84
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

‘Are you vaccinated? Yeah, I’m immunized': a risk orders theory analysis of celebrity COVID-19 misinformation

, , , , &

References

  • Ahmed F, Zviedrite N, Uzicanin A. Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1–13. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5446-1.
  • Ardevol-Abreu A, de Zuniga HG, Gamez E. The influence of conspiracy beliefs on conventional and unconventional forms of political participation: the mediating role of political efficacy. Br J Soc Psychol. 2020;59:549–69.
  • Aw J, Seng JJB, Seah SSY, Low LL. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy—a scoping review of literature in high-income countries. Vaccines. 2021;9:900.
  • Ayhan SG, Oluklu D, Sinaci S, Atalay A, Erol SA, Tokalioglu EO, et al. Fetal thymus size in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection. Gynecol Obstet Reprod Med. 2021;27:84–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13713.
  • Ball P, Maxmen A. The epic battle against coronavirus misinformation and conspiracy theories. Nature. 2020;581:371–4.
  • Bates BR, Finkelshteyn S, Odunsi IA. We were having a rather long conversation about the uproar’: memorable messages about COVID-19 vaccinations in a mostly young, white sample. J Commun Healthc. 2023: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2023.2223437.
  • Beck CS, Chapman SA, Simmons N, etal Celebrity health narratives and the public health. Jefferson (NC): McFarland; 2015.
  • Beck CS, Aubuchon S, McKenna T, Ruhl S, Simmons N. Blurring personal health and public priorities: an analysis of celebrity health narratives in the public sphere. Health Commun. 2014;29(3):244–56.
  • Beck U. Risk society: towards a new modernity (M. Ritter, Trans.). Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage; 1992; original work published 1986.
  • Beck U. World at risk. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press; 2008.
  • Beck U, Giddens A, Lash S. Reflexive modernization: politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. Redwood City (CA): Stanford University Press; 1994.
  • Bengel C. (2022, August 29). Packers’ Aaron Rogers admits he misled public, media by saying he was ‘immunized’ against COVID-19. Available from: https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/packers-aaron-rodgers-admits-he-misled-public-media-by-saying-he-was-immunized-against-covid-19/.
  • Berger PL, Luckmann T. The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. New York City (NY): Anchor Books; 1967.
  • Carbaugh D. Cultural discourse analysis: communication practices and intercultural encounters. J Intercult Commun Res. 2007;36:167–82.
  • Carbaugh D. Cultures in conversation. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum; 2005.
  • CDC [Center for Disease Control and Prevention]. (2021, November 9). Answering patients’ questions about COVID-19 vaccine and vaccination. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/hcp/answering-questions.html?s_cid=11714:covid%20natural%20immunity:sem.ga:p:RG:GM:gen:PTN:FY22#infection-vs-vaccine-immunity.
  • Charmaz K. Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage; 2014.
  • Chen F, Zhu S, Dai Z, Hao L, Luan C, Guo Q, et al. Effects of COVID-19 and mRNA vaccines on human fertility. Hum Reprod. 2021;37:5–13.
  • Field-Springer K. Constructivist grounded theory. In: EY Ho, CL Bylund, JC van Weert, editors. The international encyclopedia of health communication. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; 2022. p. 593.
  • Gasmi A, Peana M, Noor S, Lysiuk R, Menzel A, Gasmi Benahmed A, et al. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: the never-ending story. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;105:1333–43.
  • Gee JP. An introduction to discourse analysis: theory and method. Oxfordshire: Routledge; 2011.
  • Giddens A. The consequences of modernity. Redwood City: Stanford University Press; 1990.
  • Jamieson KH, Albarracín D. The relation between media consumption and misinformation at the outset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the U.S. Har Kennedy Sch Misinform Rev. 2020;2:1–22.
  • Jennings B, Arras J. Ethical aspects of public health emergency preparedness and response. In: B Jennings, J Arras, D Barrett, etal, editors. Emergency ethics: public health preparedness and response. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016. p. 1–103.
  • Jolley D, Douglas KM. The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89177.
  • Krause NM, Freiling I, Beets B, Brossard D. Fact-checking as risk communication: the multi-layered risk of misinformation in times of COVID-19. J Risk Res. 2020;23:1052–9.
  • Kuhn TS. The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1962.
  • Lewis K, Chaudhuri D, Alshamsi F, Carayannopoulos L, Dearness K, Chagla Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0244778.
  • London AJ, Kimmelman J. Against pandemic research exceptionalism. Science. 2020;368:476–7.
  • London AJ. Reasonable risks in clinical research: a critique and a proposal for the integrative approach. Stat Med. 2006;25:2869–85.
  • London AJ. Research in a public health crisis: the integrative approach to managing the moral tensions. In: B Jennings, J Arras, D Barrett, etal, editors. Emergency ethics: public health preparedness and response. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016. p. 220–61.
  • Lupton D. Risk. London: Routledge; 1999.
  • Marchlewska M, Cichoeka A, Kossowska M. Addicted to answers: need for cognitive closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2018;48:109–17.
  • Meyerowitz-Katz G. (2021, December 11). ‘Science is flawed’: COVID-19, ivermectin, and beyond. Medical News Today. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/science-is-flawed-covid-19-ivermectin-and-beyond.
  • Morning Consult. (2022, March 16). The U.S. Vaccine Tracker [Graph]. Retrieved July 6, 2023. Available from: https://pro.morningconsult.com/trackers/covid-19-vaccine-adoption-tracker.
  • Noar SM, Willoughby JF, Myrick JG, Brown J. Public figure announcements about cancer and opportunities for cancer communication: a review and research agenda. Health Commun. 2014;29:445–61.
  • Obiała J, Obiała K, Mańczak M, Owoc J, Olszewski R. COVID-19 misinformation: accuracy of articles about coronavirus prevention mostly shared on social media. Health Policy Technol. 2021;10:182–6.
  • Pugh J, Savulescu J, Brown RC, Wilkinson D. The unnaturalistic fallacy: COVID-19 vaccine mandates should not discriminate against natural immunity. J Med Ethics. 2022;48(6):371–7.
  • Rothgerber H, Wilson T, Whaley D, Rosenfeld DL, Humphrey M, Moore AL, et al. Politicizing the COVID-19 pandemic: ideological differences in adherence to social distancing. PsyArXiv. 2020: 1–36.
  • Scannell D, Desens L, Guadagno M, Tra Y, Acker E, Sheridan K, et al. COVID-19 vaccine discourse on Twitter: a content analysis of persuasion techniques, sentiment and mis/disinformation. J Health Commun. 2021;26:443–59.
  • Sattui SE, Liew JW, Graef ER, Coler-Reilly A, Berenbaum F, Duarte-García A, et al. Swinging the pendulum: lessons learned from public discourse concerning hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16:659–66.
  • Seeger MW, Reynolds B, Sellnow TL. Crisis and emergency risk communication in health contexts: applying the CDC model to pandemic influenza. In: R Heath, D O’Hair, editors. Handbook of risk and crisis communication. New York City (NY): Routledge; 2020. p. 493–506.
  • Shi J, Smith SW. The effects of fear appeal message repetition on perceived threat, perceived efficacy, and behavioral intention in the extended parallel process model. Health Commun. 2016;31:275–86.
  • Sommariva S, Vamos C, Mantzarlis A, Đào LUL, Martinez Tyson D. Spreading the (fake) news: exploring health messages on social media and the implications for health professionals using a case study. Am J Health Educ. 2018;49(4):246–55.
  • Striley K, Tenzek KE, Field-Springer K. Difficult dialogues about death: applying risk orders theory to analyse chaplains’ provision of end-of-life care. Health Risk Soc. 2022;24(3-4):167–85.
  • Striley K, Field-Springer K. When it’s good to be a bad nurse: expanding risk orders theory to explore nurses’ experiences of moral, social and identity risks in obstetrics units. Health Risk Soc. 2016;18(1-2):77–96.
  • Striley KM, Field-Springer K. The bad mother police: theorizing risk orders in the discourses of infant feeding practices. Health Commun. 2014;29(6):552–62.
  • Sutton RM, Douglas KM. Conspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: implications for political ideology. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2020;34:118–22.
  • Tulp S. (2022). Experts say changes to CDC’s vaccination definition are normal. Available from: https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-976069264061.
  • Rogers, A. (2021). The Pat McAfee Show. (2021, November 05). The Pat McAfee Show | Friday November 5th, 2021. YouTube. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3JU_oAEinQ.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021, December 12). Why you should not use ivermectin to treat or prevent COVID-19. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/why-you-should-not-use-ivermectin-treat-or-prevent-covid-19.
  • Wang Y, McKee M, Torbica A, Stuckler D. Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Soc Sci Med. 2019;240:112552.
  • Wesselink AK, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, Wang TR, Willis MD, Yland J, et al. A prospective cohort study of COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and fertility. Am J Epidemiol. 2022;36:1–13.
  • World Health Organization. (2022). Infodemic. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic#tab=tab_1.
  • Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S. The spread of true and false news online. Science. 2018;359:1146–51.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.