Recurrent acute pancreatitis: a harbinger for irreversible chronic pancreatitis

References

• Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterol. 2013 [cited 2023 Sep 22];144(6):1252–1261. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machicado JD, Yadav D. Epidemiology of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis: similarities and differences. Dig Dis Sci. 2017 [cited 2023 Sep 12];62(7):1683–1691. doi: 10.1007/s10620-017-4510-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa Y, van Santvoort HC, Fockens P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment in chronic pancreatitis: an international survey and case vignette study. HPB (Oxford). 2017 [cited 2023 Sep 12];19(11):978–985. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2017.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doubilet H, Mulholland JH. Recurrent acute pancreatitis: observations on etiology and surgical treatment. Ann Surg. 1948 [cited 2023 Sep 3];128(4):609. doi: 10.1097/00000658-194810000-00001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcomb DC, Frulloni L, Garg P, et al. Chronic pancreatitis: an international draft consensus proposal for a new mechanistic definition. Pancreatology. 2016 [cited 2023 Aug 29];16:218. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiță AI, Pahomeanu MR, Negreanu L. Epidemiological trends in acute pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort in a tertiary center over a seven year period. World J Methodol. 2023 [cited 2023 Jul 30];13:118. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i3.118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hegyi PJ, Soós A, Tóth E, et al. Evidence for diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis after three episodes of acute pancreatitis: a cross-sectional multicentre international study with experimental animal model. Sci Rep 2021 [cited 2023 Jul 30];11:1367. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80532-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Du J-J, Tang W, et al. CT characteristics of recurrent acute pancreatitis and acute pancreatitis in different stages–a retrospective cross-sectional study. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023 [cited 2023 Jul 29];13:4222. doi: 10.21037/qims-22-1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav D, Timmons L, Benson JT, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and survival of chronic pancreatitis: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 [cited 2023 Sep 12];106(12):2192–2199. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2011.328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mederos MA, Reber HA, Girgis MD. Acute pancreatitis: a review.JAMA. 2021 [cited 2023 Aug 6];325(4):382–390. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.20317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcomb DC. Hereditary pancreatitis: new insights into acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gut. 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 3];45(3):317–322. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.3.317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guda NM, Nøjgaard C. Recurrent acute pancreatitis and progression to chronic pancreatitis. Pancreapedia: The Exocrine Pancreas Knowledge Base. Milwaukee, WI and Copenhagen, Denmark: Aurora St.Luke’s Medical Center and Hvidovre University Hospital; 2015 Sep 23. doi: 10.3998/panc.2015.39
   Google Scholar
• Sankaran SJ, Xiao AY, Wu LM, et al. Frequency of progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis and risk factors: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(6):1490–1500.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001 [cited 2023 Aug 2];120(3):682–707. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.22586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens T, Freeman ML. 57 - Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis. In: Chandrasekhara V, Elmunzer BJ, Khashab MA, editors. Clin Gastrointest Endosc. 3rd ed. Elsevier. 2019;661–673.e3. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-41509-5.00057-8
   Google Scholar
• Boumezrag M, Harounzadeh S, Ijaz H, et al. Assessing the CT findings and clinical course of ED patients with first-time versus recurrent acute pancreatitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(2):304–307. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.10.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PJW, Bhatt A, Holmes J, et al. Decreased severity in recurrent versus initial episodes of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2015 [cited 2023 Jul 30];44(6):896–900. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song K, Guo C, He L, et al. Different clinical characteristics between recurrent and non-recurrent acute pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study from a tertiary hospital. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 30];28(4):282–287. doi: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_324_21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis—2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013 [cited 2023 Jul 30];62(1):102–111. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vishnupriya K, Chanmugam A. Acute pancreatitis: the increasing role of medical management of a traditionally surgically managed disease.Am J Med. 2022 [cited 2023 Sep 12];135(2):167–172. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav D, O’Connell M, Papachristou GI. Natural history following the first attack of acute pancreatitis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 [cited 2023 Aug 3];107(7):1096–1103. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcomb DC. What is personalized medicine and what should it replace? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 [cited 2023 Aug 3];9(7):418–424. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saini J, Marino D, Badalov N, et al. Drug-induced acute pancreatitis: an evidence-based classification (revised). Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 24];14(8):e00621. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter KK, Zaheer A, Kamel IR, et al. ACR appropriateness Criteria® acute pancreatitis. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 [cited 2023 Jul 27];16(11):S316–S330. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2019.05.017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drake LM, Anis M, Lawrence C. Accuracy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in identifying pancreatic duct disruption.J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 [cited 2023 Jul 27];46(8):696–699. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31825003b3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand DS, Law RJ, Yang D, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the endoscopic approach to recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2022 [cited 2023 Sep 12];163(4):1107–1114. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.07.079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somani P, Sunkara T, Sharma M. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in idiopathic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 [cited 2024 Apr 24];23(38):6952. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i38.6952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo C, Dispinzieri G, Zucchini N, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis: cornerstones and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2024 [cited 2024 Apr 24];30(8):817–832. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i8.817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chari ST, Smyrk TC, Levy MJ, et al. Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: the mayo clinic experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(8):1010–1016. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav D, Hawes RH, Brand RE, et al. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the risk of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. Arch Intern Med. 2009 [cited 2023 Jul 30];169(11):1035. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nøjgaard C, Becker U, Matzen P, et al. Progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis: prognostic factors, mortality, and natural course. Pancreas. 2011 [cited 2023 Aug 3];40(8):1195–1200. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e318221f569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSouza SV, Priya S, Cho J, et al. Pancreas shrinkage following recurrent acute pancreatitis: an MRI study. Eur Radiol. 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 3];29:3746–3756. doi: 10.1007/s00330-019-06126-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machicado JD, Dudekula A, Tang G, et al. Period prevalence of chronic pancreatitis diagnosis from 2001–2013 in the commercially insured population of the United States. Pancreatology. 2019 [cited 2023 Sep 12];19(6):813–818. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimosegawa T, Kataoka K, Kamisawa T, et al. The revised Japanese clinical diagnostic criteria for chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol. 2010 [cited 2023 Aug 29];45(6):584–591. doi: 10.1007/s00535-010-0242-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masamune A, Kikuta K, Kume K, et al. Nationwide epidemiological survey of chronic pancreatitis in Japan: introduction and validation of the new Japanese diagnostic criteria 2019. J Gastroenterol. 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 29];55(11):1062–1071. doi: 10.1007/s00535-020-01704-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcomb DC, Shimosegawa T, Chari ST, et al. International consensus statements on early chronic pancreatitis: recommendations from the working group for the international consensus guidelines for chronic pancreatitis in collaboration with the international Association of pancreatology, American pancreatic association, Japan pancreas society, pancreasFest working group and European pancreatic club. Pancreatology. 2018 [cited 2023 Aug 29];18:516–527. Available from: https://www/pmc/articles/PMC6748871/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Costa DW, Bouwense SA, Schepers NJ, et al. Same-admission versus interval cholecystectomy for mild gallstone pancreatitis (PONCHO): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 [cited 2024 Apr 18];386(10000):1261–1268. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00274-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szatmary P, Grammatikopoulos T, Cai W, et al. Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and treatment. Drugs. 2022 [cited 2023 Sep 22];82(12):1251–1276. doi: 10.1007/s40265-022-01766-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabó V, Csákány-Papp N, Görög M, et al. Orai1 calcium channel inhibition prevents progression of chronic pancreatitis. JCI Insight. 2023;8 [cited 2023 Sep 14]. Available from: https://www/pmc/articles/PMC10371343/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar