78
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Modeling the influence of forest vegetation and climate change on the long-term performance of a cover with capillary barrier effects used to control acid mine drainage: the Lorraine case study

, , &
Received 20 Sep 2023, Accepted 14 Apr 2024, Published online: 26 Apr 2024

References

  • M. Aubertin, B. Bussière, and L. Bernier, Environnement et gestion des rejets miniers [Environment and mine wastes management]. [Manuel sur CD-ROM], Les Presses Internationales Polytechnique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Québec, 2002.
  • K.K. Kefeni, T.A.M. Msagati, and B.B. Mamba, Acid mine drainage: Prevention, treatment options, and resource recovery: A review, J. Clean. Prod. 151 (2017), pp. 475–493. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.082.
  • O. Karaca, C. Cameselle, and K.R. Reddy, Mine tailing disposal sites: Concentration problems, remedial options and phytocaps for sustainable remediation, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 17 (1) (2018), pp. 205–228. doi:10.1007/s11157-017-9453-y.
  • J. Aznar-Sánchez, J. García-Gómez, J. Velasco-Muñoz, and A. Carretero-Gómez, Mining waste and its sustainable management: Advances in worldwide research, Minerals 8 (7) (2018), p. 284. doi:10.3390/min8070284.
  • A.I.M. Ritchie, The waste-rock environment, in Short Course Handbook on Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes, D.W. Blowes and J.L. Jambor, eds., Mineralogical Association of Canada, Nepean, Ont., Canada, 1994, pp. 133–161.
  • B. Plante, G. Schudel, and M. Benzaazoua, Generation of acid mine drainage, in Hard Rock Mine Reclamation: From Prediction to Management of Acid Mine Drainage, Chapter 1, B. Bussière and M. Guittonny, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2021, pp. 1–20.
  • D.W. Blowes, C.J. Ptacek, J.L. Jambor, C.G. Weisener, D. Paktunc, W.D. Gould, and D.B. Johnson, The geochemistry of acid mine drainage, in Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd ed., K. Turekian and H. Holland, eds., Elsevier, 2014, pp. 131–190.
  • G.S. Simate and S. Ndlovu, Acid mine drainage: Challenges and opportunities, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2 (3) (2014), pp. 1785–1803. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2014.07.021.
  • B. Bussière and M. Guittonny, Long-term evolution of reclamation performance, in Hard Rock Mine Reclamation: From Prediction to Management of Acid Mine Drainage, Chapter 14, B. Bussière and M. Guittonny, eds., CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2021, pp. 351–378.
  • SRK (Steffen, Robertson and Kirsten, Inc.), Draft acid rock drainage technical guide, Vol. l, British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force, Bi-Tech Publishers Ltd, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1989.
  • B. Bussière, M. Aubertin, M. Mbonimpa, R. Molson, and R.P. Chapuis, Field experimental cells to evaluate the hydrogeological behavior of oxygen barriers made of silty materials, Can. Geotech. J. 44 (3) (2007), pp. 245–265. doi:10.1139/t06-120.
  • I. Demers, B. Bussière, M. Mbonimpa, M. Aubertin, and M. Benzaazoua, Oxygen diffusion and consumption in low sulphide tailings covers, Can. Geotech. J. 46 (4) (2009), pp. 454–469. doi:10.1139/T08-132.
  • M. Aubertin, R.P. Chapuis, M. Aachib, B. Bussière, J.-F. Ricard, and L. Tremblay, Évaluation en laboratoire de barrières sèches construites à partir de résidus miniers [Laboratory evaluation of dry covers constructed from mine tailings], in École Polytechnique de Montréal, NEDEM/MEND Project 2.22.2a, Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology, Canada, 1995, p. 164.
  • I. Demers and T. Pabst, Covers with capillary barrier effects, in Hard Rock Mine Reclamation: From Prediction to Management of Acid Mine Drainage, Chapter 7, B. Bussière and M. Guittonny, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2021, pp. 167–186.
  • R.V. Nicholson, R.W. Gillham, J.A. Cherry, and E.J. Reardon, Reduction of acid generation in mine tailings through the use of moisture-retaining cover layers as oxygen barriers, Can. Geotech. J. 26 (1) (1989), pp. 1–8. doi:10.1139/t89-001.
  • M. Aubertin and R.P. Chapuis, Considérations hydra-géotechniques pour l’entreposage des résidus miniers dans le nord-ouest du Québec [Hydro-geotechnical considerations for tailings disposal in northwestern Québec], 2nd International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, MEND/CANMET, 3:1, 22, 1991.
  • E.K. Yanful, P.H. Simms, and S.C. Payant, Soil covers for controlling acid generation in mine tailing, a laboratory evaluation of the physics and geochemistry, Water Air Soil Pollut. 114, (3) (1999a), pp. 347–375. doi:10.1023/A:1005187613503.
  • M. Aubertin, B. Bussière, T. Pabst, M. James, and M. Mbonimpa, Review of the reclamation techniques for acid-generating mine wastes upon closure of disposal sites, in Geo-Chicago 2016, Chicago, USA, 2016, pp. 343–358. doi:10.1061/9780784480137.034.
  • M. Aubertin, Recouvrement multicouche pour le parc à résidus du site minier Lorraine [Multilayered cover for the tailings storage facility of the Lorraine mine site], Report Submitted to MRNQ (SDM-R-96-23), MRNQ, Quebec City, 1996, 30 pp.
  • M. Nastev and M. Aubertin, Hydrogeological modelling for the reclamation work at the Lorraine mine site Québec, 1st Joint IAH-CNC-CGS Groundwater Specialty Conference, Montréal, Canada, 15–18 October, 2000.
  • A.-M. Dagenais, M. Aubertin, B. Bussière, and J. Cyr, Performance of the Lorraine mine site cover to limit oxygen migration, SME Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, 28 February–2 March, 2005.
  • J.F. Ricard, M. Aubertin, F.W. Firlotte, R. Knapp, and J. McMullen, Design and construction of a dry cover made of tailings for the closure of Les Terrains Aurifères site, Malartic, Québec, Canada, 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), Vancouver, Canada, 31 May–6 June, 1997.
  • B. Bussière, A. Maqsoud, M. Aubertin, J. Matschuk, J. Mcmullen, and M. Julien, Performance of the oxygen limiting cover at the LTA site, Malartic, Québec, CIM Bull. 1 (2006), pp. 1–11.
  • G.W. Wilson, D.J. Williams, and E.M. Rykaart, The integrity of cover systems – An update, 6th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), Cairns, Australia, 12–18 July, 2003.
  • J. DeJong, M. Tibbett, and A. Fourie, Geotechnical systems that evolve with ecological processes, Environ. Earth Sci. 73 (3) (2015), pp. 1067–1082. doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3460-x.
  • G.M. Tordoff, A.J.M. Baker, and A.J. Willis, Current approaches to the revegetation and reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes, Chemosphere 41 (1–2) (2000), pp. 219–228. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00414-2.
  • N. Slingerland and G.W. Wilson, End land use as a guide for integrated mine planning and closure design, in Mine Closure 2015, A.B. Fourie, M. Tibbett, L. Sawatsky and D. van Zyl, eds., InfoMine Inc, Vancouver, Canada, 2015, pp. 235–248.
  • E. Smirnova, B. Bussière, F. Tremblay, and Y. Bergeron, Vegetation succession and impacts of biointrusion on covers used to limit acid mine drainage, J. Environ. Qual. 40 (1) (2011), pp. 133–143. doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0051.
  • I.W.R. Young, C. Naguit, S.J. Halwas, S. Renault, and J.H. Markham, Natural revegetation of a boreal gold mine tailings pond, Restor. Ecol. 21 (4) (2012), pp. 498–505. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.00913.x.
  • M. Guittonny, Revegetation of mine sites, in Hard rock mine reclamation: From prediction to management of acid mine drainage, Chapter 12, B. Bussière and M. Guittonny, eds., Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2021, pp. 297–319.
  • A. Proteau, M. Guittonny, B. Bussière, and A. Maqsoud, Aboveground and belowground colonization of vegetation on a 17-year-old cover with capillary barrier effect built on a boreal mine tailings storage facility, Minerals 10 (8) (2020), p. 704. doi:10.3390/min10080704.
  • MEND (The Mine Environment Neutral Drainage Program), Modelling the critical interactions between cover systems and vegetation, O’Kane Consultants Inc, MEND Report 2.21.6, 2014.
  • M. Guittonny, B. Bussière, A. Maqsoud, A. Proteau, T. Ben Khouya, and Y.-D. Botula, Colonisation racinaire dans les recouvrements miniers et impact sur leur fonctionnement [Root colonization in mining covers and impact on their functioning], Symposium of Mines and the Environment 2018, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada, 17–20 June, 2018.
  • A. Proteau, M. Guittonny, B. Bussière, and A. Maqsoud, Oxygen migration through a cover with capillary barrier effects colonized by roots, Can. Geotech. J. 57 (12) (2020a), pp. 1903–1914. doi:10.1139/cgj-2019-0515.
  • D.I. Johnson and D.H. Urie, Landfill caps: Long term investments in need of attention, Waste Manage. Res. 3 (1) (1985), pp. 143–148. doi:10.1177/0734242X8500300115.
  • L.L. Williams, Effect of Plant Root Intrusion on the Water Balance of Landfill Cover Systems, M.Sc. diss., Vanderbilt University, USA, 2005, 121 pp.
  • B. Traynham, J. Clarke, and J. Burger, Assessing the importance of ecological processes through biomonitoring and ecological forecasting at nuclear materials and waste sites, in Clean Energy: Resources, Production and Developments, A. Harris, ed. Nova Sciences Publisher Inc, 2011, pp. 275–294.
  • B. Traynham, J. Clarke, J. Burger, and J. Waugh, Engineered containment systems: Identification of dominant ecological processes for long-term performance assessment and monitoring, Remed. J. 22 (3) (2012), pp. 93–103. doi:10.1002/rem.21323.
  • A.B. Fourie, M. Tibbett, and J. DeJong, The Fallacy of Designing for in-Perpetuity: Geotechnical Presumptions, Ecosystem Responses and Concepts for Managing Inevitable Change, Mine Closure, Perth, Australia, 2012, pp. 127–136, doi:10.36487/ACG_rep/1208_13_Fourie.
  • J.J. Ni and C.W.W. Ng, Long-term effects of grass roots on gas permeability in unsaturated simulated landfill covers, Sci. Total Environ. 666 (2019), pp. 680–684. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.248.
  • A.B. Fourie and M. Tibbett, Post-mining landforms―Engineering a biological system, Mine Closure 2007, A. Fourie, M. Tibbett and J. Wiertz, eds., Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, Australia, 2007, pp. 3–12, ISBN 9780980418507.
  • C.H. Benson, A. Sawangsuriya, B. Trzebiatowski, and W.H. Albright, Postconstruction changes in the hydraulic properties of water balance cover soils, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (4) (2007), pp. 349–359. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(349).
  • P.C.D. Milly, J. Betancourt, M. Falkenmark, R.M. Hirsch, Z.W. Kundzewicz, D.P. Lettenmaier, and R.J. Stouffer, Climate change: Stationarity is dead: Whither water management? Science 319 (5863) (2008), pp. 573. doi:10.1126/science.1151915.
  • T.R. Anderson and A.R. Butler, A standard for design life and durability for engineered mine wastes structures, J. Clean. Prod. 141 (2017), pp. 67–74. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.042.
  • T.D. Pearce, J.D. Ford, J. Prno, F. Duerden, J. Pittman, M. Beaumier, L. Berrang-Ford, and B. Smit, Climate change and mining in Canada, Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 16 3 (2011), pp. 347–368. doi:10.1007/s11027-010-9269-3.
  • P.J. Vardon, Climatic influence on geotechnical infrastructure: A review, Environ. Geotech. 2 (3) (2015), pp. 166–174. doi:10.1680/envgeo.13.00055.
  • B. Bussière, I. Demers, P. Charron, B. Bossé, P. Roy, M. Jébrak, and S. Trépanier, Analyse de risque et de vulnérabilité liés aux changements climatiques pour le secteur minier québécois [Climate change risk and vulnerability analysis for the mining sector in Quebec], Report Submitted to MERN, Quebec City, 2017, 106 pp.
  • M.S. Alam, S.L. Barbour, A. Elshorbagy, and M. Huang, The impact of climate change on the water balance of oil sands reclamation covers and natural soil profiles, J. Hydrometeorol. 19 (11) (2018), pp. 1731–1752. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-17-0230.1.
  • É. Lieber, Influence des facteurs climatiques sur la performance de la nappe phréatique surélevée combinée à un recouvrement monocouche, M.Sc. diss., Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, QC, Canada, 2019.
  • É. Lieber, I. Demers, T. Pabst, and É. Bresson, Simulating the effect of climate change on performance of a monolayer cover combined with an elevated water table placed on acid-generating mine tailings, Can. Geotech. J. 59 (4) (2022), pp. 558–568. doi:10.1139/cgj-2020-0622.
  • G. Hotton, Influence des changements climatiques sur la performance de couverture à effets de barrière Capillaire: étude du Cas Lorraine [Influence of climate change on the performance of cover with capillary barrier effects: case study of the Lorraine mine site], M.Sc. diss., Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, QC, Canada, 2019.
  • G. Hotton, B. Bussière, T. Pabst, É. Bresson, and P. Roy, Influence of climate change on the ability of a cover with capillary barrier effects to control acid generation, Hydrogeol J. 28 (2) (2020), pp. 763–779. doi:10.1007/s10040-019-02084-y
  • R. Bashir, F. Ahmad, and R. Beddoe, Effect of climate change on a monolithic desulphurized tailings cover, Water 12 (9) (2020), pp. 2645–2674. doi:10.3390/w12092645.
  • Y.-D. Botula, M. Guittonny, B. Bussière, and É. Bresson, Will tree colonisation increase the risks of serious performance loss of engineered covers under climate change in Québec, Canada? in Mine Closure 2019, Perth, Australia, 2019, pp. 607–620. doi:10.36487/ACG_rep/1915_49_Botula.
  • E. Smirnova, B. Bussière, F. Tremblay, and J. Cyr, Vegetation succession and root penetration on the Lorraine cover used to limit acid mine drainage, 34th Annual Meeting and Conference of the Canadian Land Reclamation Association (CLRA) [on CD-ROM], Québec, Canada, 23–25 August, 2009.
  • Statistics Canada, Standard Geographical Classification (SGC). Volume 1. The Classification (12-571-X), 2021. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/statistical-programs/document/SGC_CGT_78239_V1
  • A.-M. Dagenais, M. Aubertin, B. Bussière, L. Bernier, and J. Cyr, Monitoring at the Lorraine mine site: A follow up on the remediation plan, Paper presented at the 2001 National Association of Abandoned Mine Land Programs annual conference: Land Reborn—Tolls for the 21st Century, Athens, OH, August 2001 CD-ROM, 2001.
  • B. Bussière, R. Potvin, A.-M. Dagenais, M. Aubertin, A. Maqsoud, and J. Cyr, Restauration du site minier Lorraine, Latulipe, Québec: résultats de 10 ans de suivi [Reclamation of the Lorraine mine site, Latulipe, Quebec: results of 10 years of monitoring], Déchets Sci. Tech. 54 (2009), pp. 49–64. doi:10.4267/dechets-sciences-techniques.1254.
  • A. Maqsoud and B. Bussière, Mise à jour de l’instrumentation du site Lorraine [Instrumentation update of the Lorraine mine site], Report of URSTM Submitted to MRNF, Quebec City, 2008, 12 pp.
  • A.-M. Dagenais, Techniques de contrôle du drainage minier acide basées sur les effets capillaires [Techniques to control acid mine drainage based on capillary barrier effects], Ph.D. diss., École Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada, 2005, 394 pp.
  • B. Bussière, T. Pabst, V. Boulanger-Martel, M. Guittonny, B. Plante, C.M. Neculita, S. Awoh, M. Mbonimpa, I. Demers, A. Maqsoud, A. Dimech, and P.-L. Labonté-Raymond, Monitoring the performance of mine site reclamation, in Hard Rock Mine Reclamation: From Prediction to Management of Acid Mine Drainage, Chapter 10, B. Bussière and M. Guittonny, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2021, pp. 225–270.
  • C.C. Shock, R.J. David, C.A. Shock, and C.A. Kimberling, Innovative, automatic, low-cost reading of Watermark soil moisture sensors, Proceedings of the Irrigation Association Technical Conference and International Irrigation Show, Orlando, USA, 7–9 November 1999.
  • A.-M. Dagenais, M. Mbonimpa, B. Bussière, and M. Aubertin, A modified oxygen consumption test to evaluate gas flux through oxygen barrier cover systems, Geotech. Test. J. 35 (1) (2012), pp. 150–158. doi:10.1520/GTJ103621.
  • MRN (Ministère des Ressources Naturelles), Vegetation zones and bioclimatic domains in Québec, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, Direction des inventaires forestiers, Québec, 2003. http://mern.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/forest/publications/zone-a.pdf.
  • MFFP (Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec), Zones de Végétation et Domaines Bioclimatiques du Québec, Gouvernement du Québec, 2016. https://m_p.gouv.qc.ca/forets/inventaire/inventaire-zones-carte.jsp.
  • M. Guittonny-Larchevêque, A. Beaulieu, A. Proteau, B. Bussière, and A. Maqsoud, Vegetation management on tailings impoundments reclaimed with covers with capillary barrier effect, 5th International Symposium on Sediment Management, Montréal, Canada, 10–13 July 2016.
  • C. Périé and S. De Blois, Dominant forest tree species are potentially vulnerable to climate change over large portions of their range even at high latitudes, PeerJ. 4(2016), e2218. doi:10.7717/peerj.2218.
  • J.T. Ritchie, Model for predicting evaporation from a row crop with incomplete cover, Water Resour. Res. 8 (5) (1972), pp. 1204–1213. doi:10.1029/WR008i005p01204.
  • R.A. Feddes, P.J. Kowalik, and H. Zaradny, Simulation of Field Water Use and Crop Yield, Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1978.
  • GEOSLOPE International Ltd, Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling with GeoStudio 2020, 1st ed., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2020.
  • M.R. Woyshner and E.K. Yanful, Modelling and field measurements of water percolation through an experimental soil cover on mine tailings, Can. Geotech. J. 32 (4) (1995), pp. 601–609. doi:10.1139/t95-062.
  • B. Bussière, M. Aubertin, and R.P. Chapuis, The behavior of inclined covers used as oxygen barriers, Can. Geotech. J. 40 (3) (2003), pp. 512–535. doi:10.1139/t03-001.
  • A. Kalonji-Kabambi, B. Bussière, and I. Demers, Hydrogeological behaviour of covers with capillary barrier effect made of mining materials, Geotech. Geol. Eng. 35 (3) (2017), pp. 1199–1220. doi:10.1007/s10706-017-0174-3.
  • M. Aubertin, B. Bussière, M. Aachib, R.P. Chapuis, and J.R. Crespo, Une modélisation numérique des écoulements non saturés dans des couvertures multicouches en sols [Numerical modeling of unsaturated flow in multilayer soil covers], Hydrogéologie 1 (1996), pp. 3–13.
  • D.A. Swanson, S.L. Barbour, G.W. Wilson, and M. O’Kane, Soil-atmosphere modelling of an engineered soil cover for acid generating mine waste in a humid, alpine climate, Can. Geotech. J. 40 (2) (2003), pp. 276–292. doi:10.1139/t02-116.
  • C. Adu-Wusu, E.K. Yanful, L. Lanteigne, and M. O’Kane, Prediction of the water balance of two soil cover systems, Geotech. Geol. Eng. 25 (2) (2007), pp. 215–237. doi:10.1007/s10706-006-9106-3.
  • N.A. Beier, H.L. Schafer, and R. Macciotta, Long-term evolution of the phreatic surface in a tailings dam following closure, in Tailings and Mine Waste 2023, University of British Columbia. Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 5–8 November 2023. pp. 527–538.
  • M.T. van Genuchten, A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44 (5) (1980), pp. 892–898. doi:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x.
  • Y. Mualem, A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res. 12 (3) (1976), pp. 513–522. doi:10.1029/WR012i003p00513.
  • M. Mbonimpa, M. Aubertin, R.P. Chapuis, and B. Bussière, Practical pedotransfer functions for estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity, Geotech. Geol. Eng 20 (3) (2002), pp. 235–259. doi:10.1023/A:1016046214724.
  • GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling with GeoStudio 2018, 2nd ed., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, pp. 127–136, 2017a.
  • R.G. Allen, L.S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith, Crop evapotranspiration – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements – FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998.
  • GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Transpiration by Root Water Uptake, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2017b.
  • W.H. Albright, C.H. Benson, and W.J. Waugh, Water Balance Covers for Waste Containment. Principles and Practice, ASCE Press, Reston, VA, USA, 2010. doi:10.1061/9780784410707.
  • L. Breuer, K. Eckhardt, and H.G. Frede, Plant parameter values for models in temperate climates, Ecol. Model. 169 (2–3) (2003), pp. 237–293. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00274-6
  • S. Kumar, R.P. Udawatta, and S.H. Anderson, Root length density and carbon content influenced by agroforestry and grass buffers under grazed pasture systems in a Hapludalf, Agroforest. Syst. 80 (1) (2010), pp. 85–96. doi:10.1007/s10457-010-9312-0.
  • NRCan (Natural Resources Canada), Database “Trees, Insects and Diseases of Canada’s forests” – Fact Sheet “Balsam Poplar”, 2015. https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/trees/factsheet/53
  • D. Hillel, Environmental Soil Physics: Fundamentals, Applications, and Environmental Considerations, Academic Press, Waltham, 1998.
  • L.P. Choo and E.K. Yanful, Water flow through cover soils using modeling and experimental methods, J. Geotechn. Geo-Environ. Eng. 126 (4) (2000), pp. 324–334. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:4(324).
  • T. Pabst, B. Bussière, M. Aubertin, and J. Molson, Comparative performance of cover systems to prevent acid mine drainage from pre-oxidized tailings: A numerical hydro-geochemical assessment, J. Contam. Hydrol. 214 (2018), pp. 39–53. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.05.006.
  • T. Pabst, Étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement hydro- géochimique de recouvrements placés sur des résidus sulfureux partiellement oxydés [Experimental and numerical study of the hydro-geochemical behaviour of covers placed on partly oxidized sulphidic tailings], Ph.D. diss., École Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada, 2011.
  • C. Argunhan-Atalay and H. Yazicigil, Modeling and performance assessment of alternative cover systems on a waste rock storage area, Mine Water Environ. 37 (1) (2018), pp. 106–118. doi:10.1007/s10230-017-0476-y.
  • J. Šimůnek, M.T. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna, The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating the Two- and Three-Dimensional Movement of Water, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in Variable-Saturated Media, University of California, Riverside, CA, 2012.
  • GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Vadose Zone Modeling with VADOSE/W 2016 an Engineering Methodology, Geo-Slope, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2016.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.