Genetically modified organisms and food security in Southern Africa: conundrum and discourse

References

• FAO. Rome declaration on world food security and world food summit plan of action. World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996. Rome. 2015 [accessed 2020 Mar 30]. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm
   Google Scholar
• Meyers WH, Kalaitzandonakes N. World population, food growth, and food security challenges. In: Schmitz A, Kennedy PL, Schmitz TG, editors. Food security in an uncertain world (frontiers of economics and globalization, Vol. 15). Bingley (England): Emerald Group Publishing Limited;2015. p. 161–177
   Google Scholar
• Van Ittersum MK, Van Bussel LGJ, Wolf J, Grassini P, Van Wart J, Guilpart N, Claessens L, de Groot H, Wiebe K, Mason-D’Croz D. Can sub-Saharan Africa feed itself? Proc National Acad Sci. 2016;113(52):14964–14969. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610359113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serdeczny O, Adams S, Baarsch F, Coumou D, Robinson A, Hare W, Schaeffer M, Perrette M, Reinhardt J. Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions. Reg Environ Change. 2017;17(6):1585–1600. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0910-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SADC. SADC selected economic and social indicators. 2018 [accessed 2020 Feb 20]. https://www.sadc.int/files/6215/6630/2592/SADC_Selected_Indicators_2018.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Raman R. The impact of genetically modified (GM) crops in modern agriculture: A review. GM Crops Food. 2017;8(4):195–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2017.1413522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinstrup-Andersen P. Food security: definition and measurement. Food Secur. 2009;1(1):5–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-008-0002-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta A. Genetic engineering for improving quality and productivity of crops. Agric Food Secur. 2013;2(1):15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-2-15.
   Google Scholar
• SADC. The state of food and nutrition security and vulnerability in Southern Africa. Regional Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis (RVAA) Synthesis Report: 2019. [accessed 30 May 2020]. https://www.sadc.int/files/7315/6284/6868/SADC_2019_Synthesis_Report_on_the_State_of_Food_and_Nutrition_Security_and_Vulnerability_in_Southern_Africa.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• NEPAD. Comprehensive Africa agriculture development programme. 2003 [accessed 2020 Mar 19]. http://www.nepad.org/download/file/fid/3971
   Google Scholar
• SADC. Dar es Salaam declaration on agriculture and food security in the SADC region. Dar es Salaam Tanzania; 2004 (acessed 17 February 2020). https://www.sadc.int/files/6913/5292/8377/Declaration_on_Agriculture__Food_Security_2004.pdf
   Google Scholar
• AU. African union (AU) malabo declaration on agriculture and postharvest losses.2014 [accessed 2020 Apr 16]. http://www.fao.org/food-loss-reduction/news/detail/en/c/250883/.
   Google Scholar
• Abrahams P, Bateman M, Beale T, Clottey V, Cock M, Colmenarez Y, Corniani N, Day R, Early R, Godwin J. Fall armyworm: impacts and implications for Africa. Wallingford (UK.): Evidence Note: CABI; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Hruska AJ, Gould F. Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Diatraea lineolata (Lepidoptera: pyralidae): impact of larval population level and temporal occurrence on maize yield in Nicaragua. J Econ Entomol. 1997;90(2):611–622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/90.2.611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser D, Uys VM, Nieuwenhuis RJ, Pieterse W. First records of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae) in South Africa. BioInvasions Rec. 2017;6(4):301–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2017.6.4.01.
   Google Scholar
• Kiruwa FH, Mutiga S, Njuguna J, Machuka E, Senay S, Feyissa T, Ndakidemi PA, Stomeo F. Status and epidemiology of maize lethal necrotic disease in Northern Tanzania. Pathogens. 2019;9(1):4. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulenga RM, Boykin LM, Chikoti PC, Sichilima S, Ng’Uni D, Alabi OJ. Cassava brown streak disease and ugandan cassava brown streak virus reported for the first time in Zambia. Plant Dis. 2018;102(7):1410–1418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-17-1707-RE.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gewin V. Genetically modified corn— environmental benefits and risks. PLoS Biol. 2003;1(1):15–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0000008.
   Google Scholar
• Hellmich RL, Hellmich KA. Use and impact of Bt maize. Nat Edu Knowledge. 2012;3:4.
   Google Scholar
• Sabrina M. Lessons from Africa’s largest producer of GMO crops. 2018 [accessed 2020 Jun 30]. https://routetofood.org/lessons-from-africas-largest-producer-of-gmo-crops/.
   Google Scholar
• Gouse M. GM maize as subsistence crop: the South African smallholder experience. AgBioForum. 2012;15:163–174.
   Google Scholar
• Folcher L, Delos M, Marengue E, Jarry M, Weissenberger A, Eychenne N, Regnault-Roger C. Lower mycotoxin levels in Bt maize grain. Agron Sustainable Dev. 2010;30(4):711–719. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SADC. Press release. Over 41.4 million people in Southern Africa are food insecure. 2016 [accessed 2020 Mar 20]. https://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/over-414-million-people-southern-africa-are-food-insecure/.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan S, Infante V. From cyclone to food crisis: ensuring the needs of women and girls are prioritized in the cyclone idai and kenneth responses. 2019 [accessed 2019 Apr 10]. https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/cyclone-food-crisis-ensuring-needs-women-and-girls-are-prioritized-cyclone-idai.
   Google Scholar
• Qaim M, Kouser S. Genetically modified crops and food security. PloS One. 2013;8(6):e64879. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064879.
   Google Scholar
• Chen K, Gao C. Targeted genome modification technologies and their applications in crop improvements. Plant Cell Rep. 2014;33(4):575–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-013-1539-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yirga C, Nin-Pratt A, Zambrano P, Wood-Sichra U, Habte E, Edward K, Komen J, Falck-Zepeda J, Chambers JA. GM maize in Ethiopia: an ex ante economic assessment of TELA, a drought tolerant and insect resistant maize. IFPRI discussion paper 1926. Washington (DC): International Food Policy Research Institute [IFPRI); 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133714.
   Google Scholar
• ISAAA. Philippines approves golden rice for direct use as food and feed, or for processing.2019 accessed, 28 Jun 2020]. http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=17900#:~: text=After%20rigorous%20biosafety%20assessment%2C%20DA,PhilRice%20Executive%20Director%20Dr.&text=The%20beta%2Dcarotene%20of%20Golden,pregnant%20women%20and%20young%20children.
   Google Scholar
• Adenle AA. Response to issues on GM agriculture in Africa: are transgenic crops safe? BMC Res Notes. 2011b;4(1):388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brookes G. Genetically modified (GM) crop use in Colombia: farm level economic and environmental contributions. GM Crops Food. 2020;11(3)140–153.doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2020.1715156
   Google Scholar
• Fischer K, Van den Berg J, Mutengwa C. Is Bt maize effective in improving South African smallholder agriculture? S Afr J Sci. 2015;111(1/2):01–02. doi:https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2015/a0092.
   Google Scholar
• Pray C, Huang J. The impact of Bt cotton in China. In: Kalaitzandonakes N, editor. The economic and environmental impacts of agbiotech. Boston, Massachusetts: Springer; 2003. p. 223–242.
   Google Scholar
• Adenle AA. Global capture of crop biotechnology in developing world over a decade. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2011a;9(2):83–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2011.08.003.
   Google Scholar
• Klümper W, Qaim M. A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops. PloS One. 2014;9(11):e111629. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111629.1–7.
   Google Scholar
• O, Romeis J, Bigler F.Ecological impacts of genetically modified crops: ten years of field research and commercial cultivation. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;107:235-78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2007_048.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brookes G, Barfoot P. Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2014: impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops Food. 2016;7(2):84–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2016.1192754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra RR. Adoption of genetically modified crops can ensure food security in India. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 2020; 43, 213–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-019-00829-7 2
   Google Scholar
• Pretty J. Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence. Philos Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci. 2008;363(1491):447–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crush J, Frayne B, Pendleton W. The crisis of food insecurity in African cities. J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2012;7(2–3):271–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2012.702448.
   Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Li J, Wan J. Agriculture and crop science in China: innovation and sustainability. Crop J. 2017;5(2):95–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.02.002.
   Google Scholar
• James C. 20th anniversary (1996 to 2015) of the global commercialization of biotech crops and biotech crop highlights in 2015. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) Brief No. 512015. https://isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/51/default.asp
   Google Scholar
• ISAAA. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops in 2018: biotech crops continue to help meet the challenges of increased population and climate change. ISAAA Brief No. 54. Ithaca (NY): ISAAA; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Breseghello F, Coelho ASG. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61(35):8277–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf305531j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrall PH, Bever JD, Burdon JJ. Evolutionary change in agriculture: the past, present and future. Evol Appl. 2010;3(5–6):405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00155.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He J, Zhao X, Laroche A, Lu Z-X, Liu H, Li Z. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), an ultimate marker-assisted selection (MAS) tool to accelerate plant breeding. Front Plant Sci. 2014;5:484. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver MJ. Why we need GMO crops in agriculture. Mo Med. 2014;111:492.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricroch AE, Bergé JB, Kuntz M. Evaluation of genetically engineered crops using transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling techniques. Plant Physiol. 2011;155(4):1752–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.173609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips T. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): transgenic crops and recombinant DNA technology. Nat Educ. 2008;1:213.
   Google Scholar
• Edgerton MD. Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food, and fuel. Plant Physiol. 2009;149(1):7–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.130195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CBD (Convention on Biological Biodiversity). Cartagena protocol on biosafety to the convention on biological diversity: text and annexes. Secretariat of the Convention of Biological Diversity. Montreal, Canada; 2000. https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cartagena-protocol-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ABNE. African biosafety network of expertise(ABNE). 2019 [accessed 2020 Apr 16]. http://nepad-abne.net/country_report/.
   Google Scholar
• Wafula D, Waithaka M, Komen J, Karembu M. Biosafety legislation and biotechnology development gains momentum in Africa. GM Crops Food. 2012;3(1):72–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.4161/gmcr.19708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christou P, Twyman RM. The potential of genetically enhanced plants to address food insecurity. Nutr Res Rev. 2004;17(1):23–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godfrey RN. Case studies of african agricultural biotechnology regulation: precautionary and harmonized policy-making in the wake of the cartagena protocol and the AU model law. Loy LA Int’l & Comp L Rev. 2012;35:409.
   Google Scholar
• Zerbe N. Feeding the famine? American food aid and the GMO debate in Southern Africa. Food Policy. 2004;29(6):593–608. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2004.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawasha JL, Gouse M, Davids T. An assessment of South Africa’s non-genetically modified maize export potential (2019). Southern Africa –Towards Inclusive Economic Development (SA-TIED) Young Scholars’ Programme, South Africa.; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Paarlberg R. Starved for science: how biotechnology is being kept out of Africa. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Séralini G-E, Clair E, Mesnage R, Gress S, Defarge N, Malatesta M, Hennequin D, De Vendômois JS. RETRACTED: long term toxicity of a roundup herbicide and a roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50:4221–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D. An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2014;34(1):77–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2013.823595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Alonso M. Safety assessment of food and feed derived from GM crops: using problem formulation to ensure “fit for purpose” risk assessments. Collect Biosaf Rev. 2013;8:72–101.
   Google Scholar
• Andreassen ÅK, Brandtzæg P, Sorteberg H-GO, Holck AL, Junttila O, Konestabo HS, Meadow R, Nielsen KM, Vikse R. Food/feed and environmental risk assessment of insect resistant genetically modified maize 1507 for cultivation, import, processing, food and feed uses under directive 2001/18/EC and regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (C/ES/01/01, C/NL/00/10, EFSA/GMO/NL/2004/02. Opinion of the panel on genetically modified organisms of the norwegian scientific committee for food safety. VKM Report. 2014;327:1–141.
   Google Scholar
• Mulwa R, Wafula D, Karembu M, Waithaka M. Estimating the potential economic benefits of adopting Bt cotton in selected COMESA countries. AgBioForum. 2013;16:14–26.
   Google Scholar
• Falck-Zepeda JB. Socio-economic considerations, article 26.1 of the cartagena protocol on biosafety: what are the issues and what is at stake? AgBioForum. 2009;12:90–107.
   Google Scholar
• Cuhra M. Review of GMO safety assessment studies: glyphosate residues in roundup ready crops is an ignored issue. Environ Sci Eur. 2015;27(1):20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-015-0052-7.
   Google Scholar
• Kyndt T, Quispe D, Zhai H, Jarret R, Ghislain M, Liu Q, Gheysen G, Kreuze JF. The genome of cultivated sweet potato contains agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: an example of a naturally transgenic food crop. Proc National Acad Sci. 2015;112(18):5844–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419685112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georges F, Ray H. Genome editing of crops: a renewed opportunity for food security. GM Crops Food. 2017;8(1):1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2016.1270489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatodia S, Bhatotia K, Passricha N, Khurana SMP, Tuteja N. The CRISPR/Cas genome-editing tool: application in improvement of crops. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:506. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacchini E, Kiegle E, Castellani M, Adam H, Jouannic S, Gregis V, Kater MM, Bendahmane M. CRISPR-mediated accelerated domestication of African rice landraces. PloS One. 2020;15(3):e0229782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229782.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James C. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2016. ISAAA Brief No 52. Ithaca (New York): ISAAA; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Liang Z, Chen K, Li T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Liu J, Zhang H, Liu C, Ran Y. Efficient DNA-free genome editing of bread wheat using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):1–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14261.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar