How well do poor language scores at ages 3 and 4 predict poor language scores at age 6?

References

• Birney D. P., Sternberg R. J. Intelligence and cognitive abilities as competencies in development. Lifespan cognition: Mechanisms of change, E. Bialystok. Oxford University Press, New York 2006; 315–330
   Google Scholar
• Campbell T. F., Dollaghan C. A., Rockette H. E., Paradise J. L., Feldman H. M., Shriberg L. D., Sabo D., Kurs-Lasky M. Risk factors for speech delay in three-year-old children. Child Development 2003; 74: 346–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman T., Taylor E., Drew A., Cockerill H., Brown J., Baird G. Outcome at 7 years of children diagnosed with autism at age 2: Predictive validity of assessments conducted at 2 and 3 years of age and pattern of symptom change over time. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005; 46: 500–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale P. S., Price T. S., Bishop D. V. M., Plomin R. Outcomes of early language delay: I. Predicting persistent and transient language difficulties at 3 and 4 years. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2003; 46: 544–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollaghan C. A., Campbell T. F., Paradise J. L., Feldman H. M., Janosky J. E., Pitcairn D. L., Kurs-Lasky M. Maternal education and measures of early speech and language. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 1999; 42: 1432–1443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollaghan C., Campbell T. F. Nonword repetition and child language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 1998; 41: 1136–1146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn L. M., Dunn L. M. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, MN 1981
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg S. L., Fersko T. M., Lundgren C. The use of MLU for identifying language impairment in preschool children: A review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 2001; 10: 323–342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis Weismer S., Tomblin J. B., Zhang X., Buckwalter P., Chynoweth J. G., Jones M. Nonword repetition performance in school-age children with and without language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2000; 43: 865–878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freberg M. E., Vandiver B. J., Watkins M. W., Canivez G. L. Significant factor score variability and the validity of the WISC-III full scale IQ in predicting later academic achievement. Applied Neuropsychology 2008; 15: 131–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin W. J., Giles L. Sample size effects on temporal reliability of language sample measures of preschool children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1996; 39: 1258–1262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grunau R. E., Whitfield M. F., Petrie J. Predicting IQ of biologically “at risk” children from age 3 to school entry: sensitivity and specificity of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale IV. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2000; 21: 401–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston J. R. An alternate MLU calculation: Magnitude and variability of effects. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2001; 44: 156–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddell F. D. K. Simplified exact analysis of case-referent studies: Matched pairs, dichotomous exposure. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1983; 37: 82–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy D. McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1972
   Google Scholar
• Miller J. F., Chapman R. S. The relation between age and mean length of utterance in morphemes. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1981; 24: 154–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller J. F., Chapman R. S. Systematic analysis of language transcripts (SALT). 1984–2000, [software program]. University of Wisconsin-Madison Waisman Center, Language Analysis Laboratory
   Google Scholar
• Pankratz M. E., Plante E., Vance R., Insalaco D. M. The diagnostic and predictive validity of The Renfrew Bus Story. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 2007; 38: 390–399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradise J. L., Campbell T. F., Dollaghan C. A., Feldman H. M., Bernard B. S., Colborn D. K., Rockette H. E., Janosky J. E., Pitcairn D. L., Kurs-Lasky M., Sabo D. L., Smith C. G. Developmental outcomes after early or delayed insertion of tympanostomy tubes. New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 353: 576–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradise J. L., Dollaghan C. A., Campbell T. F., Feldman H. M., Bernard B. S., Colborn D. K., Rockette H. E., Janosky J. E., Pitcairn D. L., Kurs-Lasky M., Sabo D. L., Smith C. G. Otitis media and tympanostomy tube insertion during the first three years of life: Developmental outcomes at the age of four years. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 265–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradise J. L., Feldman H. M., Campbell T. F., Dollaghan C. A., Colborn D. K., Bernard B. S., Rockette H. E., Janosky J. E., Pitcairn D. L., Sabo D. L., Kurs-Lasky M., Smith C. G. Early versus late tympanostomy tube placement for persistent otitis media: Developmental outcomes at age 3 years. New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 344: 1179–1195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradise J. L., Feldman H. M., Campbell T. F., Dollaghan C. A., Rockette H. E., Pitcairn D. L., Smith C. G., Colborn D. K., Bernard B. S., Kurs-Lasky M., Janosky J. E., Sabo D. L., O'Connor R. E., Pelham W. E. Tympanostomy tubes and developmental outcomes at 9 to 11 years of age. New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 356: 248–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice M. L., Taylor C. L., Zubrick S. R. Language outcomes of 7-year-old children with or without a history of late language emergence at 24 months. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2008; 51: 394–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett D. L., Straus S. E., Richardson W. S., Rosenberg W., Haynes R. B. Evidence-based medicine. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 2000
   Google Scholar
• Saylor C. F., Boyce G. C., Peagler S. M., Callahan S. A. Brief report: Cautions against using the Stanford-Binet-IV to classify high-risk preschoolers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2000; 25: 179–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shriberg L. D., Austin D., Lewis B. A., McSweeny J. L., Wilson D. L. The percentage of consonants correct (PCC) metric: Extensions and reliability data. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 1997; 40: 708–722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel L. S. A reconceptualization of prediction from infant test scores. Stability and continuity in mental development, M. H. Bornstein, N. A. Krasnegor. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1989; 89–103
   Google Scholar
• Simon S. D. Statistical evidence in medical trials: What do the data really tell us?. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006
   Google Scholar
• Streiner D. L. Risky business: Making sense of estimates of risk. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 43: 411–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomblin J. B. Familial concentration of developmental language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1989; 54: 287–295
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Census Bureau. Census brief: America's children at risk [CENBR/97-2]. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, September, Washington, DC 1997
   Google Scholar
• Walter S. D. Choice of effect measure for epidemiological data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2000; 53: 931–939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children3rd ed. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1991
   Google Scholar
• Westerlund M., Berglund E., Eriksson M. Can severely language delayed 3-year-olds be identified at 18 months? Evaluation of a screening version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2006; 49: 237–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubrick S. R., Taylor C. L., Rice M. L., Slegers D. W. Late language emergence at 24 months: An epidemiological study of prevalence, predictors, and covariates. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2007; 50: 1562–1592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar