2,674
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Who Misses Lunch on School Days in Canada?

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Fulkerson JA, Larson N, Horning M, Neumark-Sztainer D. A review of associations between family or shared meal frequency and dietary and weight status outcomes across the lifespan. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2014;46(1):2–19. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2013.07.012.
  • Verhage CL, Gillebaart M, van der Veek SMC, Vereijken CMJL. The relation between family meals and health of infants and toddlers: a review. Appetite. 2018;127:97–109. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.010.
  • Nicklas TA, Baranowski T, Cullen KW, Berenson G. Eating patterns, dietary quality and obesity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(6):599–608. doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719064.
  • Pedersen TP, Meilstrup C, Holstein BE, Rasmussen M. Fruit and vegetable intake is associated with frequency of breakfast, lunch and evening meal: cross-sectional study of 11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-9.
  • Rodrigues PRM, Luiz RR, Monteiro LS, Ferreira MG, Gonçalves-Silva RMV, Pereira RA. Adolescents’ unhealthy eating habits are associated with meal skipping. Nutrition. 2017;42:114–120.e1. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.03.011.
  • Pourrostami K, Heshmat R, Hemati Z, et al. Association of fruit and vegetable intake with meal skipping in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study. Eating Weight Disord Stud Anorexia Bulimia Obesity. 2020;25(4):903–910. doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00704-w.
  • Dubois L, Girard M, Potvin Kent M, Farmer A, Tatone-Tokuda F. Breakfast skipping is associated with differences in meal patterns, macronutrient intakes and overweight among pre-school children. Pub Health Nutr. 2009;12(1):19–28. doi:10.1017/S1368980008001894.
  • Toschke AM, Küchenhoff H, Koletzko B, R Von K. Meal frequency and childhood obesity. Obes Res. 2005;13(11):1932–1938. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.238.
  • Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, Adams J, Metzl JD. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(5):743–760. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.007.
  • Wijtzes AI, Jansen W, Bouthoorn SH. et al. Meal-skipping behaviors and body fat in 6-year-old children. J Pediatr. 2016;168:118–125.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.039.
  • Lehto R, Ray C, Lahti-Koski M, Roos E. Meal pattern and BMI in 9–11-year-old children in Finland. Pub Health Nutr. 2011;14(7):1245–1250. doi:10.1017/S1368980010003034.
  • Demissie Z, Eaton DK, Lowry R, Nihiser AJ, Foltz JL. Prevalence and correlates of missing meals among high school students—United States, 2010. Am J Health Promot. 2018;32(1):89–95.doi:10.1177/0890117116667348.
  • Hoyland A, Dye L, Lawton CL. A systematic review of the effect of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev. 2009;22(2):220–243. doi:10.1017/S0954422409990175.
  • Wijtzes AI, Jansen W, Jaddoe VWV, et al. Social inequalities in young children’s meal skipping behaviors: the generation R study. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0134487. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134487.
  • Pedersen TP, Holstein BE, Krølner R, et al. Lunch frequency among adolescents: associations with sociodemographic factors and school characteristics. Pub Health Nutr. 2016;19(5):872–884. doi:10.1017/S1368980015001457.
  • Health Canada. Canada’s food guide. https://food-guide.canada.ca/en. Published 2019. Accessed January 28, 2021.
  • Tugault-Lafleur CN, Black JL. Lunch on school days in Canada: examining contributions to nutrient and food group intake and differences across eating locations. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020;120(9):1484–1497. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.01.011.
  • Tugault-Lafleur CN, Black JL, Barr SI. Examining school-day dietary intakes among Canadian children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(10):1064–1072. doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0125.
  • Browning HF, Laxer RE, Janssen I. Food and eating environments in Canadian schools. Can J Diet Pr Res. 2013;74(4):160–166.doi:10.3148/74.4.2013.160.
  • Hernandez K, Engler-Stringer R, Kirk S, Wittman H, McNicholl S. The case for a Canadian national school food program. Can Food Stud. 2018;5:208–229.
  • Tugault-Lafleur CN, Black JL, Barr SI. Lunch-time food source is associated with school hour and school day dietary quality. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2018;31(1):96–107. doi:10.1111/jhn.12500.
  • Barr SI, Vatanparast H, Smith J. Breakfast in Canada: prevalence of consumption, contribution to nutrient and food group intakes, and variability across tertiles of daily diet quality. A study from the international breakfast research initiative. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):985. doi:10.3390/nu10080985.
  • Larson N, MacLehose R, Fulkerson JA, Berge JM, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Eating breakfast and dinner together as a family: associations with sociodemographic characteristics and implications for diet quality and weight status. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(12):1601–1609. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.011.
  • Mathias KC, Jacquier E, Eldridge AL. Missing lunch is associated with lower intakes of micronutrients from foods and beverages among children and adolescents in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(4):667–676. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.021.
  • Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M. Weight control behaviors and dietary intake among adolescents and young adults: longitudinal findings from Project EAT. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(11):1869–1877. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.08.016.
  • Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Story M, Sherwood NE. Five-year longitudinal predictive factors for disordered eating in a population-based sample of overweight adolescents: implications for prevention and treatment. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42(7):664–672. doi:10.1002/eat.20733.
  • Pendergast FJ, Livingstone KM, Worsley A, McNaughton SA. Examining the correlates of meal skipping in Australian young adults. Nutr J. 2019;18(1):24. doi:10.1186/s12937-019-0451-5.
  • Keski-Rahkonen A, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Virkkunen M, Rose RJ. Breakfast skipping and health-compromising behaviors in adolescents and adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(7):842–853. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601618.
  • Balding JW, Macgregor IDM. Health-related behaviour and smoking in young adolescents. Pub Health. 1987;101(4):277–282.doi:10.1016/S0033-3506(87)80078-1.
  • Government of Canada. Budget 2019 - budget plan. 2019. https://budget.gc.ca/2019/docs/plan/chap-04-txt-en.html?wbdisable=true. Accessed March 16, 2020.
  • Government of British Columbia. Letter to honourable jennifer whiteside. Victoria, BC; 2020. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://news.gov.bc.ca/files/EDUC-Whiteside-mandate.pdf
  • Government of Prince Edward Island. PEI school food program. https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/education-and-lifelong-learning/pei-school-food-program. Published 2021. Accessed August 24, 2021.
  • Government of Prince Edward Island. Community food security, education projects announced. https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/news/community-food-security-education-projects-announced. Published 2021. Accessed August 24, 2021.
  • Health Canada. Reference guide to understanding and using the data - 2015 Canadian community health survey (nutrition). Ottawa, ON; 2017.
  • Statistics Canada. 2015 Canadian community health survey (nutrition) derived variables specifications. Ottawa, ON; 2017.
  • The Canadian Research Data Centres Network (CRDCN). https://crdcn.org. Published 2016. Accessed December 17, 2018.
  • Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) - nutrition, 2015 general health and summary data for 24-hour dietary recall and nutritional supplements master file version (rounded frequencies). Ottawa, ON; 2018.
  • The Government of Canada. The Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM). Ottawa, ON; 2012.
  • de Onis M, Onyango A, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:660–667. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043497
  • de Onis M, Lobstein T. Defining obesity risk status in the general childhood population: which cut-offs should we use?. Int J Ped Obes. 2010;5(6):458–460.doi:10.3109/17477161003615583.
  • Statistics Canada. Canadian community health survey cycle 2.2 nutrition – general health (including vitamin & mineral supplements) & 24-hour dietary recall components user guide. Ottawa, ON; 2008.
  • United States Department of Agriculture. The national school lunch program. https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/resource-files/NSLPFactSheet.pdf. Published 2017. Accessed October 12, 2020.
  • Poppendiek J. Free for All Fixing School Food in America. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univerisity of California Press; 2010.
  • Gross SM, Bronner Y, Welch C, Dewberry-Moore N, Paige DM. Breakfast and lunch meal skipping patterns among fourth-grade children from selected public schools in urban, suburban, and rural Maryland. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;104:420–423.
  • Hawthorne DL, Neilson LJ, Macaskill LA, et al. Parental reports of lunch-packing behaviours lack accuracy: reported barriers and facilitators to packing school lunches. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2018;79(3):99–105. doi:10.3148/cjdpr-2018-011.
  • Bowen S, Brenton J, Elliot S. Pressure Cooker: Why Home Cooking Won’t Solve Our Problems and What We Can Do about It. Oxford University Press; 2019.
  • Leung CW, Stewart AL, Portela-Parra ET, Adler NE, Laraia BA, Epel ES. Understanding the psychological distress of food insecurity: a qualitative study of children’s experiences and related coping strategies. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020;120(3):395–403. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.10.012.
  • Connell CL, Lofton KL, Yadrick K, Rehner TA. Children’s experiences of food insecurity can assist in understanding its effect on their well-being. J Nutr. 2005;135(7):1683–1690. doi:10.1093/jn/135.7.1683.
  • Tugault-Lafleur CN, Barr SI, Black JL. Examining differences in school hour and school day dietary quality among Canadian children between 2004 and 2015. Pub Health Nutr. 2019;22(16):3051–3062. doi:10.1017/S1368980019000788.
  • McCormack K. Stratified reproduction and poor women’s resistance. Gend Soc. 2005;19(5):660–679.doi:10.1177/0891243205278010.
  • Elliott S, Powell R, Brenton J. Being a good mom: low-income, black single mothers negotiate intensive mothering. J Fam Issues. 2015;36(3):351–370.doi:10.1177/0192513X13490279.
  • Elliott S, Bowen S. Defending motherhood: morality, responsibility, and double binds in feeding children. J Marriage Fam. 2018;80(2):499–520. doi:10.1111/jomf.12465.
  • Pendergast FJ, Livingstone KM, Worsley A, McNaughton SA. Correlates of meal skipping in young adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016;13(1):125. doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0451-1.
  • Patte KA, Leatherdale ST. A cross-sectional analysis examining the association between dieting behaviours and alcohol use among secondary school students in the COMPASS study. J Pub Health. 2016;39(2):321–329.
  • Cohen B, Evers S, Manske S, Bercovitz K, Edward HG. Smoking, physical activity and breakfast consumption among secondary school students in a Southwestern Ontario community. Can J Public Health. 2003;94(1):41–44. doi:10.1007/BF03405051.
  • Raffoul A, Leatherdale ST, Kirkpatrick SI. Weight management, weight perceptions, and health-compromising behaviours among adolescent girls in the COMPASS study. J Prim Prev. 2018;39(4):345–360. doi:10.1007/s10935-018-0512-0.
  • Mineur YS, Abizaid A, Rao Y, et al. Nicotine decreases food intake through activation of POMC neurons. Science (80-). 2011;332(6035):1330–1332. doi:10.1126/science.1201889.
  • Watts AW, Lovato CY, Card A, Manske SR. Do students’ perceptions of school smoking policies influence where students smoke?: canada’s Youth Smoking Survey. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(12):2085–2092. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9627-1.
  • Tarasuk V, Mitchell A Household food insecurity in Canada (2017-2018). Toronto, ON; 2020. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://proof.utoronto.ca
  • Gaddis J, Coplen AK. Reorganizing school lunch for a more just and sustainable food system in the US. Fem Econ. 2018;24(3):89–112. doi:10.1080/13545701.2017.1383621.