Effect of Mirror Therapy on Upper Limb Function in Children and Adolescents with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

References

• Osukai M, Shevell MI, Swaiman KF. Cerebral palsy. In: KF S, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, Schor NF, Finkel RS, Gropman AL, editors. Pediatric neurology: principles and practice. 6th ed. Minneapolis, USA: Elsevier; 2017. p. 734–40.
   Google Scholar
• Kent RM. Cerebral palsy. In: Barnes M, and Good D. editors. Neurological rehabilitation. Vol. 110. 1st ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2012. p. 443–59.
   Google Scholar
• Korzeniewski SJ, Slaughter J, Lenski M, Haak P, Paneth N. The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(9):528–43. doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0043-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cioni G, Sales B, Paolicelli PB, Petacchi E, Scusa MF, Canapicchi R. MRI and clinical characteristics of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Neuropediatrics. 1999;30(5):249–55. doi:10.1055/s-2007-973499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YW, March WM, Croen LA, Grether JK, Escobar GJ, Newman TB. Perinatal stroke in children with motor impairment: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 2004;114(3):612–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Croen LA, Backstrand KH, Yoshida CK, Henning LH, Lindan C, Ferriero DM, Fullerton HJ, Barkovich AJ, Wu YW. Maternal and infant characteristics associated with perinatal arterial stroke in the infant. JAMA. 2005;293(6):723–29. doi:10.1001/jama.293.6.723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercuri E, Rutherford M, Cowan F, Pennock J, Counsell S, Papadimitriou M, Azzopardi D, Bydder G, Dubowitz L. Early prognostic indicators of outcome in infants with neonatal cerebral infarction: a clinical, electroencephalogram, and magnetic resonance imaging study. Pediatrics. 1999;103(1):39–46. doi:10.1542/peds.103.1.39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwink A, Aarts PB, Geurts AC, Steenbergen B. A neurocognitive perspective on developmental disregard in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(6):2157–63. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park H, Choi JY, Yi SH, Park ES, Shim D, Choi TY, Rha D-W. Relationship between the more-affected upper limb function and daily activity performance in children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):459. doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02927-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honan I, Finch-Edmondson M, Imms C, Novak I, Hogan A, Clough S, Bonyhady B, McIntyre S, Elliott C, Wong S. et al. Is the search for cerebral palsy ‘cures’ a reasonable and appropriate goal in the 2020s? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2022;64(1):49–55. doi:10.1111/dmcn.15016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoare BJ, Wallen MA, Thorley MN, Jackman ML, Carey LM, Imms C. Constraint-induced movement therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4(4):Cd004149. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004149.pub3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ouyang RG, Yang CN, Qu YL, Koduri MP, Chien CW. Effectiveness of hand-arm bimanual intensive training on upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020;25:17–28. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.12.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saquetto M, Carvalho V, Silva C, Conceição C, Gomes-Neto M. The effects of whole body vibration on mobility and balance in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2015;15:137–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya Kara O, Atasavun Uysal S, Turker D, Karayazgan S, Gunel MK, Baltaci G. The effects of kinesio taping on body functions and activity in unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(1):81–88. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihai EE, Popescu MN, Iliescu AN, Berteanu M. A systematic review on extracorporeal shock wave therapy and botulinum toxin for spasticity treatment: a comparison on efficacy. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2022;58(4):565–74. doi:10.23736/S1973-9087.22.07136-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzetta A, Boyd RN, Perez M, Ziviani J, Burzi V, Slaughter V, Rose S, Provan K, Findlay L, Fisher I. et al. UP-BEAT (upper limb baby early action–observation training): protocol of two parallel randomised controlled trials of action–observation training for typically developing infants and infants with asymmetric brain lesions. BMJ Open. 2013;3(2):e002512. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D. Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. Proc Biol Sci. 1996;263:377–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran VS, Altschuler EL. The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 7):1693–710. doi:10.1093/brain/awp135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohle C, Altschuler E, Ramachandran VS. Mirror therapy. In: Sathian K, Ramachandran V. editors. Multisensory perception: from laboratory to clinic. New York, USA: Academic Press, Elsevier Inc.; 2020. p. 449–61.
   Google Scholar
• Bonassi G, Pelosin E, Ogliastro C, Cerulli C, Abbruzzese G, Avanzino L. Mirror visual feedback to improve bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:8764238. doi:10.1155/2016/8764238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekeoglu Tosun A, Ipek Y, Razak Ozdincler A, Saip S. The efficiency of mirror therapy on drop foot in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2021;143(5):545–53. doi:10.1111/ane.13385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Wei Q, Gou W, He C. Effects of mirror therapy on walking ability, balance and lower limb motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(8):1007–21. doi:10.1177/0269215518766642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broderick P, Horgan F, Blake C, Ehrensberger M, Simpson D, Monaghan K. Mirror therapy for improving lower limb motor function and mobility after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture. 2018;63:208–20. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.05.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D, Cobb S. Touching the phantom limb. Nature. 1995;377(6549):489–90. doi:10.1038/377489a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley LG, Gallace A, Spence C. Is mirror therapy all it is cracked up to be? Current evidence and future directions. Pain. 2008;138(1):7–10. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.06.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilner JM, Lemon RN. What we know currently about mirror neurons. Curr Biol. 2013;23(23):R1057–62. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milde C, Rance M, Kirsch P, Trojan J, Fuchs X, Foell J, Bekrater-Bodmann R, Flor H, Diers M. Do mirror glasses have the same effect on brain activity as a mirror box? Evidence from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with healthy subjects. PLOS One. 2015;10(5):e0127694. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Fritzsch C, Bernarding J, Holtze S, Mauritz KH, Brunetti M, Dohle C. A comparison of neural mechanisms in mirror therapy and movement observation therapy. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45(4):410–13. doi:10.2340/16501977-1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diers M, Christmann C, Koeppe C, Ruf M, Flor H. Mirrored, imagined and executed movements differentially activate sensorimotor cortex in amputees with and without phantom limb pain. Pain. 2010;149(2):296–304. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho D, Teixeira S, Lucas M, Yuan TF, Chaves F, Peressutti C, Machado S, Bittencourt J, Menéndez-González M, Nardi A. et al. The mirror neuron system in post-stroke rehabilitation. Int Arch Med. 2013;6(1):41. doi:10.1186/1755-7682-6-41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bai Z, Fong KNK, Zhang J, Hu Z. Cortical mapping of mirror visual feedback training for unilateral upper extremity: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Behav. 2020;10(1):e01489. doi:10.1002/brb3.1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin A, Padma Srivastava MV, Kumaran SS, Bhatia R, Mohanty S. Neural interface of mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurol India. 2012;60(6):570–76. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.105188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme H, Morkisch N, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Behrens J, Borgetto B, Dohle C. Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7(7):CD008449. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008449.pub3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pervane Vural S, Nakipoglu Yuzer GF, Sezgin Ozcan D, Demir Ozbudak S, Ozgirgin N. Effects of mirror therapy in stroke patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(4):575–81. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbin J, Seetha V, Casillas JM, Paysant J, Pérennou D. The effects of mirror therapy on pain and motor control of phantom limb in amputees: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2016;59(4):270–75. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruchez R, Jequier Gygax M, Roches S, Fluss J, Jacquier D, Ballabeni P, Grunt S, Newman CJ. Mirror therapy in children with hemiparesis: a randomized observer-blinded trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(9):970–78. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elanchezhian C, Swarna Kumari P. Mirror therapy to improve hand function in spastic cerebral palsy children. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2019;10(3):2381–7. doi:10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1483.
   Google Scholar
• Kara OK, Yardimci BN, Sahin S, Orhan C, Livanelioglu A, Soylu AR. Combined effects of mirror therapy and exercises on the upper extremities in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Neurorehabil. 2020;23(4):253–64. doi:10.1080/17518423.2019.1662853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashin AG, McAuley JH. Clinimetrics: physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale. J Physiother. 2020;66(1):59. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng H-Y, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM. et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlowodzki M, Poolman RW, Kerkhoffs GM, Tornetta P, Bhandari M, IE-BOSW G. How to interpret a meta-analysis and judge its value as a guide for clinical practice. Acta Orthop. 2007;78(5):598–609. doi:10.1080/17453670710014284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzamfar P, Heirani A, Sedighi M. The effect of motor training in mirror therapy on gross motor skills of the affected hand in children with hemiplegia. Iran Rehabil J. 2017;15(3):243–8. doi:10.29252/nrip.irj.15.3.243.
   Google Scholar
• Madbouly ME, Olama KA, Omar T, El Fakharan MS. Modified constraint-induced movement therapy versus mirror therapy on affected hand functions in hemiparetic children. Ann Clin Anal Med. 2021;12(8):924–8. doi:10.4328/ACAM.20505.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed RA, Yousef AM, Radwan NL, Ibrahim MM. Efficacy of different approaches on quality of upper extremity function, dexterity and grip strength in hemiplegic children: a randomized controlled study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(17):5412–23. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202109_26648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narimani A, Kalantari M, Dalvand H, Tabatabaee SM. Effect of mirror therapy on dexterity and hand grasp in children aged 9–14 years with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Iran J Child Neurol. 2019;13:135–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukumura K, Sugawara K, Tanabe S, Ushiba J, Tomita Y. Influence of mirror therapy on human motor cortex. Int J Neurosci. 2007;117(7):1039–48. doi:10.1080/00207450600936841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniotti P, Veronelli L, Caronni A, Monti A, Aristidou E, Montesano M, Corbo M. No evidence of effectiveness of mirror therapy early after stroke: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2019;33(5):885–93. doi:10.1177/0269215518824737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme H, Bayn M, Wurg M, Zange C, Pohl M, Behrens J. Mirror therapy for patients with severe arm paresis after stroke–a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27(4):314–24. doi:10.1177/0269215512455651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar