ARTIFICIAL CELL evolves into nanomedicine, biotherapeutics, blood substitutes, drug delivery, enzyme/gene therapy, cancer therapy, cell/stem cell therapy, nanoparticles, liposomes, bioencapsulation, replicating synthetic cells, cell encapsulation/scaffold, biosorbent/immunosorbent haemoperfusion/plasmapheresis, regenerative medicine, encapsulated microbe, nanobiotechnology, nanotechnology

References

• Chang, TMS. Haemoglobin corpuscles. Report of a research project for Honours Physiology, Medical Library, McGill University. Also reprinted 1988 as part of “30th Anniversary in Artificial Red Blood Cells Research. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs 1957;16:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. Semipermeable microcapsules. Science 1964;146:524–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS, Poznansky MJ. Semipermeable microcapsules containing catalase for enzyme replacement in acatalsaemic mice. Nature 1968;218:242–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. The in vivo effects of semipermeable microcapsules containing L-asparaginase on 6C3HED lymphosarcoma. Nature 1971;229:117–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. Semipermeable aqueous microcapsules “artificial cells”: with emphasis on experiments in an extracorporeal shunt system. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1966;12:13–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang TMS. Artificial cells. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. Stabilisation of enzymes by microencapsulation with a concentrated protein solution or by microencapsulation followed by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1971;44:1531–1536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. Therapeutic applications of polymeric artificial cells. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;4:221–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS, editor. ARTIFICIAL CELLS: biotechnology, nanotechnology, blood Substitutes, regenerative medicine, bioencapsulation, cell/stem Cell Therapy. London: World Scientific Publisher/Imperial College Press; 2007. p. 435.
   Google Scholar
• Chang TMS, editor. Selected topics in nanomedicine. London: World Science Publisher/Imperial College Press; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Chang E, Nicolaev T, Zheng, et al. editors. Haemoperfusion and plasma-perfusion and other clinical uses of general, biospecific, immune and leucocyte adsorbents. London: World Scientific Publisher/Imperial College Press; 2017. p. 1004 www.medicine.mcgill.ca/artcell/HPBk_Ch1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. ARTIFICIAL CELLS: biotechnology, nanotechnology, blood substitutes, regenerative medicine, bioencapsulation, cell/stem cell therapy. London: World Scientific Publisher/Imperial College Press; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Chang TMS, Coffey JF, Barre P, et al. Microcapsule artificial kidney: treatment of patients with acute drug intoxication. Can Med Assoc J. 1973;108:429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. Blood compatible coating of synthetic immunoadsorbents. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1980;26:546–549.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bensinger W, Baker DA, Buckner CD, et al. Immunoadsorption for removal of A and B blood-group antibodies. N Engl J Med. 1981;314:160–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terman DS, Tavel T, Petty D, et al. Specific removal of antibody by extracorporeal circulation over antigen immobilized in collodion-charcoal. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977;28:180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim RM, Milford E, Himmelfarb J, et al. Extracorporeal removal of anti-HLA antibodies in transplant candidates. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;16:423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Han W, Su R, et al. Non-ionic macroporous polystyrene adsorbents for removal of serum toxins in liver failure by haemoperfusion. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2017;45:174–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, et al. Early use of polymyxin B haemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:2445–2452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (a) Chang TMS. Red blood cell replacement, or nanobiotherapeutics with enhanced red blood cell functions? Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2015;43:145–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Winslow RM. editor. Blood substitutes. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• (a) Moore EE, Moore FA, Fabian TC, et al. Human polymerized haemoglobin for the treatment of haemorrhagic shock when blood is unavailable: the USA multicenter trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Wang L, Liu F, Yan K, et al. Effects of resuscitation with polymerized porcine haemoglobin pPolyHb on haemodynamic stability and oxygen delivery in a rat model of haemorrhagic shock, Artificial Cells. Nanomed Biotechnol. 2017;45:51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Yan D, Hao S, et al. Polymerized human placenta haemoglobin improves resuscitative efficacy of hydroxyethyl starch in a rat model of haemorrhagic shock. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2015;43:174–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HW, Greenburg AG, editors. Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers as red cell substitutes and oxygen therapeutics. New York, London: Springer; 2014. p.738.
   Google Scholar
• Mer M, Hodgson E, Wallis L, et al. Haemoglobin glutamer-250 bovine in South Africa: consensus usage guidelines from clinician experts who have treated patients. Transfusion 2016;56:2631–2636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Agnillo F, Chang TMS. Polyhaemoglobin-superoxide dismutasecatalase as a blood substitute with antioxidant properties. Nat Biotechnol. 1998;16:667–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powanda D, Chang TMS. Cross-linked polyhaemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase supplies oxygen without causing blood brain barrier disruption or brain edema in a rat model of transient global brain ischemia-reperfusion. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2002;30:25–42.
   Google Scholar
• Ma L, Hsia CJC. Polynitroxylated Hb as a multifunctional therapeutic for critical care and transfusion medicine in selected topics in nanomedicine Singapore, London: World Science Publisher/Imperial College Press; 2013. p.169–194
   Google Scholar
• Jia YP, Alayash AI. Molecular basis of haptoglobin and haemoglobin complex formation and protection against oxidative stress and damage. In: Chang TMS, editor. Selected topics in nanomedicine, London: World Science Publisher/Imperial College Press; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Bian Y, Chang TMS. A novel nanobiotherapeutical Poly-[haemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase-carbonic anhydrase] with no cardiac toxicity for the resuscitation of a 90 minutes sustained severe haemorrhagic shock rat model with 2/3 blood volume loss. Artificial Cells, Nanomed Biotechnol. 2015;43:1–9. http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/artcell/2015bian&chang.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Gynn M, Chang TMS. Extraction of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Carbonic Anhydrase from stroma-free red blood cell haemolysate for the preparation of the nanobiotechnological complex of PolyHaemoglobin-Superoxide Dismutase-Catalase-Carbonic Anhydrase. Artificial Cells, Nanomed Biotechnol. 2015;43:157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bian Y, Guo C, Chang TMS. Temperature stability of Poly-[haemoglobin-superoxide dismutase–catalase- carbonic anhydrase] in the form of a solution or in the lyophilized form during storage at −80 °C, 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C or pasteurization at 70 °C. Artificial Cells, Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;44:41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Chang TMS. Long term safety and immunological effects of a nanobiotherapeutic, bovine poly-[haemoglobin-catalase-superoxide dismutase-carbonic anhydrase], after four weekly 5% blood volume top-loading followed by a challenge of 30% exchange transfusion. Artificial Cells, Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46:1349–1363. www.artcell.mcgill.ca/safety_immune.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS, Powanda D, Yu WP. Analysis of polyethyleneglycolpolylactide nano-dimension artificial red blood cells in maintaining systemic haemoglobin levels and prevention of methaemoglobin formation. Artif Cells Blood. Substit Biotechnol. 2003;31:231–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai H. 2013 Biocompatibility of a highly concentrated fluid of haemoglobin-vesiclesas a transfusion alternative. In: Chang TMS, editor. Selected topics in nanomedicine. London: World Science Publisher/Imperial College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuchida E, Sakai H, Horinouchi H, et al. Haemoglobin-vesicles as a transfusion alternative. Artificial Cells, Blood Subst Biotechnol, an Int J. 2006;34:581–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. Translational feasibility of soluble nanobiotherapeutics with enhanced red blood cell functions. Artificial Cells, Nanomed Biotechnol. 2017;45:671–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. Biodegradable semipermeable microcapsules containing enzymes, hormones, vaccines, and other biologicals. J Bioeng. 1976;1:25–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Li Y, Budak G. Nanoparticles for imaging and therapy —functionalization, endocytosis and characterization. In: Chang TMS, editor. Selected topics in nanomedicine. London: World Science Publisher/Imperial College Press; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra R, Madan J, Singh P, et al. 2013 Noscapines: novel carrier systems to target the tumour cells. In: Chang TMS, editor. Selected topics in nanomedicine. London: World Science Publisher/Imperial College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowerman CJ, Byrne JD, Chu KS, et al. Docetaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles improve efficacy in taxane-resistant triple-negative breast cancer. Nano Lett. 2017;17:242–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravanshad R, et al. Application of nanoparticles in cancer detection by Raman scattering based techniques. Nano Rev Exper. 2017;9:1373551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu AOS, Chaw C, Williams L et al. Lysozyme and DNAse I loaded poly D, L lactide-co-caprolactone nanocapsules as an oral delivery system Nature Scientific Reports, 03 September; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Bangham AD, Standish MM, Watkins JC, et al. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J Mol Biol. 1965;13:238–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller P, Rudin D. Resting and action potential in experimental bilayer lipid membranes. J Theor Biol. 1968;18:222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregoriadis G, editor. Drug carriers in biology and medicine. New York: Academic Press, Inc.; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Deamer DW, Bangham AD. Large-volume liposomes by an ether vaporization method. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976;443:629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchilin VP. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;4:145–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennick CA, George MM, Corwin WL, et al. Neoepitopes as cancer immunotherapy targets: key challenges and opportunities. Immunotherapy 2017;9:361–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkan S, Mohammadhosseini M, Panahi Y, et al. Magnetic nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment: a review. Artificial Cells, Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;45:1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, et al. Small-scale soft-bodied robot with multimodal locomotion. Nature 2018;554:81–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poznansky MJ, Chang TMS. Comparison of the enzyme kinetics and immunological properties of catalase immobilized by microencapsulation and catalase in free solution for enzyme replacement. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1974;334:103–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmour RM, Goodyer P, Reade T, et al. Microencapsulated xanthine oxidase as experimental therapy in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Lancet 1989;2:687–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourget L, Chang TMS. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase immobilized in microcapsules for the depleture of phenylalanine in plasma in phenylketonuric rat model. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986;883:432–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu BL, Chang TMS. In vitro and in vivo effects of polyhaemoglobin-tyrosinase on murine B16F10 melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2004;14:197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Chang TMS. Biodegradable nanocapsules containing a nanobiotechnological complex for the in-vitro suppression of a melanoma cell line B16F10. J Nanosci: Curr Res. 2016;1:1–6. www.medicine.mcgill.ca/artcell/2016Wang&Chang.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wetzler M, Sanford BL, Kurtzberg J, et al. Effective asparagine depletion with PEGylated. Asparaginase results in improved outcomes in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: cancer and leukemia group B study 9511. Blood 2007;109:4164–4167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA, U.S.F.D.A. FDA approves a new treatment for PKU, a rare and serious genetic disease; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kjellstrand C, Borges H, Pru C, et al. On the clinical use of microencapsulated zirconium phosphate-urease for the treatment of chronic uremia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Org. 1981;27:24–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy HL, Sarkissian CN, Scriver CR. 2018, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase PAL: from discovery to enzyme substitution therapy for phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metabol. 2018;124:223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkissian CN, Kang TS, Gámez A, et al. Evaluation of orally administered PEGylated phenylalanine ammonia lyase in mice for the treatment of Phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metabol. 2011;104:249–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminsky YG, Kosenko EA. Argocytes containing enzyme nanoparticles reduce toxic concentrations of arginine in the blood. Bull Experiment Biol Med. 2012;153:406–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim F, Sun AM. Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas. Science 1980;210:908–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong H, Chang TMS. Bioartificial liver: implanted artificial cells microencapsulated living hepatocytes increases survival of liver failure rats. Int J Artif Organs. 1986;9:335–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunkeler D, Rajotte R, Grey D, et al. Bioartificial organ grafts: a view at the beginning of the third millennium. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2003;31:365–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokstad A, Lacík I, de Vos P, et al. Advances in biocompatibility and physico-chemical characterization of microspheres for cell encapsulation. Adv Drug Del Rev. 2014;67–68:111–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong H, Chang TM. A novel two step procedure for immobilizing living cells in microcapsules for improving xenograft survival. Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol. 1991;19:687–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo FA, Chang TMS. Effects of mass transfer and reaction kinetics on serum cholesterol depletion rates of free and immobilized Pseudomonas-pictorum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1991;27:75–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash S, Chang TMS. Microencapsulated genetically engineered live E. coli DH5 cells administered orally to maintain normal plasma urea level in uremic rats. Nat Med. 1996;2:883–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon S. Genetically modified bacteria enlisted in fight against disease. Nature 2018;558:497–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow KM, Liu ZC, Prakash S, et al. Free and microencapsulated Lactobacillus and effects of metabolic induction on Urea Removal. Artificial Cells, Blood Subst Biotechnol. 2003;4:425–434.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal U, Westfall S, Prakash S. Novel microencapsulated probiotic blend for use in metabolic syndrome: design and in-vivo analysis. Artificial Cells, Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu ZC, Chang TMS. Transdifferentiation of bioencapsulated bone marrow cells into hepatocyte-like cells in the 90% hepatectomized rat model. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:566–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu ZC, TMS Chang L. Artificial Cell microencapsulated stem cells in regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng Cell Ther Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;670:68–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song W, Lu Y.-C, Frankel AS, et al. Engraftment of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes in immunocompetent mice via 3D co-aggregation and encapsulation. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant R, Hay D, Callanan A. From scaffold to structure: the synthetic production of cell derived extracellular matrix for liver tissue engineering. Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2018;4:065015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göpfrich K, Platzman I, Spatz JP. 2018, Mastering complexity: towards bottom-up construction of multifunctional eukaryotic synthetic cells. Trends in Biotechnol. 2018;36:938–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu KF, Chang TMS. Production of essential L-branched-chained amino acids, in bioreactors containing artificial cells immobilized multienzyme systems and dextran-NAD+. Appl Biochem Biotechnol Bioeng. 1990;26:263–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS, Macintosh FC, Mason SG. Semipermeable aqueous microcapsules: I. Preparation and properties. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1966;44:115–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosta-Rigau L, Stadler B. 2013 Subcompartmetalized systems toward therapeutic cell mimics. In: Chang TMS, editor. Selected topics in nanomedicine. London: World Science Publisher/Imperial College Press
   Google Scholar
• Yuan ZY, Chang TMS. Rat microsomes and cytosol immobilized by microencapsulation in artificial cells. Int J Artif Organs. 1986;9:63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnard PA, Deamer DW. Nutrient uptake by protocells: a liposome model system. Orig Life Evol Biosph. 2001;31:147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberholzer T, Albrizio M, Luisi PL. Polymerase chain reaction in liposomes. Chem Biol. 1995;2:677–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths AD, Tawfik DS. Man-made enzymes-from design to in vitro compartmentalisation. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2000;11:338–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchison CA, Chuang RY, Noskov VN, et al. Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome. Science 2016;351:6280. PMID: 27013737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poncelet D, Neufeld R. 20th Bioencapsulation Conference. Present status of bioencapsulation; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Bedau MA, McCaskill JS, Packard NH, Rasmussen S. Living technology: exploiting life’s principles in technology. Artificial Life. 2010;16:89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. 2019 Artificial cells, blood substitutes and nanomedicine. available from: www.medicine.mcgill.ca/artcell
   Google Scholar