Occupational Asbestos Exposure and Lung Cancer—A Systematic Review of the Literature

References

• Jemal , A , Bray , F , Center , M M , Ferlay , J , Ward , E and Forman , D . 2011 . Global cancer statistics . CA Cancer J Clin , 61 : 69 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 2003 . World Cancer Report , Lyon , , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
   Google Scholar
• NordCan . 2012 . The Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries (Denmark) Available at: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/NORDCAN/English/frame.asp. Accessed June 2013
   Google Scholar
• 2012 . “ International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) ” . In Asbestos (Chrysotile, Amosite, Crocidolite, Tremolite, Actinolite, and Anthophyllite). IARC Monographs on Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Vol. 100c , Lyon , , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Shukla , A , Gulumian , M , Hei , T K , Kamp , D , Rahman , Q and Mossman , B T . 2003 . Multiple roles of oxidants in the pathogenesis of asbestos-induced diseases . Free Radic Biol Med , 34 : 1117 – 1129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D M and Hoskins , J A . 2006 . The health effects of chrysotile: current perspective based upon recent data . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 45 : 252 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churg , A. 1998 . Nonoccupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and the risk of lung cancer . N Engl J Med , 339 : 999 author reply 1001–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaurand , M C , Bignon , J , Sebastien , P and Goni , J . 1977 . Leaching of chrysotile asbestos in human lungs. Correlation with in vitro studies using rabbit alveolar macrophages . Environ Res , 14 : 245 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggli , V L and Brody , A R . 1984 . Changes in numbers and dimensions of chrysotile asbestos fibers in lungs of rats following short-term exposure . Exp Lung Res , 7 : 133 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesterberg , T W , Chase , G Axten , C . 1998 . Biopersistence of synthetic vitreous fibers and amosite asbestos in the rat lung following inhalation . Toxicol Applied Pharmacol , 151 : 262 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tossavainen , A. 1997 . Asbestos, asbestosis, and cancer: the Helsinki criteria for diagnosis and attribution . Scand J Work Environ Health , 23 : 311 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network . 2011 . SIGN 50: A Guideline Developer's Handbook. Revised edition Available at: http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign50.pdf. Accessed August 2012
   Google Scholar
• OSH , PEROSH. 2012 . Evidence. Clearinghouse of Systematic Reviews . Methods , (Updated) Available at: http://www.perosh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/PEROSH-OSH-Evidence-Methods_Last-update-sep-12.pdf. Accessed August 2012
   Google Scholar
• Anttila , S , Karjalainen , A , Taikina-aho , O , Kyyronen , P and Vainio , H . 1993 . Lung cancer in the lower lobe is associated with pulmonary asbestos fiber count and fiber size . Environ Health Perspect , 101 : 166 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillerdal , G , Karlen , E and Aberg , T . 1983 . Tobacco consumption and asbestos exposure in patients with lung cancer: a three year prospective study . Br J Ind Med , 40 : 380 – 383 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sluis-Cremer , G K . 1980 . The relationship between asbestosis and bronchial cancer . Chest , 78 ( 2 Suppl ) : 380 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , W . 1981 . Lung cancer and occupational lung disease . Clin Chest Med , 2 : 289 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraoka , K , Horie , A and Kido , M . 1990 . Study of asbestos bodies in Japanese urban patients . Am J Ind Med , 18 : 547 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , L , Albin , M , Jakobsson , K and Mikoczy , Z . 1992 . Histological type of lung carcinoma in asbestos cement workers and matched controls . Br J Ind Med , 49 : 626 – 630 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warnock , M L and Isenberg , W . 1986 . Asbestos burden and the pathology of lung cancer . Chest , 89 : 20 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach , O , Garfinkel , L and Parks , V R . 1984 . Histologic type of lung cancer and asbestos exposure . Cancer , 54 : 3017 – 3021 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitwell , F , Newhouse , M L and Bennett , D R . 1974 . A study of the histological cell types of lung cancer in workers suffering from asbestosis in the United Kingdom . Br J Ind Med , 31 : 298 – 303 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hourihane , D O and McCaughey , W T . 1966 . Pathological aspects of asbestosis . Postgrad Med J , 42 : 613 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffn , E , Lynge , E and Korsgaard , B . 1993 . Incidence of lung cancer by histological type among asbestos cement workers in Denmark . Br J Ind Med , 50 : 85 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weill , D . 2011 . Dhillon G, Freyder L, Lefante J, Glindmeyer H. Lung function, radiological changes and exposure: analysis of ATSDR data from Libby, MT, USA . Eur Respir J , 38 : 376 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodkin , C A , McCullough , J Stover , B . 1997 . Lobe of origin and histologic type of lung cancer associated with asbestos exposure in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) . Am J Ind Med , 32 : 582 – 591 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , M , Vignaud , J M Clement-Duchene , C . 2012 . Smoking, occupational risk factors, and bronchial tumor location: a possible impact for lung cancer computed tomography scan screening . J Thoracic Oncol , 7 : 128 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karjalainen , A , Pukkala , E , Kauppinen , T and Partanen , T . 1999 . Incidence of cancer among Finnish patients with asbestos-related pulmonary or pleural fibrosis . Cancer Causes Control , 10 : 51 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , B W , Wain , J C , Kelsey , K T , Wiencke , J K and Christiani , D C . 1998 . Association of cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure with location and histology of lung cancer . Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 157 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : 748 – 755 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris , C , Benichou , J Saunier , F . 2003 . Smoking status, occupational asbestos exposure and bronchial location of lung cancer . Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) , 40 : 17 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , N C . 2013 . Personal communication ,
   Google Scholar
• Aberle , D R , Adams , A M Berg , C D . 2011 . Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening . N Engl J Med , 365 : 395 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midthun , D E . 2011 . Screening for lung cancer . Clin Chest Med , 32 : 659 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saghir , Z , Dirksen , A Ashraf , H . 2012 . CT screening for lung cancer brings forward early disease. The randomised Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial: status after five annual screening rounds with low-dose CT . Thorax , 67 : 296 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuijsen , MJ. 2003 . Exposure Assessment in Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , S , Vermeulen , R Cassidy , A . 2011 . Comparison of exposure assessment methods for occupational carcinogens in a multi-centre lung cancer case-control study . Occup Environ Med , 68 : 148 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teschke , K , Olshan , A F Daniels , J L . 2002 . Occupational exposure assessment in case-control studies: opportunities for improvement . Occup Environ Med , 59 : 575 – 593 . discussion 594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , V , Nelson , L M , Koepsell , T D , Checkoway , H and Longstreth , W T Jr . 1998 . Assessment of occupational exposures in community-based case-control studies . Annu Rev Public Health , 19 : 35 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillerdal , G and Henderson , D W . 1997 . Asbestos, asbestosis, pleural plaques and lung cancer . Scand J Work Environ Health , 23 : 93 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson , T C , Meyer , C A Kapil , V . 2010 . Workers with Libby amphibole exposure: retrospective identification and progression of radiographic changes . Radiology , 255 : 924 – 933 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vuyst , P , Dumortier , P , Moulin , E , Yourassowsky , N and Yernault , J C . 1987 . Diagnostic value of asbestos bodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid . Am Rev Respir Dis , 136 : 1219 – 1224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish Institute of Occupational Health . Proceedings of an International Expert Meeting on Asbetsos, Asbestosis and Lung Cancer. People and Work Research Report 14. , Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
   Google Scholar
• Sebastien , P , Armstrong , B , Monchaux , G and Bignon , J . 1988 . Asbestos bodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in lung parenchyma . Am Rev Respir Dis , 137 : 75 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society . 2004 . Diagnosis and initial management of nonmalignant diseases related to asbestos . Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 170 : 691 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessel , P A , Gamble , J F and McDonald , J C . 2005 . Asbestos, asbestosis, and lung cancer: a critical assessment of the epidemiological evidence . Thorax , 60 : 433 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , L , Loomis , D , Dement , J , Hein , M J , Richardson , D and Stayner , L . 2012 . Lung cancer mortality in North Carolina and South Carolina chrysotile asbestos textile workers . Occup Environ Med , 69 : 385 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albin , M , Jakobsson , K , Attewell , R , Johansson , L and Welinder , H . 1990 . Mortality and cancer morbidity in cohorts of asbestos cement workers and referents . Br J Ind Med , 47 : 602 – 610 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clin , B , Morlais , F Launoy , G . 2011 . Cancer incidence within a cohort occupationally exposed to asbestos: a study of dose-response relationships . Occup Environ Med , 68 : 832 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement , J M , Brown , D P and Okun , A . 1994 . Follow-up study of chrysotile asbestos textile workers: cohort mortality and case-control analyses . Am J Ind Med , 26 : 431 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement , J M , Harris , R L Jr , Symons , M J and Shy , C . 1982 . Estimates of dose-response for respiratory cancer among chrysotile asbestos textile workers . Ann Occup Hyg , 26 : 869 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng , Q , Wang , X , Wang , M and Lan , Y . 2012 . Exposure-response relationship between chrysotile exposure and mortality from lung cancer and asbestosis . Occup Environ Med , 69 : 81 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enterline , P E , Hartley , J and Henderson , V . 1987 . Asbestos and cancer: a cohort followed up to death . Br J Ind Med , 44 : 396 – 401 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hein , M J , Stayner , L T , Lehman , E and Dement , J M . 2007 . Follow-up study of chrysotile textile workers: cohort mortality and exposure-response . Occup Environ Med , 64 : 616 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , J M , Weill , H and Hammad , Y Y . 1987 . Mortality of workers employed in two asbestos cement manufacturing plants . Br J Ind Med , 44 : 161 – 174 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacquet , L M , van der Linden , L and Lepoutre , J . 1980 . Roentgenographic lung changes, asbestosis and mortality in a Belgian asbestos-cement factory . IARC Sci Publ , : 783 – 793 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin , J L , McLarty , J W , Hurst , G A , Smith , A N and Frank , A L . 1998 . Tyler asbestos workers: mortality experience in a cohort exposed to amosite . Occup Environ Med , 55 : 155 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddell , F D , McDonald , A D and McDonald , J C . 1997 . The 1891–1920 birth cohort of Quebec chrysotile miners and millers: development from 1904 and mortality to 1992 . Ann Occup Hyg , 41 : 13 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis , D , Dement , J M , Wolf , S H and Richardson , D B . 2009 . Lung cancer mortality and fibre exposures among North Carolina asbestos textile workers . Occup Environ Med , 66 : 535 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , A D , Fry , J S , Woolley , A J and McDonald , J C . 1983 . Dust exposure and mortality in an American factory using chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite in mainly textile manufacture . Br J Ind Med , 40 : 368 – 374 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald , A D , Fry , J S , Woolley , A J and McDonald , J C . 1984 . Dust exposure and mortality in an American chrysotile asbestos friction products plant . Br J Ind Med , 41 : 151 – 157 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peto , J . 1980 . Lung cancer mortality in relation to measured dust levels in an asbestos textile factory . IARC Sci Publ , : 829 – 836 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peto , J , Doll , R , Hermon , C , Binns , W , Clayton , R and Goffe , T . 1985 . Relationship of mortality to measures of environmental asbestos pollution in an asbestos textile factory . Ann Occup Hyg , 29 : 305 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pira , E , Pelucchi , C , Piolatto , P G , Negri , E , Bilei , T and La Vecchia , C . 2009 . Mortality from cancer and other causes in the Balangero cohort of chrysotile asbestos miners . Occup Environ Med , 66 : 805 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman , H , Selikoff , I J and Gelb , S K . 1986 . Mortality experience of amosite asbestos factory workers: dose-response relationships 5 to 40 years after onset of short-term work exposure . Am J Ind Med , 10 : 479 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selikoff , I J and Seidman , H . 1991 . Asbestos-associated deaths among insulation workers in the United States and Canada, 1967–1987 . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 643 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluis-Cremer , G K . 1991 . Asbestos disease at low exposures after long residence times . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 643 : 182 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluis-Cremer , G K , Liddell , F D , Logan , W P and Bezuidenhout , B N . 1992 . The mortality of amphibole miners in South Africa, 1946–80 . Br J Ind Med , 49 : 566 – 575 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stayner , L , Smith , R Bailer , J . 1997 . Exposure-response analysis of risk of respiratory disease associated with occupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos . Occup Environ Med , 54 : 646 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , P A . 2007 . Vermiculite, respiratory disease, and asbestos exposure in Libby, Montana: update of a cohort mortality study . Environ Health Perspect , 115 : 579 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson , P , Nyberg , F , Pershagen , G , Scheele , P , Jakobsson , R and Plato , N . 2002 . Low-dose exposure to asbestos and lung cancer: dose-response relations and interaction with smoking in a population-based case-referent study in Stockholm, Sweden . Am J Epidemiol , 155 : 1016 – 1022 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlabeln , H , Wild , P Schill , W . 2002 . Asbestos fibre years and lung cancer: a two phase case-control study with expert exposure assessment . Occup Environ Med , 59 : 410 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , G and Newhouse , M L . 1983 . Mortality of workers manufacturing friction materials using asbestos . Br J Ind Med , 40 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gustavsson , P , Jakobsson , R , Nyberg , F , Pershagen , G , Jarup , L and Scheele , P . 2000 . Occupational exposure and lung cancer risk: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden . Am J Epidemiol , 152 : 32 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clin , B , Morlais , F Launoy , G . 2011 . Cancer incidence within a cohort occupationally exposed to asbestos: a study of dose–response relationships . Occup Environ Med , 68 : 832 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , D W , Rodelsperger , K , Woitowitz , H J and Leigh , J . 2004 . After Helsinki: a multidisciplinary review of the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer, with emphasis on studies published during 1997–2004 . Pathology , 36 : 517 – 550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce , J S , McKinley , M A , Paustenbach , D J and Finley , B L . 2008 . An evaluation of reported no-effect chrysotile asbestos exposures for lung cancer and mesothelioma . Crit Rev Toxicol , 38 : 191 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland , K and Stayner , L . 1997 . Silica, asbestos, man-made mineral fibers, and cancer . Cancer Causes Control , 8 : 491 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , M , Morgan , R W , Ray , R , Malloy , C D and Zhao , K . 1999 . Cancer in asbestos-exposed occupational cohorts: a meta-analysis . Cancer Causes Control , 10 : 453 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lash , T L , Crouch , E A and Green , L C . 1997 . A meta-analysis of the relation between cumulative exposure to asbestos and relative risk of lung cancer . Occup Environ Med , 54 : 254 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson , J T and Darnton , A . 2000 . The quantitative risks of mesothelioma and lung cancer in relation to asbestos exposure . Ann Occup Hyg , 44 : 565 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenters , V , Vermeulen , R Dogger , S . 2011 . A meta-analysis of asbestos and lung cancer: is better quality exposure assessment associated with steeper slopes of the exposure-response relationships? . Environ Health Perspect , 119 : 1547 – 1555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Bij , S , Koffijberg , H Lenters , V . 2013 . Lung cancer risk at low cumulative asbestos exposure: meta-regression of the exposure-response relationship . Cancer Causes Control. , 24 ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 . doi: 10.1007/s10552-012-0107-7. Epub 2012 Nov 28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman , D W and Crump , K S . 2008 . A meta-analysis of asbestos-related cancer risk that addresses fiber size and mineral type . Crit Rev Toxicol , 38 : 49 – 73 . Suppl 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne , K . 1986 . A threshold for asbestos related lung cancer . Br J Ind Med , 43 : 556 – 558 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Bij , S , Koffijberg , H Lenters , V . 2011 . Lung cancer risk at low asbestos exposure: meta-regression of the exposure-response relationship . Occup Environ Med , 68 : A21
   Google Scholar
• Berman , D W and Crump , K S . 2008 . Update of potency factors for asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma . Crit Rev Toxicol , 38 : 1 – 47 . Suppl 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , B K , de Klerk , N H , Musk , A W and Hobbs , M S . 1988 . Mortality in miners and millers of crocidolite in Western Australia . Br J Ind Med , 45 : 5 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Klerk , N H , Armstrong , B K , Musk , A W and Hobbs , M S . 1989 . Cancer mortality in relation to measures of occupational exposure to crocidolite at Wittenoom Gorge in Western Australia . Br J Ind Med , 46 : 529 – 536 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Musk , A W , de Klerk , N H Reid , A . 2008 . Mortality of former crocidolite (blue asbestos) miners and millers at Wittenoom . Occup Environ Med , 65 : 541 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanden , A , Jarvholm , B , Larsson , S and Thiringer , G . 1992 . The risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma after cessation of asbestos exposure: a prospective cohort study of shipyard workers . Eur Respir J , 5 : 281 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stayner , L T , Dankovic , D A and Lemen , R A . 1996 . Occupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and cancer risk: a review of the amphibole hypothesis . Am J Public Health , 86 : 179 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fucic , A , Gamulin , M Ferencic , Z . 2010 . Lung cancer and environmental chemical exposure: a review of our current state of knowledge with reference to the role of hormones and hormone receptors as an increased risk factor for developing lung cancer in man . Toxicol Pathol , 38 : 849 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matakidou , A , Eisen , T and Houlston , R S . 2005 . Systematic review of the relationship between family history and lung cancer risk . Br J Cancer , 93 : 825 – 833 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberg , A J , Ford , J G and Samet , J M . 2007 . Epidemiology of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition) . Chest , 132 ( 3 Suppl ) : 29S – 55S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archontogeorgis , K , Steiropoulos , P , Tzouvelekis , A , Nena , E and Bouros , D . 2012 . Lung cancer and interstitial lung diseases: a systematic review . Pulm Med , 2012 : 315918
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , E L , Jacobson , J S , Hershman , D L , Desai , M and Neugut , A I . 2008 . Effect of breast cancer radiotherapy and cigarette smoking on risk of second primary lung cancer . J Clin Oncol , 26 : 392 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , G E , Tucker , M A Venzon , D J . 1993 . Smoking cessation after successful treatment of small-cell lung cancer is associated with fewer smoking-related second primary cancers . Ann Intern Med , 119 : 383 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , M A , Murray , N Shaw , E G . 1997 . Second primary cancers related to smoking and treatment of small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Working Cadre . J Natl Cancer Inst. , 89 : 1782 – 1788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , M C , Chen , P T Chan , C H . 2011 . Second primary esophageal or lung cancer in patients with head and neck carcinoma in Taiwan: incidence and risk in relation to primary index tumor site . J Cancer Res Clin Oncol , 137 : 115 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang , S C , Hashibe , M Scelo , G . 2008 . Risk of second primary cancer among esophageal cancer patients: a pooled analysis of 13 cancer registries . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 17 : 1543 – 1549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youlden , D R and Baade , P D . 2011 . The relative risk of second primary cancers in Queensland, Australia: a retrospective cohort study . BMC Cancer , 11 : 83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson , P , Ahlbom , A , Andersson , T and Scheele , P . 2003 . Calculation of fractions of lung cancer incidence attributable to occupational exposure to asbestos and combustion products in Stockholm, Sweden . Eur J Epidemiol , 18 : 937 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastorino , U , Berrino , F , Gervasio , A , Pesenti , V , Riboli , E and Crosignani , P . 1984 . Proportion of lung cancers due to occupational exposure . Int J Cancer , 33 : 231 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski , D , Lubin , J H Zielinski , J M . 2006 . A combined analysis of North American case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer . J Toxicol Environ Health A , 69 : 533 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , C E , Ulbak , K , Damkjaer , A and Gravesen , P . Radon in Danish houses: A Survey of National, Regional and Municipal Measurements Copenhagen: National Board of Health, Institute for Radiation Protection; January 2012. (In Danish)
   Google Scholar
• Darby , S . 2005 . Residential radon, smoking and lung cancer . Radiat Res , 163 : 696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaschou-Nielsen , O , Andersen , Z J Hvidberg , M . 2011 . Lung cancer incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution from traffic . Environ Health Perspect , 119 : 860 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaschou-Nielsen , O , Bak , H Sorensen , M . 2010 . Air pollution from traffic and risk for lung cancer in three Danish cohorts . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 19 : 1284 – 1291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll , R and Peto , R . 1981 . The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today . J Natl Cancer Inst , 66 : 1191 – 1308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency . Asbestos Fibers in the Ground: An Assessment of Their Destiny and Health Risk Copenhagen: Environmental Protection Agency; 2008. (In Danish)
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2000 . Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. 2nd ed. , Geneva : World Health Organization . World Health Organization Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91
   Google Scholar
• Hammond , E C , Selikoff , I J and Seidman , H . 1979 . Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 330 : 473 – 490 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee , P N . 2001 . Relation between exposure to asbestos and smoking jointly and the risk of lung cancer . Occup Environ Med , 58 : 145 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erren , T C , Jacobsen , M and Piekarski , C . 1999 . Synergy between asbestos and smoking on lung cancer risks . Epidemiology , 10 : 405 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samet , J M , Epler , G R , Gaensler , E A and Rosner , B . 1979 . Absence of synergism between exposure to asbestos and cigarette smoking in asbestosis . Am Rev Respir Dis , 120 : 75 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , A , de Klerk , N H , Ambrosini , G L , Berry , G and Musk , A W . 2006 . The risk of lung cancer with increasing time since ceasing exposure to asbestos and quitting smoking . Occup Environ Med , 63 : 509 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wraith , D and Mengersen , K . 2007 . Assessing the combined effect of asbestos exposure and smoking on lung cancer: a Bayesian approach . Stat Med , 26 : 1150 – 1169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton , M F , Layard , M Tegeris , A . 1981 . Relation of particle dimension to carcinogenicity in amphibole asbestoses and other fibrous minerals . J Natl Cancer Inst , 67 : 965 – 975 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stayner , L , Kuempel , E , Gilbert , S , Hein , M and Dement , J . 2008 . An epidemiological study of the role of chrysotile asbestos fibre dimensions in determining respiratory disease risk in exposed workers . Occup Environ Med , 65 : 613 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattin , WJ. 2008 . Proposed Approach for Estimation of Bin-Specific Cancer Potency Factors for Inhalation Exposure to Asbestos , Washington , DC : US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response . Contract GS-00F- 0019L
   Google Scholar
• Berman , D W and Crump , K S . 2003 . Technical support document for a protocol to assess asbestos-related risk. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response . EPA , : 93454 – 06 .
   Google Scholar
• Dement , J and Wallingford , K . 1990 . Comparison of phase contrast and electron microscopis methods for evaluation of asbestos exposure . Appl Occup Environ Hyg , 5 : 242 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Langard , S and Lee , L J . 2011 . Methods to recognize work-related cancer in workplaces, the general population, and by experts in the clinic, a Norwegian experience . J Occup Med Toxicol , 6 : 24 doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters , S , Vermeulen , R Olsson , A . 2012 . Development of an exposure measurement database on five lung carcinogens (ExpoSYN) for quantitative retrospective occupational exposure assessment . Ann Occup Hyg , 56 : 70 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson , A. Improved risk estimation through advanced exposure modelling in community-based studies: the example of occupational asbestos exposure in the SYNERGY project . Presented at the 7th International Conference on the Science of Exposure Assessment; Edinburgh, Scotland; July 2–5 ,
   Google Scholar
• Health Council of the Netherlands . Asbestos. Risks of Environmental and Occupational Exposure. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2010; publication no. 2010/10E.u
   Google Scholar