CS, et al. Assisted ventilation modes reduce the expression of lung inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators in a model of mild acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1417–1426. Epub 2010/03/25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson CH Jr., Foster GH, Johnson RL Jr. The relationship of respiratory failure to the oxygen consumption of, lactate production by, and distribution of blood flow among respiratory muscles during increasing inspiratory resistance. J Clin Invest. 1977;59:31–42. Epub 1977/01/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreit JW, Capper MW, Eschenbacher WL. Patient work of breathing during pressure support and volume-cycled mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:1085–1091. Epub 1994/05/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van De Graaff WB, Gordey K, Dornseif SE, et al. Pressure support. Changes in ventilatory pattern and components of the work of breathing. Chest. 1991;100:1082–1089. Epub 1991/10/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annat GJ, Viale JP, Dereymez CP, et al. Oxygen cost of breathing and diaphragmatic pressure-time index. Measurement in patients with COPD during weaning with pressure support ventilation. Chest. 1990;98:411–414. Epub 1990/08/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field S, Sanci S, Grassino A. Respiratory muscle oxygen consumption estimated by the diaphragm pressure-time index. J Appl Physiol. 1984;57:44–51. Epub 1984/07/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubran A, Van De Graaff WB, Tobin MJ. Variability of patient-ventilator interaction with pressure support ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:129–136. Epub 1995/07/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doorduin J, Van Hees HW, Van Der Hoeven JG, et al. Monitoring of the respiratory muscles in the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:20–27. Epub 2012/10/30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto Y, Katayama S, Shono A, et al. Roles of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in improving gas exchange in a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patient after weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report. J Intensive Care. 2016;4:26. Epub 2016/04/09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck J, Gottfried SB, Navalesi P, et al. Electrical activity of the diaphragm during pressure support ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:419–424. Epub 2001/08/14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellani G, Mauri T, Coppadoro A, et al. Estimation of patient’s inspiratory effort from the electrical activity of the diaphragm. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:1483–1491. Epub 2013/03/13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spahija J, De Marchie M, Albert M, et al. Patient-ventilator interaction during pressure support ventilation and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:518–526. Epub 2010/01/20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Dres M, Raux M, et al. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist improves patient-ventilator interaction during postextubation prophylactic noninvasive ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1738–1744. Epub 2012/05/23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbelot C, Ferrari F, Bouhemad B, et al. Lung ultrasound in acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008;14:70–74. Epub 2008/01/16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesenti A, Musch G, Lichtenstein D, et al. Imaging in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:686–698. Epub 2016/04/02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein DA. Lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4:1. Epub 2014/01/10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongodi S, Bouhemad B, Iotti GA, et al. An ultrasonographic sign of intrapulmonary shunt. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:912–913. Epub 2015/12/10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tusman G, Acosta CM, Nicola M, et al. Real-time images of tidal recruitment using lung ultrasound. Crit Ultrasound J. 2015;7:19. Epub 2015/12/15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhemad B, Brisson H, Le-Guen M, et al. Bedside ultrasound assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lung recruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:341–347. Epub 2010/09/21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Jiang L, Xi X, et al. Prognostic value of extravascular lung water assessed with lung ultrasound score by chest sonography in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. BMC Pulm Med. 2015;15:98. Epub 2015/08/25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theerawit P, Touman N, Sutherasan Y, et al. Transthoracic ultrasound assessment of B-lines for identifying the increment of extravascular lung water in shock patients requiring fluid resuscitation. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014;18:195–199. Epub 2014/05/30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corradi F, Brusasco C, Vezzani A, et al. Computer-aided quantitative ultrasonography for detection of pulmonary edema in mechanically ventilated cardiac surgery patients. Chest. 2016;150:640–651. Epub 2016/05/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivier E, Mekontso Dessap A, Dimassi S, et al. Diaphragm ultrasonography to estimate the work of breathing during non-invasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:796–803. Epub 2012/04/06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbrello M, Formenti P, Longhi D, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as indicator of respiratory effort in critically ill patients undergoing assisted mechanical ventilation: a pilot clinical study. Crit Care (London, England). 2015;19:161. Epub 2015/04/19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goligher EC, Fan E, Herridge MS, et al. Evolution of diaphragm thickness during mechanical ventilation. Impact of inspiratory effort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:1080–1088. Epub 2015/07/15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WY, Suh HJ, Hong S-B, et al. Diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography: influence on weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:2627–2630. Epub 2011/06/28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNino E, Gartman EJ, Sethi JM, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as a predictor of successful extubation from mechanical ventilation. Thorax. 2014;69:423–427. Epub 2013/12/25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari G, De Filippi G, Elia F, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as a new index of discontinuation from mechanical ventilation. Crit Ultrasound J. 2014;6:8. Epub 2014/06/21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowhagen K, Lundin S, Stenqvist O. Regional intratidal gas distribution in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome–assessed by electric impedance tomography. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010;76:1024–1035. Epub 2010/12/24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenelson R, Perel A, Berkenstadt H, et al. Accuracy of transpulmonary thermodilution versus gravimetric measurement of extravascular lung water. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1550–1554. Epub 2004/07/09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirov MY, Kuzkov VV, Kuklin VN, et al. Extravascular lung water assessed by transpulmonary single thermodilution and postmortem gravimetry in sheep. Crit Care (London, England). 2004;8:R451–8. Epub 2004/11/30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michard F, Schachtrupp A, Toens C. Factors influencing the estimation of extravascular lung water by transpulmonary thermodilution in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:1243–1247. Epub 2005/06/09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jozwiak M, Teboul J-L, Monnet X. Extravascular lung water in critical care: recent advances and clinical applications. Ann Intensive Care. 2015;5:38. Epub 2015/11/08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnet X, Anguel N, Osman D, et al. Assessing pulmonary permeability by transpulmonary thermodilution allows differentiation of hydrostatic pulmonary edema from ALI/ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:448–453. Epub 2007/01/16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar