Impact and effectiveness of a conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in Finland - a modelling approach

References

• Haber M, Longini IM Jr., Halloran ME. Measures of effects of vaccination in a randomly mixing population. Int J Epid. 1991;20:300–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriques LC, Smith PG. Use of the case-control approach in vaccine evaluation: efficacy and adverse effects. Epidemiol Rev. 1999;21(1):56–72. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MM, Tate J, Cortese M, Payne DC, Armstrong G, Parashar UD, Lopman B. The impact of indirect benefits of vaccination on postlicensure vaccine effectiveness estimates: A scenario analysis. Vaccine. 2010;28(50):7987–92. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsitch M, Jha A, Simonsen L. Observational studies and the difficult quest for causality: lessons from vaccine effectiveness and impact studies. Int J Epid. 2016;45(6):2060–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder-Smith A, Longini I, Zuber PL, Bärnighausen T, Edmunds WJ, Dean N, Spicher VM, Benissa MR, Gessner BD. The public health value of vaccines beyond efficacy: methods, measures and outcomes. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):138. doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0911-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanquet G, Valenciano M, Simondon F, Moren A. Vaccine effects and impact of vaccination programmes in post-licensure studies. Vaccine. 2013;31(48):5634–42. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halloran ME, Struchiner CJ, Longini IM. Study designs for evaluating different efficacy and effectiveness aspects of vaccines. Am J Epid. 1997;146(10):789–803. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman K, Greenland S, Lash T. Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (USA): Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Dominguez A, Ciruela P, Hernandez S, García-García JJ, Soldevila N, Izquierdo C, Moraga-Llop F, Díaz A, F. de Sevilla M, González-Peris S. Effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged 7-59 months. A matched case-control study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0183191. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidding H, McCallum L, Fathima P, Moore HC, Snelling TL, Blyth CC, Jayasinghe S, Giele C, de Klerk N, Andrews RM, et al. Effectiveness of a 3 + 0 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule against invasive pneumococcal disease among a birth cohort of 1.4 million children in Australia. Vaccine. 2018;36(19):2650–56. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsitch M. Vaccination against colonizing bacteria with multiple serotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1997;94(12):6571–76. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.12.6571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melegaro A, Choi YH, George R, Edmunds WJ, Miller E, Gay NJ. Dynamic models of pneumococcal carriage and the impact of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10(1):90. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberger DM, Malley R, Lipsitch M. Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination. Lancet. 2011;378:1962–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi YH, Jit M, Flasche S, Gay N, Miller E. Mathematical modelling long-term effects of replacing Prevnar7 with Prevnar13 on invasive pneumococcal diseases in England and Wales. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e39927. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guevara M, Barricarte A, Torroba L, Herranz M, Gil-Setas A, Gil F, Bernaola E, Ezpeleta C, Castilla J. Direct, indirect and total effects of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in children in Navarra, Spain, 2001 to 2014: cohort and case–control study. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(14):pii=30186. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.14.30186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ladhani SN, Collins S, Djennad A, Sheppard CL, Borrow R, Fry NK, Andrews NJ, Miller E, Ramsay ME. Rapid increase in non-vaccine serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales, 2000–17: a prospective national observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(4):441–51. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30052-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurhonen M, Auranen K. Optimal serotype compositions for pneumococcal conjugate vaccination under serotype replacement. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014;10(2):e1003477. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flasche S, Le Polain de Waroux O, O’Brien KL, Edmunds WJ. The Serotype Distribution among Healthy Carriers before Vaccination Is Essential for Predicting the Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Invasive Disease. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;11(4):e1004173. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simell B, Auranen K, Käyhty H, Goldblatt D, Dagan R, O’Brien KL. The fundamental link between pneumococcal carriage and disease. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11(7):841–55. doi:10.1586/erv.12.53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broome CV, Facklam RR, Fraser DW. Pneumococcal disease after pneumococcal vaccination. An alternative method to estimate the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine. N Eng J Med. 1980;303(10):549/52. doi:10.1056/NEJM198009043031003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews N, Waight PA, Borrow R, Ladhani S, George RC, Slack MPE, Miller E. Using the indirect cohort design to estimate the effectiveness of the seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in England and Wales. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(12):e28435. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masala GL, Lipsitch M, Bottomley C, Flasche S. Exploring the role of competition induced by non-vaccine serotypes for herd protection following pneumococcal vaccination. J R Soc Interface. 