References
- Anderson, S. A. S., Hawes, D. J., & Snow, P. C. (2016). Language impairments among youth offenders: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 65, 195–203. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.04.004
- Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (n.d.). Youth Justice: Overview. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/health-welfare-services/youth-justice/overview.
- Bishop, D. V. M., Snowling, M. J., Thompson, P. A., & Greenhalgh, T. & the CATALISE-2 consortium (2017). Phase 2 of CATALISE: A multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development: Terminology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 58(10), 1068–1080. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12721
- Bryan, K. (2004). Preliminary study of the prevalence of speech and language difficulties in young offenders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 39(3), 391–400. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/85587293?accountid=14511.
- Bryan, K., Freer, J., & Furlong, C. (2007). Language and communication difficulties in juvenile offenders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42(5), 505–520. doi:10.1080/13682820601053977
- Bryan, K., & Gregory, J. (2013). Perceptions of staff on embedding speech and language therapy within a youth offending team. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 29(3), 359–371. doi:10.1177/0265659013482930
- Centre for Youth & Criminal Justice. (2018). A guide to youth justice in Scotland: Policy, practice and legislation, (June), 1–30.
- Coles, H., Gillet, K., Murray, G., & Turner, K. (2017). Justice evidence base. Rcslt. Retrieved from https://www.rcslt.org/speech_and_language_therapy/slt_work_settings/justice_slcn/justice_evidence_base2017.
- Coles, H., & Murray, G. (2015). Key evidence based speech and language therapy interventions for young people in the criminal justice system. Retrieved from https://yjresourcehub.uk/.
- Cooper, P., & Wurtzel, D. (2013). A day late and a dollar short: In search of an intermediary scheme for vulnerable defendants in England and Wales. Criminal Law Review, 1, 4–22.
- Davies, K., Lewis, J., Byatt, J., Purvis, E., & Cole, B. (2004). An evaluation of the literacy demands of general offending behaviour programmes. Retrieved from https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/11855/1/Evaluation_of_literacy_demands.pdf.
- Department of Justice, Canada. (n.d.). Criminal justice: Youth Justice. Retrieved from https://justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/yj-jj/index.html.
- Department of Justice, New Zealand. (n.d.). Youth justice. Retrieved from https://www.justice-ni.gov.uk/topics/youth-justice.
- Disability Matters. (2017). Learning package: Disability matters for youth justice - youth justice resource hub. Retrieved from https://yjresourcehub.uk/training-development/training-resources/item/261-learning-package-disability-matters-for-youth-justice.html.
- Gregory, J., & Bryan, K. (2011). Speech and language therapy intervention with a group of persistent and prolific young offenders in a non-custodial setting with previously undiagnosed speech, language and communication difficulties. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 46(2), 202–215. doi:10.3109/13682822.2010.490573
- Hayes, H., & Snow, P. (2013). Oral language competence and restorative justice processes: Refining preparation and the measurement of conference outcomes. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 463, 1–7. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1467458545?accountid=14511.
- Heritage, M., Virag, G., & McCuaig, L. (2011). Better outcomes for young offenders: Exploring the impact of speech and language therapy in Youth offending teams in Derbyshire 2010/2011. Primary Care.
- Hopkins, T., Clegg, J., & Stackhouse, J. (2016). Young offenders’ perspectives on their literacy and communication skills. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 51(1), 95–109. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12188
- Hopkins, T., Clegg, J., & Stackhouse, J. (2018). Examining the association between language, expository discourse and offending behaviour: An investigation of direction, strength and independence. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(1), 113–129. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12330
- Houwen, F. van der, & Jol, G. (2017). Juvenile courts: Creating (an atmosphere of) understanding. Language and Law = Linguagem e Direito, 4(1), 34–59. Retrieved from http://ojs.letras.up.pt/index.php/LLLD/article/view/2861/2611.
- Humber, E., & Snow, P. (2001). The oral language skills of young offenders: A pilot investigation. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 8(1), 1–11. doi:10.1080/13218710109524999
- Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs. (n.d.). Youth topics: Juvenile justice. Retrieved from https://youth.gov/youth-topics/juvenile-justice.
- Irish Youth Justice Service. (n.d.). Irish youth justice service. Retrieved from http://www.iyjs.ie.
- James, N. (2013). Research on the ‘inside’: The challenges of conducting research with young offenders. Sociological Research Online, 18(4), 1–10. doi:10.5153/sro.3129
- Joffe, V. J., Rixon, L., & Hulme, C. (2019). Improving storytelling and vocabulary in secondary school students with language disorder: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 54(4), 656–672.
- Judicial College. (2017). Youth court bench book. Retrieved from https://judicialcollege.judiciary.gov.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=739.
- Judicial College. (2018). Equal treatment bench book. Retrieved from https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/equal-treatment-bench-book-february2018-v5-02mar18.pdf.
- Kilpatrick, T., Leitao, S., & Boyes, M. (2019). Mental health in adolescents with a history of developmental language disorder: The moderating effect of bulling victimisation. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 4, 1–12.
- Kippin, N. R., Leitao, S., Watkins, R., Finlay-Jones, A., Condon, C., Marriott, R., … Bower, C. (2018). Language diversity, language disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among youth sentenced to detention in Western Australia. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 61, 40–49. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.09.004
- Lavigne, M., & Rybroek, G. J. (2011). Breakdown in the language zone: The prevalence of language impairments among Juvenile and adult offenders and why it matters. UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law and Policy, 15(1), 37–124. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1663805Electroniccopyavailableat:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1663805http://ssrn.com/abstract=1663805.
- Lavigne, M., & Rybroek, G. V. (2013). He got in my face so i shot him: ‘How defendants’ language impairments impair attorney-client relationships. Cuny Law Review, 17, 69–111. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2314546.
- Lewis, A., Pritchett, R., Hughes, C., & Turner, K. (2015). Development and implementation of autism standards for prisons. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 6(2), 68–80. doi:10.1108/JIDOB-05-2015-0013
- Lieser, A. M. (2015). A pilot study investigating the comprehension of miranda rights by adolescents with language impairment.
- Lount, S. A., Hand, L., Purdy, S. C., & France, A. (2018). Tough talk: Youth offenders’ perceptions of communicating in the youth justice system in New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 51(4), 593–618. doi:10.1177/0004865817740404
- Lount, S. A., Purdy, S. C., & Hand, L. (2017). Hearing, auditory processing, and language skills of male youth offenders and remandees in Youth Justice residences in New Zealand. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research (Online), 60(1), 121–135. doi:10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0131
- Lowe, J., Childers, W., Doucet, W., & Dilettus, J. (1974). Effects of using a mod versus a traditional approach in communicating with juvenile delinquents. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 11(1), 56–62. doi:10.1177/002242787401100107
- Malhotra, S., Qureshi, Y., & Stringer, G. (2013). House of commons justice committee youth justice seventh report of session 2012-13. Retrieved from www.parliament.uk/justicecttee.
- Martin, S. (2019). The role of the speech-language pathologist in supporting young people in youth justice. Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology, 21(1), 6–10. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=jlh&AN=135586064&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
- McLachlan, K., Roesch, R., Viljoen, J. L., & Douglas, K. S. (2014). Evaluating the psycholegal abilities of young offenders with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 38(1), 10–22. doi:10.1037/lhb0000037
- Metzger, N., Savaii, K., Mckee, A., & Kedge, S. (2018). Youth voices about youth justice listening to young people’ s experiences of communication within the youth justice sector in New Zealand, (July). Retrieved from https://talkingtroublenz.org/presentations-publications/youth-voices-about-youth-justice/.
- Ministry of Justice. (n.d.). Youth court of New Zealand: Youth justice. https://www.youthcourt.govt.nz/youth-justice/.
- Ministry of Justice. (2009). Crossing the communication divide: A toolkit for prison and probation staff working with offenders who experience communication difficulties, (200943), 1–65. Retrieved from http://www.rcslt.org/about/docs/crossing_the_communication_divide.
- Ministry of Justice. (2011a). Achieving best evidence in criminal proceedings guidance on interviewing victims and witnesses, and guidance on using special measures. Retrieved from https://www.cps.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/legal_guidance/best_evidence_in_criminal_proceedings.pdf.
- Ministry of Justice. (2011b). Youth court research: Experiences and views of young people, their families and professionals. Retrieved from www.justice.govt.nz.
- Ministry of Justice. (2019). The criminal procedure rules and Criminal practice directions. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/docs/2015/criminal-procedure-rules-practice-directions-april-2019.pdf.
- van Nijnatten, C., & Elk, E. van. (2015). Communicating care and coercion in Juvenile probation. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK, 45(3), 825–841. doi:153
- van Nijnatten, C., & Stevens, G. (2012). Juvenile participation in conversations with probation officers. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 56(4), 483–499. doi:10.1177/0306624X11399872
- Norbury, C. F., Gooch, D., Wray, C., Baird, G., Charman, T., Simonoff, E., … Pickles, A. (2016). The impact of nonverbal ability on prevalence and clinical presentation of language disorder: Evidence from a population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(11), 1247–1257. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12573
- O’Brien, R., Goldberg, S. E., Pilnick, A., Beeke, S., Schneider, J., Sartain, K., … Harwood, R. H. (2018). The VOICE study – A before and after study of a dementia communication skills training course. PLOS ONE, 13(6), e0198567. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198567
- O’Mahony, B. M. (2012). Accused of murder: Supporting the communication needs of a vulnerable defendant at court and at the police station. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 3(2), 77–84. doi:10.1108/20420921211280060
- Parsons, S., & Sherwood, G. (2016). Vulnerability in custody: Perceptions and practices of police officers and criminal justice professionals in meeting the communication needs of offenders with learning disabilities and learning difficulties. Disability & Society, 31(4), 553–572. doi:10.1080/09687599.2016.1181538
- Peters, M., Godfrey, C., Mcinerney, P., Baldini, C., Khalil, H., & Parker, D. (2017). Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In Joana Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual.
- Plotnikoff, J., & Woolfson, R. (2002). Young defendants pack: Scoping study for the youth justice board. London. Retrieved from https://lexiconlimited.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/youngdefendantspack-finalreport.pdf.
- Rap, S. (2016). A Children’s Rights perspective on the participation of Juvenile defendants in the Youth court. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 24(1), 93–112. doi:10.1163/15718182-02303006
- Riley, M., & Hayes, H. (2018). Youth restorative justice conferencing: Facilitator’s language-help or hindrance? Contemporary Justice Review Issues in Criminal, Social, and Restorative Justice, 21(1), 99–113. doi:10.1080/10282580.2017.1413358
- Rogers, R., Steadham, J. A., Carter, R. M., Henry, S. A., Drogin, E. Y., & Robinson, E. V. (2016). An examination of juveniles’ Miranda abilities: Investigating differences in Miranda recall and reasoning. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 34(4), 515–538. doi:10.1002/bsl.2243
- Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. (2017). Prisons and courts reform bill second reading-20 March. Retrieved from https://www.rcslt.org/-/media/Project/RCSLT/prisons-and-courts-bill-2017.pdf.
- Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. (2018). Course: The box learning journey. Retrieved from https://www.rcsltcpd.org.uk/course/view.php?id=10.
- Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. (2019). Justice - Overview. Retrieved from https://www.rcslt.org/speech-and-language-therapy/where-slts-work/justice#section-2.
