Evaluating the dual reactivity on SD bioline malaria rapid diagnosis tests as a potential indicator of high parasitemia due to Plasmodium falciparum

References

• WHO. World malaria report, 2019 [cites 2020 Feb 3]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/world-malaria-report-2019.
   Google Scholar
• Kantele A, Jokiranta TS. Review of cases with the emerging fifth human malaria parasite, plasmodium knowlesi. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:1356–1362.
   Google Scholar
• Singh B, Daneshvar C. Human infections and detection of plasmodium knowlesi. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:165–184.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. From malaria control to malaria elimination: a manual for elimination scenario planning, 2014 [cited 2020 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241507028/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Moody A. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:66–78.
   Google Scholar
• Baker J, Ho M-F, Pelecanos A, et al. Global sequence variation in the histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J. 2010;9:129.
   Google Scholar
• Funwei R, Nderu D, Nguetse CN, et al. Molecular surveillance of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes deletion in plasmodium falciparum isolates and the implications for rapid diagnostic tests in Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2019;196:121–125.
   Google Scholar
• Visser T, Daily J, Hotte N, et al. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93:862–866.
   Google Scholar
• Boyce R, Reyes R, Ntaro M, et al. Association between HRP–2/pLDH rapid diagnostic test band positivity and malaria–related anemia at a peripheral health facility in Western Uganda. J Glob Health. 2015;5(2):020402.
   Google Scholar
• Ghanchi NK, Beg MA, Hussain R. Estimation of parasite load using rapid diagnostic test ICT ®now malaria P.f/P.v in plasmodium falciparum malaria. Scand J Infect Dis. 2009;41:597–601.
   Google Scholar
• Mehlotra RK, Howes RE, Cramer EY, et al. Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and band sensitivity of the SD bioline malaria Ag P.f/Pan rapid diagnostic test in Madagascar. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100:1196–1201.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gool T, van Wolfswinkel ME, Koelewijn R, et al. A simple and fast method to exclude high Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in travellers with imported malaria. Malar J. 2011;10:300.
   Google Scholar
• Ali IM, Bigoga JD, Forsah DA, et al. Field evaluation of the 22 rapid diagnostic tests for community management of malaria with artemisinin combination therapy in Cameroon. Malar J. 2016;15:31.
   Google Scholar
• Kwenti TE, Kwenti TDB, Latz A, et al. Epidemiological and clinical profile of paediatric malaria: a cross sectional study performed on febrile children in five epidemiological strata of malaria in Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:499.
   Google Scholar
• Leke RFG, Bioga JD, Zhou J, et al. Longitudinal studies of plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnant women living in a rural cameroonian village with high perennial transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83:996–1004.
   Google Scholar
• Ndong IC, Van Reenen M, Boakye DA, et al. Trends in malaria admissions at the Mbakong health centre of the north west region of cameroon: a retrospective study. Malar J. 2014;13:328.
   Google Scholar
• Zeukeng F, Tchinda VHM, Bigoga JD, et al. Co-infections of malaria and geohelminthiasis in two rural communities of Nkassomo and Vian in the Mfou health district, cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3236.
   Google Scholar
• Antonio-Nkondjio C, Ndo C, Njiokou F, et al. Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:501.
   Google Scholar
• Holland NT, Smith MT, Eskenazi B, et al. Biological sample collection and processing for molecular epidemiological studies. Mutat Res. 2003;543:217–234.
   Google Scholar
• Adu-Gyasi D, Asante KP, Amoako S, et al. Assessing the performance of only HRP2 and HRP2 with pLDH based rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of malaria in middle Ghana, Africa. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203524.
   Google Scholar
• Cheesbrough M District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Part 1. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston SP, Pieniazek NJ, Xayavong MV, et al. PCR as a Confirmatory Technique for Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1087–1089.
   Google Scholar
• Sermwittayawong N, Singh B, Nishibuchi M, et al. Human Plasmodium knowlesi infection in Ranong province, southwestern border of Thailand. Malar J. 2012;11:36.
   Google Scholar
• Trevethan R. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values: foundations, pliabilities, and pitfalls in research and practice. Front Public Health. 2017;5:307.
   Google Scholar
• Hajian-Tilaki K. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for medical diagnostic test evaluation. Caspian J Intern Med. 2013;4:627–635.
   Google Scholar
• Abdalla ZA, Rahma NA, Hassan EE, et al. The diagnostic performance of rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy for malaria diagnosis in eastern Sudan using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay as a reference standard. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2019;113:701–705.
   Google Scholar
• Doctor SM, Liu Y, Whitesell A, et al. Malaria surveillance in the democratic republic of the Congo: comparison of microscopy, PCR, and rapid diagnostic test. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;85:16–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ita OI, Otu AA, Onyedibe K, et al. A diagnostic performance evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy for malaria diagnosis using nested polymerase chain reaction as reference standard in a tertiary hospital in Jos, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2018;112:436–442.
   Google Scholar
• Nankabirwa JI, Yeka A, Arinaitwe E, et al. Estimating malaria parasite prevalence from community surveys in Uganda: a comparison of microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction. Malar J. 2015;14:528.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 8 (2016–2018) [cited 2020 Oct 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241514965/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Chiodini PL, Bowers K, Jorgensen P, et al. The heat stability of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:331–337.
   Google Scholar
• Grobusch MP, Alpermann U, Schwenke S, et al. False-positive rapid tests for malaria in patients with rheumatoid factor. Lancet. 1999;353:297.
   Google Scholar
• Abeku TA, Kristan M, Jones C, et al. Determinants of the accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests in malaria case management: evidence from low and moderate transmission settings in the East African highlands. Malar J. 2008;7:202.
   Google Scholar
• Houzé S, Boly MD, Le Bras J, et al. Pf HRP2 and Pf LDH antigen detection for monitoring the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Malar J. 2009;8:211.
   Google Scholar
• Diarra A, Nébié I, Tiono A, et al. Seasonal performance of a malaria rapid diagnosis test at community health clinics in a malaria-hyperendemic region of Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:103.
   Google Scholar
• Randrianasolo L, Tafangy PB, Raharimalala LA, et al. [Rapid diagnostic test for malaria: preliminary study in Madagascar in 2003]. Sante. 2007;17:69–73.
   Google Scholar
• Mfuh KO, Achonduh-Atijegbe OA, Bekindaka ON, et al. A comparison of thick-film microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, and polymerase chain reaction for accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In: Malar J. 2019;18:73.
   Google Scholar
• Moyeh MN, Ali IM, Njimoh DL, et al. Comparison of the accuracy of four malaria diagnostic methods in a high transmission setting in coastal cameroon. J Parasitol Res. 2019;2019:1417967.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed R, Levy EI, Maratina SS, et al. Performance of four HRP-2/pLDH combination rapid diagnostic tests and field microscopy as screening tests for malaria in pregnancy in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J. 2015;14:420.
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves BP, Huang C-Y, Morrison R, et al. Parasite burden and severity of malaria in Tanzanian children. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1799–1808.
   Google Scholar
• Kiggundu VL, O’Meara WP, Musoke R, et al. High prevalence of malaria parasitemia and anemia among hospitalized children in Rakai, Uganda. PLoS One. 2013;8:e82455.
   Google Scholar
• Boyce R, Reyes R, Matte M, et al. Use of a dual-antigen rapid diagnostic test to screen children for severe plasmodium falciparum malaria in a high-transmission, resource-limited setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:1509–1515.
   Google Scholar
• Richter J, Göbels K, Müller-Stöver I, et al. Co-reactivity of plasmodial histidine-rich protein 2 and aldolase on a combined immuno-chromographic-malaria dipstick (ICT) as a potential semi-quantitative marker of high Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia. Parasitol Res. 2004;94:384–385.
   Google Scholar
• Abba K, Deeks JJ, Olliaro PL, et al. Rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosing uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in endemic countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011:CD008122.
   Google Scholar
• Mouatcho JC, Goldring JPD. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: challenges and prospects. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:1491–1505.
   Google Scholar