2017;14:20170620. doi:10.1098/rsif.2017.0620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokinen J, Rinta-Kokko H, Siira L, Palmu AA, Virtanen MJ, Nohynek H, Virolainen-Julkunen A, Toropainen M, Nuorti JP. Impact of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in Finnish children–a population-based study. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0120290. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmu AA, Jokinen J, Borys D, Nieminen H, Ruokokoski E, Siira L, Puumalainen T, Lommel P, Hezareh M, Moreira M, et al. Effectiveness of the ten-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus Influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) against invasive pneumococcal disease: A cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9862):214–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61854-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland. The vaccination register. Helsinki, Finland: THL; [ Accessed 13 Aug 2019]. Available from: https://thl.fi/en/web/vaccination/vaccination-coverage/national-vaccination-register
   Google Scholar
• Siira L, Kaijalainen T, Lambertsen L, Nahm MH, Toropainen M, Virolainen A. From Quellung to multiplex PCR, and back when needed, in pneumococcal serotyping. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(8):2727–31. doi:10.1128/JCM.00689-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinta-Kokko H, Auranen K, Toropainen M, Nuorti JP, Nohynek H, Siira L, Palmu AA. Effectiveness of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine estimated with three parallel study designs among vaccine-eligible children in Finland. Vaccine. 2020;38(6):1559–64. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinta-Kokko H, Palmu AA, Auranen K, Nuorti JP, Toropainen M, Siira L, Virtanen MJ, Nohynek H, Jokinen J. Long-term impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease among children in Finland. Vaccine. 2018;36(15):1934–40. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuorti P, H, Toropainen M, Siira L, Virtanen MJ, Nohynek H, Palmu AA, Jokinen J. Evidence of herd protection and serotype replacement in adults after universal 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of infants in Finland. 10th International symposium on pneumococci and pneumococcal diseases, Glasgow, Scotland, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Mehtälä J, Antonio M, Kaltoft MS, O’Brien KL, Auranen K. Competition between Streptococcus pneumoniae strains - Implications for vaccine-induced replacement in colonization and disease. Epidemiology. 2013;24(4):522–29. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318294be89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auranen K, Rinta-Kokko H, Halloran ME. Estimating strain-specific and overall efficacy of polyvalent vaccines against recurrent pathogens from a cross-sectional study. Biometrics. 2013;69(1):235–44. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2012.01826.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Lynfield R, Nyquist A-C, Gershman KA, Vazquez M, Bennett NM. Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case-control study. Lancet. 2006;368(9546):1495–502. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69637-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rückinger S, van der Linden M, Reinert RR, von Kries R. Efficacy of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Germany: an analysis using the indirect cohort method. Vaccine. 2010;28(31):5012–16. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deceuninck G, De Serres G, Boulianne N, Lefebvre B, De Wals P. Effectiveness of three pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease in Quebec, Canada. Vaccine. 2015;33(23):2684–89. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flasche S, Slack M, Miller E. Long term trends introduce a potential bias when evaluating the impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programme in England and Wales. Euro Surveill. 2011;16:pii=19868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore MR, Link-Gelles R, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Lexau C, Bennett NM, Petit S, Zansky SM, Harrison LH, Reingold A. Effect of use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children on invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults in the USA: analysis of multisite, population-based surveillance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(3):301–09. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)71081-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade A, Minamisava R, Policena G, Cristo EB, Domingues CMS, de Cunto Brandileone MC, Almeida SCG, Toscano CM, Bierrenbach AL. Evaluating the impact of PCV-10 on invasive pneumococcal disease in Brazil: A time-series analysis. Hum Vacc Immunother. 2016;12(2):285–92. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1117713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruhn CAW, Hetterich S, Schuck-Paim C, Kürüm E, Taylor RJ, Lustig R, Shapiro ED, Warren JL, Simonsen L, Weinberger DM. Estimating the population-level impact of vaccines using synthetic controls. PNAS. 2017;114(7):1524–29. doi:10.1073/pnas.1612833114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter L, Schmid D, Kanitz EE, Zwazl I, Pöllabauer E, Jasinska J, Burgmann H, Kundi M, Wiedermann U. Invasive pneumococcal diseases in children and adults before and after introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the Austrian national immunization program. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0210081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toropainen M, Nyholm O, Siira L, Jalava J, Rinta-Kokko H, Nuorti PJ, Palmu AA. Genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in invasive serotype 19A pneumococci before and after introduction of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in Finland. 11th International symposium on pneumococci and pneumococcal diseases, Melbourne, Australia, 2018.
   Google Scholar