10,717
Views
192
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited commentary

Exercise is brain food: The effects of physical activity on cognitive function

Pages 236-240 | Received 15 Jan 2008, Accepted 05 Feb 2008, Published online: 10 Jul 2009

References

  • Steele CA, Kalnins IV, Jutai JW, Stevens SE, Bortolussi JA, Biggar WD. Lifestyle health behaviours of 11- to 16- year old youth with physical disabilities. Health Education Research 1996; 11: 173–186
  • Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, Banich MT, McAuley E, Harrison CR, et al. Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature 1999; 400: 418–419
  • Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Satariano WA, Tager IB. A longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in healthy older adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2003; 51: 459–465
  • Van Boxtel MPG, Paas FGWC, Houx PJ, Adam JJ, Teeken JC, Jolles J. Aerobic capacity and cognitive performance in a cross-sectional aging study. Medical Science and Sports Exercise 1997; 29: 1357–1365
  • Hillman CH, Snook EM, Jerome GJ. Acute cardiovascular exercise and executive control function. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2003; 48: 307–314
  • Kamijo K, Nishihira Y, Hatta A, Kaneda T, Kida T, Higashiura T, Kuroiwa K. Changes in arousal level by differential exercise intensity. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004; 115: 2693–2698
  • Kamijo K, Nishihira Y, Higashiura T, Kuroiwa K. The interactive effect of exercise intensity and task difficulty on human cognitive processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2007; 65: 114–121
  • Zhang Z, Dunlap M, Forman E, Grondin R, Gask DM. Treadmill exercise improves motor and working memory functions in aged rhesus monkeys. Society for Neuroscience Program No 199.1. Washington, DC 2005
  • Ploughman M, Attwood Z, White N, Dorè JJE, Corbett D. Endurance exercise facilitates relearning of forelimb motor skill after focal ischemia. European Journal of Neuroscience 2007; 25: 3453–3460
  • Kleim JA, Cooper NR, VandenBerg PM. Exercise induces angiogenesis but does not alter movement representations within rat motor cortex. Brain Research 2002; 934: 1–6
  • Kubesch S, Bretschneider V, Freudenman R, Weidenhammer N, Lehmann M, Spitzer M, Gron G. Aerobic endurance exercise improves executive functions in depressed patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2003; 64: 1005–1012
  • Winter B, Breitenstein C, Mooren FC, Voelker K, Fobker M, Lechtermann A, et al. High impact running improves learning. Neurobiology Learning and Memory 2007; 87: 597–609
  • McMorris T, Collard K, Corbett J, Dicks M, Swain JP. A test of the catecholamines hypothesis for an acute exercise-cognition interaction. Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Behavior 2008; 89: 106–115
  • Kubitz KA, Mott AA. EEG power spectral densities during and after cycle ergometer exercise. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1996; 67: 91–96
  • Schinder AF, Poo M. The neurotrophin hypothesis for synaptic plasticity. Trends in Neuroscience 2000; 23: 639–645
  • Gottchalk W, Jiang H, Tartaglia N, Feng L, Figurov A, Lu B. Signalling mechanisms mediating BDNF modulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Learning and Memory 1999; 6: 243–256
  • Vicario-Abejon C, Collin C, McKay RD, Segal M. Neurotrophins induce formation of functional excitatory and inhibitory synapses between cultured hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 1998; 18: 7256–7271
  • Ji Y, Pang PT, Feng L, Lu B. Cyclic AMP controls BDNF-induced TrkB phosphorylation and dendritic spine formation in mature hippocampal neurons. Nature Neuroscience 2005; 8: 164–172
  • Mu JS, Li WP, Yao ZB, Zhou XF. Deprivation of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor results in impairment of spatial learning and memory in adult rats. Brain Research 1999; 835: 259–265
  • Mizuno M, Yamada K, Olariu A, Nawa H, Nabeshima T. Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in spatial memory formation and maintenance in a radial arm maze test in rats. Journal of Neuroscience 2000; 20: 7116–7121
  • Molteni R, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Differential effects of acute and chronic exercise on plasticity-related genes in the rat hippocampus revealed by microarray. European Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 16: 1107–1116
  • van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nature Neuroscience 1999; 2: 266–270
  • Hicks AU, Hewlett K, Windle V, Chernenko G, Ploughman M, Jolkkonen J, et al. Enriched environment enhances transplanted subventricular zone stem cell migration and functional recovery after stroke. Neuroscience 2007; 146: 31–40
  • Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. European Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 20: 2580–2590
  • Ding Q, Vaynman S, Akhavan M, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. Neuroscience 2006; 140: 823–833
  • Trejo JL, Carro E, Torres-Alemán I. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience 2001; 21: 1628–1634
  • Carro E, Trejo JL, Busiguina S, Torres-Aleman I. Circulating insulin-like growth factor mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy. Journal of Neuroscience 2001; 21: 5678–5684
  • Hillman CH, Castelli DM, Buck SM. Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children. Medical Science and Sports Exercise 2005; 37: 1967–1974
  • Buck SM, Hillman CH, Castelli DM. The relation of aerobic fitness to stroop task performance in preadolescent children. Medical Science and Sports Exercise 2008; 40: 166–172
  • Sibley BA, Etnier JL. The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-anlysis. Pediatric Exercise Science 2003; 15: 243–256
  • Reynolds D, Nicolson RI. Follow-up of an exercise-based treatment for children with reading difficulties. Dyslexia 2007; 13: 78–96
  • Verschuren O, Ketelaar M, Gorter JW, Helders PJM, Uiterwaal CSPM, Takken T. Exercise training program in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2007; 161: 1075–1081
  • Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Erickson KI, Scalf P, McAuley E, Cohen NJ, et al. Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 2004; 101: 3316–3321
  • Columbe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychology Science 2003; 14: 125–130
  • Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, Kim JS, Prakash R, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Journal of Gerontology 2006; 61A: 1166–1170
  • Stummer W, Weber K, Tranmer B, Baethmann A, Kempski O. Reduced mortality and brain damage after locomotor activity in gerbil forebrain ischemia. Stroke 1994; 25: 1862–1869
  • Etnier JL, Nowell PM, Landers DM, Sibley BA. A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain Research Review 2006; 52: 119–130
  • Ploughman M, Granter-Button S, Chernenko G, Tucker BA, Mearow KM, Corbett D. Endurance exercise regimens induce differential effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, synapsin-I and insulin-like growth factor I after focal ischemia. Neuroscience 2005; 136: 991–1001
  • Ploughman M, Granter-Button S, Chernenko G, Attwood Z, Tucker BA, Mearow KM, Corbett D. Exercise intensity influences the temporal profile of growth factors involved in neuronal plasticity following focal ischemia. Brain Research 2007; 1150: 207–216
  • Schaaf MJM, de Jong J, de Kloet R, Vreugdenhil E. Downregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone. Brain Research 1998; 813: 112–120
  • Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews in Neuroscience 2008; 9: 58–65
  • Rimmer JA, Rowland JL. Physical activity for youth with disabilities: A critical need in an underserved population. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2008; 11: 142–149
  • Kang M, Ragan B, Zhu W, Frogley M. Exercise barrier severity and perseverance of active youth with physical disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology 2007; 52: 170–176

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.