35
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theory, Contexts, and Mechanisms

Forced to Redshirt: Quasi-Experimental Impacts of Delayed Kindergarten Entry

&
Received 19 Jul 2022, Accepted 19 Feb 2024, Published online: 19 Apr 2024

References

  • Andrew, M. (2014). The scarring effects of primary-grade retention? A study of cumulative advantage in the educational career. Social Forces, 93(2), 653–685. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou074
  • Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Does compulsory school attendance affect schooling and earnings? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 979–1014. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937954
  • Barua, R., & Lang, K. (2016). School entry, educational attainment, and quarter of birth: A cautionary tale of a local average treatment effect. Journal of Human Capital, 10(3), 347–376. https://doi.org/10.1086/687599
  • Bassok, D., Latham, S., & Rorem, A. (2016). Is kindergarten the new first grade? AERA Open, 1(4), 1–31. http://curry.virginia.edu/uploads/resourceLibrary/20_Bassok_Is_Kindergarten_The_New_First_Grade.pdf
  • Bassok, D., & Reardon, S. F. (2013). Academic "redshirting" in kindergarten: Prevalence, patterns, and implications. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 35(3), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373713482764
  • Bedard, K., & Dhuey, E. (2006). The persistence of early childhood maturity: International evidence of long-run age effects. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(4), 1437–1472. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/121.4.1437
  • Belfield, C. R., Nores, M., Barnett, W. S., & Schweinhart, L. (2006). The high/scope Perry preschool program. Journal of Human Resources, XLI(1), 162–190. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.XLI.1.162
  • Black, S. E., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2011). Too young to leave the nest? The effects of school starting age. Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(2), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00081
  • Bound, J., Jaeger, D. A., & Baker, R. M. (1995). Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(430), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1995.10476536
  • Buckles, K. S., & Hungerman, D. M. (2013). Season of birth and later outcomes: Old questions, new answers. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(3), 711–724. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00314
  • Buddelmeyer, H., & Le, T. (2011). Effects of age at entry to Year 1 on later schooling outcomes: Evidence from Australia. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research. The University of Melbourne. Melbourne.
  • Burchinal, M., Whitaker, A. A., & Jenkins, J. M. (2022). The promise and purpose of early care and education. Child Development Perspectives, 16(3), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12463
  • Calonico, S., Cattaneo, M. D., Farrell, M. H., & Titiunik, R. (2017). rdrobust: Software for regression-discontinuity designs. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 17(2), 372–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1701700208
  • Calonico, S., Cattaneo, M. D., Farrell, M. H., & Titiunik, R. (2019). Regression discontinuity designs using covariates. Review of Economics and Statistics, 101(3), 442–451.
  • Calonico, S., Cattaneo, M. D., & Titiunik, R. (2014). Robust nonparametric confidence intervals for regression-discontinuity designs. Econometrica, 82(6), 2295–2326. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA11757
  • Cascio, E. U., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2016). First in the class? Age and the education production function. Education Finance and Policy, 11(3), 225–250. http://www.nber.org/papers/w13663 https://doi.org/10.1162/EDFP_a_00191
  • Chaudry, A., Morrissey, T., Weiland, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2021). Cradle to kindergarten: A new plan to combat inequality. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Connor, C., Alberto, P. A., Compton, D. L., & O’Connor, R. E. (2014). Improving reading outcomes for students with or at risk for reading disabilities: A synthesis of the contributions from the Institute for Education Sciences Research Centers (NCSER 2014-3000). https://ies.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=NCSER20143000
  • Cook, P. J., & Kang, S. (2016). Birthdays, schooling, and crime: Regression-discontinuity analysis of school performance, delinquency, dropout, and crime initiation. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20140323
  • Cook, P. J., & Kang, S. (2020). Girls to the front: How redshirting and test-score gaps are affected by a change in the school-entry cut date. Economics of Education Review, 76, 101968. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24492
  • Cunha, F., & Heckman, J. J. (2007). The technology of skill formation. American Economic Review, 97(2), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.31
  • Datar, A. (2006a). Does delaying kindergarten entrance give children a head start? Economics of Education Review, 25(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.10.004
  • Datar, A. (2006b). The impact of kindergarten entrance age policies on the childcare needs of families. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 25(1), 129–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20159
  • Datar, A., & Gottfried, M. A. (2014). School entry age and children’s social-behavioral skills: Evidence from a national longitudinal study of U.S. Kindergartners. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 37(3), 333–353. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373714547268
  • Dee, T. S., & Sievertsen, H. H. (2018). The gift of time? School starting age and mental health. Health Economics, 27(5), 781–802. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3638
  • Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(3), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.3.71
  • Dhuey, E., Figlio, D., Karbownik, K., & Roth, J. (2019). School starting age and cognitive development. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 38(3), 538–578. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22135
  • Dhuey, E., & Lipscomb, S. (2010). Disabled or young? Relative age and special education diagnoses in schools. Economics of Education Review, 29(5), 857–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.03.006
  • Dobkin, C., & Ferreira, F. (2010). Do school entry laws affect educational attainment and labor market outcomes? Economics of Education Review, 29(1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.04.003
  • Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2013). Investing in preschool programs. The Journal of Economic Perspectives: a Journal of the American Economic Association, 27(2), 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.109
  • Education Commission of the States. (2023). Kindergarten entrance age. 50-State Analysis. https://www.ecs.org/50-state-comparison-state-k-3-policies-2023/
  • Elder, T. E., & Lubotsky, D. H. (2009). Kindergarten entrance age and children’s achievement. Journal of Human Resources, 44(3), 641–683. http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/44/3/641.abstract https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2009.0015
  • Feller, A., Grindal, T., Miratrix, L., & Page, L. C. (2016). Compared to what? Variation in the impacts of early childhood education by alternative care type. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 10(3), 1245–1285. https://doi.org/10.1214/16-AOAS910
  • Fortner, C. K., & Jenkins, J. M. (2017). Kindergarten redshirting: Motivations and spillovers using census-level data. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 38, 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.09.002
  • Frey, N. (2005). Retention, social promotion, and academic redshirting. Remedial and Special Education, 26(6), 332–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325050260060401
  • Friedman-Krauss, A. H., Connors, M. C., & Morris, P. A. (2017). Unpacking the treatment contrast in the head start impact study: To what extent does assignment to treatment affect quality of care? Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 10(1), 68–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2016.1147627
  • Friese, S., Lin, V.-K., Forry, N., & Tout, K. (2017). Defining and measuring access to high-quality early care and education (ECE): A guidebook for policymakers and researchers. Research brief. OPRE 2017-08. Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation.
  • Fryer, R. G., & Levitt, S. D. (2006). The Black-White Test Score Gap Through Third Grade. American Law and Economics Review, 8(2), 249–281.: https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahl003pmid
  • Gelbach, J. B. (2002). Public schooling for young children and maternal labor supply. American Economic Review, 92(1), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802760015748
  • Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success. Hachette.
  • Gormley, W. T., & Phillips, D. (2005). The effects of universal pre-K in Oklahoma: Research highlights and policy implications. Policy Studies Journal, 33(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2005.00092.x
  • Graue, E., Kroeger, J., & Brown, C. (2003). The gift of time: Enactments of developmental thought in early childhood practice. Early Childhood Research & Practice(Spring).
  • Grembi, V., Nannicini, T., & Troiano, U. (2012). Policy responses to fiscal restraints: A difference-in-discontinuities design (3999). http://ssrn.com/abstract=1852523
  • Jenkins, J. M. (2014). Early childhood development as economic development: Considerations for state-level policy innovation and experimentation. Economic Development Quarterly, 28(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242413513791
  • Kline, P., & Walters, C. (2016). Evaluating public programs with close substitutes: The case of Head Start. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1795–1848. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw027
  • Lenard, M. A., & Peña, P. A. (2018). Maturity and minorities: The impact of redshirting on achievement gaps. Education Economics, 26(6), 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2018.1468873
  • Lincove, J. A., & Painter, G. (2006). Does the age that children start kindergarten matter? Evidence of long-term educational and social outcomes. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28(2), 153–179. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737028002153
  • López, M., & Grindal, T. (2020). Early care and education among Latino families: Access, utilization, and outcomes. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.12.003
  • Lubotsky, D., & Kaestner, R. (2016). Do ‘skills beget skills’? Evidence on the effect of kindergarten entrance age on the evolution of cognitive and non-cognitive skill gaps in childhood. Economics of Education Review, 53, 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.04.001
  • McCrary, J. (2008). Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: A density test. Journal of Econometrics, 142(2), 698–714. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407607001133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.005
  • McEwan, P. J., & Shapiro, J. S. (2008). The benefits of delayed primary school enrollment: Discontinuity estimates using exact birth dates. Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.43.1.1
  • Meisels, S. J. (1999). Assessing readiness. In R. Pianta & M. J. Cox (Eds.), The transition to kindergarten (pp. 39–66). Paul H. Brookes.
  • Morris, P. A., Connors, M., Friedman-Krauss, A., McCoy, D. C., Weiland, C., Feller, A., Page, L., Bloom, H., & Yoshikawa, H. (2018). New Findings on impact variation from the head start impact study: Informing the scale-up of early childhood programs. AERA Open, 4(2), 233285841876928. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858418769287
  • Morrison, F. J., Alberts, D. M., & Griffith, E. M. (1997). Nature-nurture in the classroom: Entrance age, school readiness, and learning in children. Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.254
  • National Center for Special Education Research. (2015). Investment in reading research from kindergarten through high school. Institute for Education Sciences, Department of Education.
  • Oosterbeek, H., ter Meulen, S., & van der Klaauw, B. (2021). Long-term effects of school-starting-age rules. Economics of Education Review, 84, 102144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102144
  • Paul, P. (2010, August 20). The littlest redshirts sit out kindergarten. New York Times.
  • Pianta, R., & Howes, C. (Eds.). (2009). The promise of pre-k. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
  • Robertson, E. (2011). The effects of quarter of birth on academic outcomes at the elementary school level. Economics of Education Review, 30(2), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.10.005
  • Schanzenbach, D. W., & Howard, S. L. (2017). Is your child ready for kindergarten? Education Next, 17(3), 18–24.
  • Stipek, D. (2002). At what age should children enter kindergarten?: A question for policy makers and parents. Social Policy Report, 16(2), 1–20. http://www.srcd.org/Documents/Publications/SPR/sprv16n2.pdf https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2002.tb00018.x
  • Williamson, S. N. (2009, February 27) Is your child old enough for kindergarten? Hickory Record. https://hickoryrecord.com/news/is-your-child-old-enough-for-kindergarten/article_6d178c0f-7d22-595c-af75-f4dc14c5e836.html
  • Zhang, S., Zhong, R., & Zhang, J. (2017). School starting age and academic achievement: Evidence from China’s junior high schools. China Economic Review, 44, 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.03.004

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.