1,852
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Neural mechanisms linked to treatment outcomes and recovery in substance-related and addictive disorders

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 75-91 | Received 23 Nov 2021, Accepted 24 Jul 2023, Published online: 18 Aug 2023

References

  • Akbar M, Egli M, Cho YE, Song BJ, Noronha A. 2018. Medications for alcohol use disorders: an overview. Pharmacol Ther. 185:64–85. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.11.007.
  • Angarita G, Worhunsky P, Naganawa M, Toyanaga T, Nabulsi N, Li C, Esterlis I, Skosnick PD, Radhakrishnan R, Pittman B, et al. 2022. Lower prefrontal cortical synaptic density in humans with cocaine use disorder: an initial 11C-UCB-J PET study. Addict Biol. 27(2):e13123.
  • Angarita GA, Hadizadeh H, Cerdena I, Potenza MN. 2021. Can pharmacotherapy improve treatment outcomes in people with co-occurring major depressive and cocaine use disorders? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 22(13):1669–1683. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1931684.
  • Antonelli M, Fattore L, Sestito L, Di Giuda D, Diana M, Addolorato G. 2021. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review about its efficacy in the treatment of alcohol, tobacco and cocaine addiction. Addict Behav. 114:106760. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106760.
  • APA. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Bae S, Hong JS, Kim SM, Han DH. 2018. Bupropion shows different effects on brain functional connectivity in patients with Internet-based gambling disorder and internet gaming disorder. Front Psychiatry. 9:130. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00130.
  • Balodis IM, Grilo CM, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, White MA, Stevens MC, Pearlson GD, Potenza MN. 2014. A pilot study linking reduced fronto-striatal recruitment during reward processing to persistent bingeing following treatment for binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 47(4):376–384. doi: 10.1002/eat.22204.
  • Balodis IM, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, Stevens MC, Pearlson GD, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. 2016. Neurofunctional reward processing changes in cocaine dependence during recovery. Neuropsychopharmacology. 41(8):2112–2121. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.11.
  • Balodis IM, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, Stevens MC, Pearlson GD, Potenza MN. 2012. Diminished fronto-striatal activity during processing of monetary rewards and losses in pathological gambling. Biol Psychiatry. 71(8):749–757. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.190.Effects.
  • Balodis IM, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, White MA, Stevens MC, Pearlson GD, Sinha R, Grilo CM, Potenza MN. 2013. Monetary reward processing in obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 73(9):877–886. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.014.
  • Blum K, Braverman ER, Holder JM, Lubar JF, Monastra VJ, Miller D, Lubar JO, Chen TJ, Comings DE. 2000. Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive and compulsive behaviors. J Psychoactive Drugs. 32:1. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2000.10736099.
  • Boggio PS, Liguori P, Sultani N, Rezende L, Fecteau S, Fregni F. 2009. Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving. Neurosci Lett. 463(1):82–86. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.041.
  • Bonnaire C, Liddle HA, Har A, Nielsen P, Phan O. 2019. Why and how to include parents in the treatment of adolescents presenting Internet gaming disorder? J Behav Addict. 8(2):201–212. doi: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.27.
  • Bouchard AE, Dickler M, Renauld E, Lenglos C, Ferland F, Rouillard C, Leblond J, Fecteau S. 2021. Concurrent transcranial direct current stimulation and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Gambling disorder. Brain Connect. 11(10):815–821. doi: 10.1089/brain.2021.0016.
  • Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, Müller A, Wölfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. 2019. The interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 104:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032.
  • Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. 2016. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific internet-use disorders: an interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 71:252–266. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033.
  • Brewer J. a, Worhunsky PD, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Potenza M. 2008. Pre-treatment brain activation during stroop task is associated with outcomes in cocaine dependent patients. Biol Psychiatry. 64(11):998–1004. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.024.Pre-Treatment.
  • Brewer JA, Worhunsky PD, Gray JR, Tang YY, Weber J, Kober H. 2011. Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108(50):20254–20259. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112029108.
  • Cabrera EA, Wiers CE, Lindgren E, Miller G, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. 2016. Neuroimaging the effectiveness of substance use disorder treatments. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 11(3):408–433. doi: 10.1007/s11481-016-9680-y.
  • Chung SK, You IH, Cho GH, Chung GH, Shin YC, Kim DJ, Choi SW. 2009. Changes of functional MRI findings in a patient whose pathological gambling improved with fluvoxamine. Yonsei Med J. 50(3):441–444. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2009.50.3.441.
  • Chung T, Noronha A, Carroll KM, Potenza MN, Hutchison K, Calhoun VD, Gabrieli JDE, Morgenstern J, Nixon SJ, Wexler BE, et al. 2016. Brain mechanisms of change in addictions treatment: models, methods, and emerging findings. Curr Addict Rep. 3(3):332–342. doi: 10.1007/s40429-016-0113-z.Brain.
  • Clark L, Boileau I, Zack M. 2019. Neuroimaging of reward mechanisms in Gambling disorder : an integrative review. Mol Psychiatry. 24(5):674–693. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0230-2.
  • Cornelius JR, Aizenstein HJ, Chung TA, Douaihy A, Daley D, Salloum IM. 2013. Paradoxical decrease in striatal activation on an fmri reward task following treatment in youth with co-morbid cannabis dependence/major depression. Adv Psychol Res. 90:123–130.
  • Costello MR, Mandelkern MA, Shoptaw S, Shulenberger S, Baker SK, Abrams AL, Xia C, London ED, Brody AL. 2010. Effects of treatment for tobacco dependence on resting cerebral glucose metabolism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 35(3):605–612. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.165.
  • Culbertson CS, Bramen J, Cohen MS, London ED, Olmstead RE, Gan JJ, Costello MR, Shulenberger S, Mandelkern MA, Brody AL. 2021. Effect of bupropion treatment on brain activation induced by cigarette-related cues in smokers. Arch Gen Psychiatry;68(5):505–515. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.193.
  • Cuppone D, Perez LJG, Cardullo S, Cellini N, Sarlo M, Soldatesca S, Chindamo S, Madeo G, Gallimberti L. 2021. The role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of behavioral addictions: two case reports and review of the literature. J Behav Addict. 10(2):361–370. doi: 10.1556/2006.2021.00032.
  • DeVito E, Worhunsky P, Carroll K, Rounsaville B, Kober H, Potenza M. 2012. A preliminary study of the neural effects of behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 122(3):228–235. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.002.
  • DeVito EE, Dong G, Kober H, Xu J, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. 2017. Functional neural changes following behavioral therapies and disulfiram for cocaine dependence. Psychol Addict Behav. 31(5):534–547. doi: 10.1159/000444169.Carotid.
  • DeVito EE, Kober H, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. 2019. fMRI Stroop and behavioral treatment for cocaine-dependence: preliminary findings in methadone-maintained individuals. Addict Behav. 89:10–14. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.005.
  • DiClemente CC, Garay M, Gemmell L. 2008. Motivational enhancement. In: Galanter M, Kleber HD, editor. The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of substance abuse treatment. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; p. 361–371.
  • Dieris-Hirche J, Bottel L, Pape M, Te Wildt BT, Wölfling K, Henningsen P, Timmesfeld N, Neumann A, Neusser S, Beckers R, et al. 2021. Effects of an online-based motivational intervention to reduce problematic internet use and promote treatment motivation in internet gaming disorder and internet use disorder (OMPRIS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 11(8):e045840. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045840.
  • Dong G, Li H, Wang L, Potenza MN. 2017. Cognitive control and reward/loss processing in internet gaming disorder: results from a comparison with recreational Internet game-users. Eur Psychiatry. 44:30–38. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.004.
  • Dong G, Liu X, Zheng H, Du X, Potenza MN. 2019. Brain response features during forced break could predict subsequent recovery in internet gaming disorder: a longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res. 113:17–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.003.
  • Dong G, Wang M, Liu X, Liang Q, Du X, Potenza MN. 2020. Cue-elicited craving-related lentiform activation during gaming deprivation is associated with the emergence of Internet gaming disorder. Addict Biol. 25(1):e12713.
  • Dong GH, Wang M, Zhang J, Du X, Potenza MN. 2019. Functional neural changes and altered cortical–subcortical connectivity associated with recovery from Internet gaming disorder. J Behav Addict. 8(4):692–702. doi: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.75.
  • El-Guebaly N. 2012. The meanings of recovery from addiction evolution and promises. J Addict Med. 6(1):1–9. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e31823ae540.
  • Fahmy R, Wasfi M, Mamdouh R, Moussa K, Wahba A, Schmitgen MM, Kubera KM, Wolf ND, Sambataro F, Wolf RC. 2019. Mindfulness-based therapy modulates default-mode network connectivity in patients with opioid dependence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 29(5):662–671. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.03.002.
  • Franklin T, Wang Z, Suh JJ, Hazan R, Cruz J, Li Y, Goldman M, Detre JA, O'Brien CP, Childress AR. 2011. Effects of varenicline on smoking cue–triggered neural and craving responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 68(5):516–526. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.002.A.
  • Garrison KA, Yip SW, Balodis IM, Carroll KM, Potenza MN, Krishnan-Sarin S. 2017. Reward-related frontostriatal activity and smoking behavior among adolescents in treatment for smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Depend. 177:268–276. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.035.
  • Ghahremani DG, Tabibnia G, Monterosso J, Hellemann G, Poldrack RA, London ED. 2011. Effect of modafinil on learning and task-related brain activity in methamphetamine-dependent and healthy individuals. Neuropsychopharmacol. 36(5):950–959. doi: 10.1038/npp.2010.233.
  • Gorelick DA, Gardner EL, Xi ZX. 2004. Agents in development for the management of cocaine abuse. Drugs. 64(14):1547–1573. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200464140-00004.
  • Gorelick DA. 2017. Pharmacological treatment of cannabis-related disorders: narrative review. CPD. 22(42):6409–6419. doi: 10.2174/1381612822666160822150822.
  • Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, Hampshire A, Schreiber LRN, Kim SW. 2013. A proof of concept study of tolcapone for pathological gambling: relationships with COMT genotype and brain activation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 23(11):1587–1596. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.07.008.
  • Hadizadeh H, Flores J, Mayerson T, Worhunsky P, Potenza M, Angarita G. 2022. Glutamatergic agents for the treatment of cocaine use disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 9(4):101–112. doi: 10.1007/s40473-022-00252-1.
  • Hadizadeh H, Flores J, Nunes E, Mayerson T, Potenza MN, Angarita GA. 2022. Novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of cocaine use disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 9(1):27–46. doi: 10.1007/s40473-022-00246-z.
  • Han DH, Hwang JW, Renshaw PF. 2010. Bupropion sustained release treatment decreases craving for video games and cue-induced brain activity in patients with internet video game addiction. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 18(4):297–304. doi: 10.1037/a0020023.
  • Han DH, Kim SM, Lee YS, Renshaw PF. 2012. The effect of family therapy on the changes in the severity of on-line game play and brain activity in adolescents with on-line game addiction. Psychiatry Res. 202(2):126–131. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.011.
  • Han J, Seo Y, Hwang H, Kim SM, Han DH. 2020. Efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for internet gaming disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother. 27(2):203–213. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2419.
  • Han X, Wang Y, Jiang W, Bao X, Sun Y, Ding W, Cao M, Wu X, Du Y, Zhou Y. 2018. Resting-state activity of prefrontal-striatal circuits in internet gaming disorder: changes with cognitive behavior therapy and predictors of treatment response. Front Psychiatry. 9:341. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00341.
  • Hanlon CA, Dowdle LT, Correia B, Mithoefer O, Kearney-Ramos T, Lench D, Griffin M, Anton RF, George MS. 2017. Left frontal pole theta burst stimulation decreases orbitofrontal and insula activity in cocaine users and alcohol users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 178:310–317. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040.
  • Hermann D, Smolka MN, Wrase J, Klein S, Nikitopoulos J, Georgi A, Braus DF, Flor H, Mann K, Heinz A. 2006. Blockade of cue-induced brain activation of abstinent alcoholics by a single administration of amisulpride as measured with fMRI. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 30(8):1349–1354. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00174.x.
  • Herremans SC, Raedt RD, Van Schuerbeek P, Marinazzo D, Matthys F, De Mey J, Baeken C. 2016. Accelerated HF-rTMS protocol has a rate-dependent effect on dACC activation in alcohol-dependent patients: an open-label feasibility study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 40(1):196–205. doi: 10.1111/acer.12937.
  • Hollander E, Buchsbaum MS, Haznedar MM, Berenguer J, Berlin HA, Chaplin W, Goodman CR, LiCalzi EM, Newmark R, Pallanti S. 2008. FDG-PET study in pathological gamblers: 1. Lithium increases orbitofrontal, dorsolateral and cingulate metabolism. Neuropsychobiology. 58(1):37–47. doi: 10.1159/000154478.
  • Kampman KM, Leiderman D, Holmes T, LoCastro J, Bloch DA, Reid MS, Shoptaw S, Montgomery MA, Winhusen TM, Somoza EC, et al. 2005. Cocaine rapid efficacy screening trials (CREST): lessons learned. Addiction. 100(1):102–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00987.x.
  • Kang KD, Jung TW, Park IH, Han DH. 2018. Effects of equine-assisted activities and therapies on the affective network of adolescents with internet gaming disorder. J Altern Complement Med. 24(8):841–849. doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0416.
  • Kang N, Kim RK, Kim HJ. 2019. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on symptoms of nicotine dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 96:133–139. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.006.
  • Karila L, Leroy C, Dubol M, Trichard C, Mabondo A, Marill C, Dubois A, Bordas N, Martinot J-L, Reynaud M, et al. 2016. Dopamine transporter correlates and occupancy by modafinil in cocaine-dependent patients: a controlled study with high-resolution PET and [11C]-PE2I. Neuropsychopharmacology. 41(9):2294–2302. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.28.
  • Karila L, Weinstein A, Aubin H-J, Benyamina A, Reynaud M, Batki SL. 2010. Pharmacological approaches to methamphetamine dependence: a focused review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 69(6):578–592. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03639.x.
  • Kathryn McHugh R, Hearon B, Otto M. 2010. Cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 33(3):511–525. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-397045-9.00265-2.
  • Kearney-Ramos TE, Dowdle LT, Mithoefer OJ, Devries W, George MS, Hanlon CA. 2019. State-dependent effects of ventromedial prefrontal cortex continuous thetaburst stimulation on cocaine cue reactivity in chronic cocaine users. Front Psychiatry. 10:317. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00317.
  • Kearney-Ramos TE, Lench DH, Hoffman M, Correia B, Dowdle LT, Hanlon CA. 2018. Gray and white matter integrity influence TMS signal propagation: a multimodal evaluation in cocaine-dependent individuals. Sci Rep. 8(1):3253. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21634-0.
  • Kim S, Noh D. 2019. The current status of psychological intervention research for internet addiction and internet gaming disorder. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 40(4):335–341. doi: 10.1080/01612840.2018.1534910.
  • King DL, Delfabbro PH, Wu AMS, Doh YY, Kuss DJ, Pallesen S, Mentzoni R, Carragher N, Sakuma H. 2017. Treatment of Internet gaming disorder: an international systematic review and CONSORT evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev. 54:123–133. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.002.
  • Klauss J, Penido Pinheiro LC, Silva Merlo BL, Correia Santos G, de A, Fregni F, Nitsche MA, Miyuki Nakamura-Palacios E. 2014. A randomized controlled trial of targeted prefrontal cortex modulation with tDCS in patients with alcohol dependence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 17(11):1793–1803. doi: 10.1017/S1461145714000984.
  • Klein JW. 2016. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders. Med Clin North Am. 100(4):891–910. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.03.011.
  • Kober H, Devito EE, Deleone CM, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. 2014. Cannabis abstinence during treatment and one-year follow-up: relationship to neural activity in men. Neuropsychopharmacology. 39(10):2288–2298. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.82.
  • Kober H, Mende-Siedlecki P, Kross EF, Weber J, Mischel W, Hart CL, Ochsner KN. 2010. Prefrontal-striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107(33):14811–14816. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1007779107.
  • Korecki JR, Schwebel FJ, Votaw VR, Witkiewitz K. 2020. Mindfulness-based programs for substance use disorders : a systematic review of manualized treatments. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 15:51.
  • Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Donahue K, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kubik M, et al. 2021. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 325(3):265–279. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.25019.
  • Langleben DD, Ruparel K, Elman I, Busch-Winokur S, Pratiwadi R, Loughead J, O'Brien CP, Childress AR. 2008. Acute effect of methadone maintenance dose on brain fMRI response to heroin-related cues. Am J Psychiatry. 165(3):390–394. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010070.
  • Lannoy S, Billieux J, Maurage P. 2014. Beyond inhibition: a dual-process perspective to renew the exploration of binge drinking. Front Hum Neurosci. 8:405. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00405.
  • Lee J, Jang JH, Choi AR, Chung SJ, Kim B, Park M, Oh S, Jung MH, Choi J. 2021. Neuromodulatory effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on resting-state EEG activity in internet gaming disorder: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled parallel group trial. Cereb Cortex Commun. 2:1–10. doi: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa095.
  • Leiderman DB, Shoptaw S, Montgomery A, Bloch DA, Elkashef A, LoCastro J, Vocci F. 2005. Cocaine rapid efficacy screening trial (CREST): a paradigm for the controlled evaluation of candidate medications for cocaine dependence. Addiction. 100:1–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00988.x.
  • Li W, Garland EL, Howard MO. 2018. Therapeutic mechanisms of mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement for internet gaming disorder: reducing craving and addictive behavior by targeting cognitive processes. J Addict Dis. 37(1–2):5–13. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2018.1442617.
  • Li W, Garland EL, Mcgovern P, Brien JEO, Tronnier C, Matthew O. 2017. Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement for internet gaming disorder in us adults: a stage I randomized controlled trial. Psychol Addict Behav. 31(4):393–402. doi: 10.1037/adb0000269.
  • Lichenstein SD, Scheinost D, Potenza MN, Carroll KM, Yip SW. 2021. Dissociable neural substrates of opioid and cocaine use identified via connectome-based modelling. Mol Psychiatry. 26(8):4383–4393. doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0586-y.
  • Liu L, Potenza MN, Lacadie CM, Zhang J-T, Yip SW, Xia C-C, Lan J, Yao Y-W, Deng L-Y, Park SQ, et al. 2021. Altered intrinsic connectivity distribution in internet gaming disorder and its associations with psychotherapy treatment outcomes. Addict Biol. 26(2):e12917. doi: 10.1111/adb.12917.
  • Luijten M, Schellekens AF, Kühn S, MacHielse MWJ, Sescousse G. 2017. Disruption of reward processing in addiction: an image-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. JAMA Psychiatry. 74(4):387–398. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3084.
  • Mahoney JJ, Hanlon CA, Marshalek PJ, Rezai AR, Krinke L. 2020. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and other forms of neuromodulation for substance use disorders: review of modalities and implications for treatment. J Neurol Sci. 418:117149. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117149.
  • Mitchell MR, Balodis IM, Devito EE, Lacadie CM, Yeston J, Scheinost D, Constable RT, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. 2013. A preliminary investigation of Stroop-related intrinsic connectivity in cocaine dependence: associations with treatment outcomes. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 39(6):392–402. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3518-1.Varenicline.
  • Moeller SJ, Paulus MP. 2018. Toward biomarkers of the addicted human brain: using neuroimaging to predict relapse and sustained abstinence in substance use disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 80(Pt B):143–154. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.003.
  • Morie KP, DeVito EE, Potenza MN, Worhunsky PD. 2021. Longitudinal changes in network engagement during cognitive control in cocaine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 229(Pt A):109151. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109151.
  • Myrick H, Anton RF, Li X, Henderson S, Randall PK, Voronin K. 2008. Effect of naltrexone and ondansetron on alcohol cue-induced activation of the ventral striatum in alcohol-dependent people. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 65(4):466–475. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.466.
  • Newman-Norlund RD, Gibson M, McConnell PA, Froeliger B. 2020. Dissociable effects of theta-burst repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation to the inferior frontal gyrus on inhibitory control in nicotine addiction. Front Psychiatry. 11:260. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00260.
  • Nielsen P, Christensen M, Henderson C, Liddle HA, Croquette-Krokar M, Favez N, Rigter H. 2021. Multidimensional family therapy reduces problematic gaming in adolescents: a randomised controlled trial. J Behav Addict. 10(2):234–243. doi: 10.1556/2006.2021.00022.
  • Pallanti S, Haznedar MM, Hollander E, Licalzi EM, Bernardi S, Newmark R, Buchsbaum MS. 2010. Basal ganglia activity in pathological gambling: a fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychobiology. 62(2):132–138. doi: 10.1159/000317286.
  • Park JH, Lee YS, Sohn JH, Han DH. 2016. Effectiveness of atomoxetine and methylphenidate for problematic online gaming in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. 31(6):427–432. doi: 10.1002/hup.2559.
  • Peters J, Bromberg U, Schneider S, Brassen S, Menz M, Banaschewski T, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, et al. 2011. Lower ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation in adolescent smokers. Am J Psychiatry. 168(5):540–549. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10071024.
  • Potenza MN, Balodis IM, Derevensky J, Grant JE, Petry NM, Verdejo-Garcia A, Yip SW. 2019. Gambling disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 5(1):51. doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0099-7.
  • Potenza MN, Balodis IM, Franco CA, Bullock S, Xu J, Chung T, Grant JE. 2013. Neurobiological considerations in understanding behavioral treatments for pathological gambling. Psychol Addict Behav. 27(2):380–392. doi: 10.1037/a0032389.Neurobiological.
  • Project MATCH Research Group. 1997. Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. J Stud Alcohol. 58(1):7–29.
  • Sakuma H, Mihara S, Nakayama H, Miura K, Kitayuguchi T, Maezono M, Hashimoto T, Higuchi S. Treatment with the self-discovery camp (SDiC) improves Internet gaming disorder. Addict Behav. 2017. 64:357–362. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.013.
  • Schacht JP, Anton RF, Randall PK, Li X, Henderson S, Myrick H. 2014. Varenicline effects on drinking, craving and neural reward processing among non-treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology. 231:3799–3807. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3518-1.
  • Schmaal L, Goudriaan AE, Joos L, Dom G, Pattij T, Van Den Brink W, Veltman DJ. 2014. Neural substrates of impulsive decision making modulated by modafinil in alcohol-dependent patients. Psychol Med. 44(13):2787–2798. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714000312.
  • Shen Y, Ward HB. 2021. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroimaging for cocaine use disorder: review and future directions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 47(2):144–153. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1841784.
  • Shulman M, Wai JM, Nunes EV. 2019. Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder: an overview. CNS Drugs. 33(6):567–580. doi: 10.1007/s40263-019-00637-z.
  • Son JH, Lee SH, Seok JW, Kee BS, Lee HW, Kim HJ, Lee TK, Han DH. 2015. Virtual reality therapy for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a preliminary investigation with positron emission tomography/computerized tomography. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 76(4):620–627. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.620.
  • Souza DCD, Radhakrishnan R, Naganawa M, Ganesh S, Nabulsi N, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Ranganathan M, Cortes-Briones J, Huang Y, et al. 2021. Preliminary in vivo evidence of lower hippocampal synaptic density in cannabis use disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 26(7):3192–3200. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00891-4.
  • Stevens MWR, King DL, Dorstyn D, Delfabbro PH. 2019. Cognitive–behavioral therapy for Internet gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother. 26(2):191–203. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2341.
  • Tabatabaei-Jafari H, Ekhtiari H, Ganjgahi H, Hassani-Abharian P, Oghabian MA, Moradi A, Sadighi N, Zarei M. 2019. Patterns of brain activation during craving in heroin dependents successfully treated by methadone maintenance and abstinence-based treatments. J Addict Med. 8(2):123–129. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000022.
  • Tang YY, Tang R, Posner MI. 2013. Brief meditation training induces smoking reduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110(34):13971–13975. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1311887110.
  • Torres-Rodríguez A, Griffiths MD, Carbonell X, Oberst U. 2018. Treatment efficacy of a specialized psychotherapy program for internet gaming disorder. J Behav Addict. 7(4):939–952. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.111.
  • Torres-Rodríguez A, Griffiths MD, Carbonell X. 2018. The treatment of internet gaming disorder: a brief overview of the PIPATIC program. Int J Ment Health Addict. 16(4):1000–1015. doi: 10.1007/s11469-017-9825-0.
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Logan J, Alexoff D, Zhu W, Telang F, Wang G-J, Jayne M, Hooker JM, Wong C, et al. 2009. Effects of modafinil on dopamine and dopamine transporters in the male human brain. JAMA. 301(11):1148–1154. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.351.
  • Vollstädt-Klein S, Loeber S, Kirsch M, Bach P, Richter A, Bühler M, von der Goltz C, Hermann D, Mann K, Kiefer F. 2011. Effects of cue-exposure treatment on neural cue reactivity in alcohol dependence: a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry. 69(11):1060–1066. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.016.
  • Wang Y, Wang H, Li W, Zhu J, Gold MS, Zhang D, Wang L, Li Y, Yan X, Cheng J, et al. 2014. Reduced responses to heroin-cue-induced craving in the dorsal striatum: effects of long-term methadone maintenance treatment. Neurosci Lett. 581:120–124. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.026.
  • Wang ZL, Potenza MN, Song KR, Fang XY, Liu L, Ma SS, Xia CC, Lan J, Yao YW, Zhang JT. 2022. Neural classification of internet gaming disorder and prediction of treatment response using a cue-reactivity fMRI task in young men. J Psychiatr Res. 145:309–316. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.014.
  • Weinstein AM. Gorelick DA. 2011. Pharmacological treatment of cannabis dependence. CPD. 17(14):1351–1358. doi: 10.2174/138161211796150846.
  • Westbrook C, Creswell JD, Tabibnia G, Julson E, Kober H, Tindle HA. 2013. Mindful attention reduces neural and self-reported cue-induced craving in smokers. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 8(1):73–84. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr076.
  • Wiers CE, Ludwig VU, Gladwin TE, Park SQ, Heinz A, Wiers RW, Rinck M, Lindenmeyer J, Walter H, Bermpohl F. 2015. Effects of cognitive bias modification training on neural signatures of alcohol approach tendencies in male alcohol-dependent patients. Addict Biol. 20(5):990–999. doi: 10.1111/adb.12221.
  • Wiers CE, Stelzel C, Gladwin TE, Park SQ, Pawelczack S, Gawron CK, Stuke H, Heinz A, Wiers RW, Rinck M, et al. 2015. Effects of cognitivebias modification training on neural alcohol cue reactivity in alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 172(4):335–343. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13111495.
  • Wilcox CE, Claus ED, Calhoun VD, Rachakonda S, Littlewood RA, Mickey J, Arenella PB, Goodreau N, Hutchison KE. 2018. Default mode network deactivation to smoking cue relative to food cue predicts treatment outcome in nicotine use disorder. Addict Biol. 23(1):412–424. doi: 10.1111/adb.12498.
  • Worhunsky PD, Angarita GA, Zhai ZW, Matuskey D, Gallezot JD, Malison RT, Carson RE, Potenza MN. 2021. Multimodal investigation of dopamine D2/D3 receptors, default mode network suppression, and cognitive control in cocaine-use disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 46(2):316–324. doi: 10.1038/s41386-020-00874-7.
  • Worhunsky PD, Stevens MC, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Calhoun VD, Pearlson GD, Potenza MN. 2013. Functional brain networks associated with cognitive control, cocaine dependence, and treatment outcome. Psychol Addict Behav. 27(2):477–488. doi: 10.1037/a0029092.
  • World Health Organization. 2018. International classification of mental and behavioural disorders. 11th ed. Geneva: WHO.
  • World Health Organization. 2019. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 11th ed. Geneva: WHO.
  • Wu L-L, Potenza MN, Zhou N, Kober H, Shi X-H, Yip SW, Xu J-H, Zhu L, Wang R, Liu G-Q, et al. 2021. Efficacy of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on addiction-related inhibitory control and craving: A randomized trial in males with internet gaming disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 46(1):E111–E118. doi: 10.1503/jpn.190137.
  • Wu L-L, Potenza MN, Zhou N, Kober H, Shi X-H, Yip SW, Xu J-H, Zhu L, Wang R, Liu G-Q, et al. 2020. A role for the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in enhancing regulation of both craving and negative emotions in internet gaming disorder: a randomized trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 36:29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.04.003.A.
  • Xu J, Kober H, Wang X, Devito EE, Carroll KM, Marc N. 2014. Hippocampal volume mediates the relationship between measures of pre-treatment cocaine use and within-treatment cocaine abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 143:74–80. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.007.Hippocampal.
  • Yao YW, Liu L, Ma SS, Shi XH, Zhou N, Zhang JT, Potenza MN. 2017. Functional and structural neural alterations in Internet gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 83:313–324. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.029.
  • Yip SW, DeVito EE, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. 2014. Pretreatment measures of brain structure and rewardprocessing brain function in cannabis dependence: an exploratory study of relationships with abstinence during behavioral treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 140:33–41. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.031.Pretreatment.
  • Yip SW, Lacadie C, Xu J, Worhunsky PD, Fulbright RK, Constable RT, Potenza MN. 2013. Reduced genual corpus callosal white matter integrity in pathological gambling and its relationship to alcohol abuse or dependence. World J Biol Psychiatry. 14(2):129–138. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2011.568068.
  • Yip SW, Morie KP, Xu J, Constable RT, Malison RT, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. 2017. Shared microstructural features of behavioral and substance addictions revealed in areas of crossing fibers. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2(2):188–195. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.001.
  • Yip SW, Scheinost D, Potenza MN, Carroll KM. 2019. Connectome-based prediction of cocaine abstinence. Am J Psychiatry. 176(2):156–164. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17101147.
  • Yip SW, Worhunsky PD, Xu J, Morie KP, Constable RT, Malison RT, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. 2018. Gray-matter relationships to diagnostic and transdiagnostic features of drug and behavioral addictions. Addict Biol. 23(1):394–402. doi: 10.1111/adb.12492.
  • Young KA, Franklin TR, Roberts DCS, Jagannathan K, Suh JJ, Wetherill RR, Wang Z, Kampman KM, Brien CPO, Childress AR. 2014. Nipping cue reactivity in the bud : baclofen prevents limbic activation elicited by subliminal drug cues. J Nuerosci. 34(14):5038–5043. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4977-13.2014.
  • Zajac K, Ginley MK, Chang R, Petry NM. 2017. Treatments for internet gaming disorder and internet addiction: a systematic review. Psychol Addict Behav. 31(8):979–994. doi: 10.1037/adb0000315.Treatments.
  • Zajac K, Ginley MK, Chang R. 2020. Treatments of internet gaming disorder: a systematic review of the evidence. Expert Rev Neurother. 20(1):85–93. doi: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1671824.
  • Zhang J-T, Ma S-S, Li C-SR, Liu L, Xia C-C, Lan J, Wang L-J, Liu B, Yao Y-W, Fang X-Y. 2018. Craving behavioral intervention for internet gaming disorder: remediation of functional connectivity of the ventral striatum. Addict Biol. 23(1):337–346. doi: 10.1111/adb.12474.
  • Zhang JT, Yao YW, Potenza MN, Xia CC, Lan J, Liu L, Wang LJ, Liu B, Ma SS, Fang XY. 2016. Altered resting-state neural activity and changes following a craving behavioral intervention for Internet gaming disorder. Sci Rep. 6:28109. doi: 10.1038/srep28109.
  • Zhang JT, Yao YW, Potenza MN, Xia CC, Lan J, Liu L, Wang LJ, Liu B, Ma SS, Fang XY. 2016. Effects of craving behavioral intervention on neural substrates of cue-induced craving in Internet gaming disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 12:591–599. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.09.004.
  • Zhang MWB, Ho RCM. 2017. Smartphone applications for immersive and internet gaming disorder. Technol Health Care. 25(2):367–372. doi: 10.3233/THC-1601282.
  • Zilverstand A, Parvaz M, Moeller S, Goldstein R. 2016. Cognitive interventions for addiction medicine: understanding the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Prog Brain Res. 224:285–304. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040.