- Sanger, D., Moore-Brown, B., Magnuson, G., & Svoboda, N. (2001). Prevalence of language problems among adolescent delinquents: A closer look. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 23(1), 17. doi:10.1177/152574010102300104
- Snow, P. (2019). Speech-Language Pathology and the youth offender: Epidemiological overview and roadmap for future Speech-Language Pathology research and scope of practice. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools, 50(2), 324–339. doi:10.1044/2018_LSHSS-CCJS-18-0027
- Snow, P., Bagley, K., & White, D. (2018). Speech-language pathology intervention in a youth justice setting: Benefits perceived by staff extend beyond communication. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(4), 458–467. doi:10.1080/17549507.2017.1297484
- Snow, P., & Powell, M. B. (2011). Oral language competence in incarcerated young offenders: Links with offending severity. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 13(6), 480–489. doi:10.3109/17549507.2011.578661
- Snow, P., Powell, M. B., & Sanger, D. D. (2012). Oral language competence, young speakers, and the law. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools (Online), 43(4), 496–506. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2012/11-0065)
- Snow, P., & Powell, M. (2004a). Developmental language disorders and adolescent risk: A public-health advocacy role for speech pathologists? Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 6(4), 221–229. doi:10.1080/14417040400010132
- Snow, P., & Powell, M. (2004b). Interviewing juvenile offenders: The importance of oral language competence. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 16(2), 220–225.
- Snow, P., & Powell, M. (2005). What’s the story? An exploration of narrative language abilities in male juvenile offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(3), 239–253. doi:10.1080/1068316042000209323
- Snow, P., & Powell, M. (2008). Oral language competence, social skills and high-risk boys: What are Juvenile offenders trying to tell us? Children & Society, 22(1), 16–28. doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2006.00076.x
- Snow, P., & Powell, M. (2012). Youth (in)justice: Oral language competence in early life and risk for engagement in antisocial behaviour in adolescence. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 435, 1–6. https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi435
- Snow, P., & Sanger, D. D. (2011). Restorative justice conferencing and the youth offender: Exploring the role of oral language competence. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 46(3), 324–333. doi:10.3109/13682822.2010.496763
- Snow, P., Woodward, M., Mathis, M., & Powell, M. (2016). Language functioning, mental health and alexithymia in incarcerated young offenders. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(1), 20–31. doi:10.3109/17549507.2015.1081291
- Snow, P., & Woodward, M. N. (2017). Intervening to address communication difficulties in incarcerated youth: A Phase 1 clinical trial. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9507(4), 392–406. doi:10.1080/17549507.2016.1216600
- Sowerbutts, A., Eaton-Rosen, E., Bryan, K., & Beeke, S. (2019). Supporting young offenders to communicate in the youth justice system: A scoping review protocol. Social Science Protocols, 2, 1–10. doi:10.7565/ssp.2019.2658
- Starling, J., Munro, N., Togher, L., & Arciuli, J. (2012). Training secondary school teachers in instructional language modification techniques to support adolescents With language impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 43(4), 474–495.
- Suri, T. (2019). `Do you understand these charges?{’’}: How procedural communication in youth criminal justice court violates the rights of young offenders in Canada. SEMIOTICA, 229, 173–191. doi:10.1515/sem-2019-0005
- Talbot, J. (2007). No One Knows: Identifying and supporting prisoners with learning difficulties and learning disabilities: the views of prison staff. Retrieved from www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/nok.
- Talbot, J., & Mcconnell, P. (2017). Mental health, autism and learning disabilities in the criminal courts. Retrieved from http://www.mhldcc.org.uk/.
- The Communication Trust. (2014). Doing justice to speech, language and communication needs; Proceedings of a Round Table on Speech, Language and Communication Needs in the Youth Justice Sector. Retrieved from https://www.rcslt.org/speech_and_language_therapy/docs/doing_justice_to_slcn_final_report.
- Toolkits - The Advocate’s Gateway. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.theadvocatesgateway.org/toolkits.
- Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467. doi:10.7326/M18-0850
- Trotter, C., Baidawi, S., & Evans, P. (2015). Good practice in community-based supervision of aboriginal youth offenders. Australian Social Work, 68(1), 5–18. doi:10.1080/0312407X.2014.940359
- Wales Justice Coalition. (2009). LOCKED UP AND LOCKED OUT-COMMUNICATION IS THE KEY Speaking out for young people with speech, language and communication needs within the justice pathway. Retrieved from https://www.rcslt.org/-/media/Project/RCSLT/wales-justice-coalition-report-2009.pdf?la=en&hash=37A801C162AAD51606EDB119CC3683DAF9D50B78.
- Winstanley, M. (2018). Youth offenders and Restorative Justice: Language abilities, rates of recidivism and severity of crime [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. University of Manchester.
- Winstanley, M., Webb, R. T., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2019). Psycholinguistic and socioemotional characteristics of young offenders: Do language abilities and gender matter? Legal and Criminological Psychology, lcrp, 12150. doi:10.1111/lcrp.12150
- Wszalek, J. A., & Turkstra, L. S. (2015). Language impairments in youths With traumatic brain injury: Implications for participation in Criminal proceedings. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(2), 86–93. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000130
- Youth Justice Agency, & RCSLT. (2009). Locked up and Locked out; communication is the key. Retrieved from https://www.justice-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/doj/yja-and-rcslt-joint-conference-report.pdf.
- Youth Justice Board. (2021). Youth Justice Statistics 2019/20 England and Wales. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/youth-justice-statistics-2019-to-2020.
- Yun, I., & Lee, J. (2013). IQ and delinquency: The differential detection hypothesis revisited. Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice, 11(3), 196–211. doi:10.1177/1541204012463410
- Additional evidence sources not cited
- Barnard-Brak, L., & Sulak, T. N. (2010). Literacy, learning disabilities and their association With imprisonment. Corrections Compendium, 35(3), 7–11. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/877620841?accountid=14511.
- Bryan, K., Garvani, G., Gregory, J., & Kilner, K. (2015). Language difficulties and criminal justice: The need for earlier identification. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 50(6), 763–775. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12183
- Department of Health. (2011). Positive practice positive outcomes a handbook for professionals in the criminal justice system working with offenders with learning disabilities. Retrieved from www.valuingpeoplenow.dh.gov.uk.
- Jacobson, J., & Talbot, J. (2009). Vulnerable defendants in the Criminal courts: A review of provision for adults and children.
- RCSLT. (2017). Prisons and Courts Reform Bill Second Reading-20 March. Retrieved from https://www.rcslt.org/-/media/Project/RCSLT/prisons-and-courts-bill-2017.pdf.
- RCSLT. (2018). Justice - Guidance. Retrieved from https://www.rcslt.org/members/clinical-guidance/justice/justice-guidance#section-4.
- Sanger, D. D., Johnson, A. A., Tenhulzen, P. N., Ritzman, M. J., & Lambert, M. C. (2019). Juvenile offenders with Co-occurring language and Behavior problems: Language suggestions. Journal of Correctional Education, 70(1), 20–35. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2226390292?accountid=14511.
- Simak, G. (n.d.). Why Does Communication in Youth Justice Matter? The impact of young people ’ s communication difficulties on referral orders in, 0–21.
- Snow, P. (2013). Restorative Justice conferencing, oral language competence, and young offenders: Are these high-risk conversations? Prevention Researcher, 20(1), 18–20. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=jlh&AN=104256106&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
- The National Autistic Society. (2008). Autism: a guide for criminal justice professionals. Retrieved from www.autism.org.uk.
- Tiffin, P., Shah, P., & Couteur, A. l. (2007). Diagnosing pervasive developmental disorders in a forensic adolescent mental health setting. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 9(3), 31–40. doi:10.1108/14636646200700018
- Vaswani, N. (2014). Speech, language and communication difficulties (Centre for Youth and Criminal Justice). Retrieved from www.cycj.org.uk.
- Youth Justice Board. (2002). Final warning scheme Guidance for the police and youth offending teams. Retrieved from https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/final-warning-scheme.pdf?view=Binary.
- Youth Justice Board. (2015). Practice advice: speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) in the youth justice system - GOV.UK. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/speech-language-and-communication-needs-in-the-youth-justice-system/practice-advice-speech-language-and-communication-needs-slcn-in-the-youth-justice-system.