Detecting feigned postconcussional and posttraumatic stress symptoms with the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology (SIMS)

References

• Alwes, Y. R., Clark, J. A., Berry, D. T. R., & Granacher, R. P. (2008). Screening for feigning in a civil forensic setting. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(2), 133–140. doi:10.1080/13803390701260363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Babikian, T., & Boone, K. B. (2009). Intelligence tests as measures of effort. In K. B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective (pp. 103–127), New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Benge, J. F., Wisdom, N. M., Collins, R. L., Franks, R., LeMaire, A., & Chen, D. K. (2012). Diagnostic utility of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology for identifying psychogenic non-epileptic events. Epilepsy & Behavior, 24(4), 439–444. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, D. T., & Schipper, L. J. (2007). Detection of feigned psychiatric symptoms during forensic neuropsychological examinations. In G. Larrabee (Ed.). Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 226–263). New York, NY: Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Silove, D., Clark, C. R., & McFarlane, A. C. (2009). Post-traumatic amnesia and the nature of post-traumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(6), 862–867. doi:10.1017/s1355617709990671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, S., Ruff, R., Tröster, A., Barth, J., Koffler, S., Pliskin, N., … Silver, C. H. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity NAN policy & planning committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(4), 419–426. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A. M., & Kreammer, B. (1989). The minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 (MMPI-2) manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minneapolis Press.
   Google Scholar
• Camara, W. J., Nathan, J. S., & Puente, A. E. (2000). Psychological test usage: Implications in professional psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(2), 141–154. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.31.2.141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capilla Ramírez, P., González Ordi, H., & Santamaría Fernández, P. (2008). Detteción de simulación en dolor crónico. In H. González Ordi & P. Santamaría Fernández (Eds.), Inventario Estructorado de Simulación de Síntomas – SIMS Manual [Structured inventory of malingered symptomatology – SIMS manual] (pp. 72–77). Madrid, Spain: Tea Ediciones.
   Google Scholar
• Cicerone, K. D., & Kalmar, K. (1995). Persistent postconcussion syndrome: The structure of subjective complaints after mild traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 10(3), 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A. L., Amick, M. M., Fortier, C., Milberg, W. P., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2014). Poor performance validity predicts clinical characteristics and cognitive test performance of OEF/OIF/OND veterans in a research setting. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(5), 802–825. doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.904928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, C., Fremouw, W., & Mogge, N. (2009). Utility of the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology (SIMS) and the assessment of depression inventory (ADI) in screening for malingering among outpatients seeking to claim disability. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(2), 239–254. doi:10.1080/14789940802267760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edens, J. F., Otto, R. K., & Dwyer, T. (1999). Utility of the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology in identifying persons motivated to malinger psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 27(3), 387–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland, J., Andersson, S., Sundseth, Ø. Ø., & Schanke, A. K. (2015). Types or modes of malingering? A confirmatory factor analysis of performance and symptom validity tests. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 22(3), 215–226. doi:10.1080/23279095.2014.910212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 508–519. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.3.508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frueh, B. C., Gold, P. B., & de Arellano, M. A. (1997). Symptom overreporting in combat veterans evaluated for PTSD: Differentiation on the basis of compensation seeking status. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(2), 369–384. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gfeller, J. D., & Roskos, P. T. (2013). A comparison of insufficient effort rates, neuropsychological functioning, and neuropsychiatric symptom reporting in military veterans and civilians with chronic traumatic brain injury. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 31(6), 833–849. doi:10.1002/bsl.2084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2005). Green’s word memory test for windows user’s manual – revised. Edmonton, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P., Rohling, M. L., Lees-Haley, P. R., & Allen III, L. M. (2001). Effort has a greater effect on test scores than severe brain injury in compensation claimants. Brain Injury, 15(12), 1045–1060. doi:10.1080/02699050110088254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guriel, J., & Fremouw, W. (2003). Assessing malingered posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(7), 881–904. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.07.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haines, M. E., & Norris, M. P. (2001). Comparing student and patient simulated malingerers performance on standard neuropsychological measures to detect feigned cognitive deficits. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15(2), 171–182. doi:10.1076/clin.15.2.171.1891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbronner, R., Sweet, J., Morgan, J., Larrabee, G., Millis, S., & Conference Participants. (2009). American academy of clinical neuropsychology consensus conference statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(7), 1093–1129. doi:10.1080/13854040903155063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinze, M. C., & Purisch, A. D. (2001). Beneath the mask: Use of psychological tests to detect and subtype malingering in criminal defendants. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 1(4), 23–52. doi:10.1300/j158v01n04_02
   Google Scholar
• Iverson, G., Zasler, N., & Lange, R. (2006). Post-concussive disorder. In N. Zasler D., Katz, & R. Zafonte (Eds.), Brain injury medicine: Principles and practice (pp. 373–405), New York, NY: Demos Medical.
   Google Scholar
• Jelicic, M., Ceunen, E., Peters, M. J. V., & Merckelbach, H. (2011). Detecting coached feigning using the test of memory malingering (TOMM) and the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology (SIMS). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(9), 850–855. doi:10.1002/jclp.20805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelicic, M., Hessels, A., & Merckelbach, H. (2006). Detection of feigned psychosis with the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology (SIMS): A study of coached and coached simulators. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28(1), 19–22. doi:10.1007/s10862-006-4535-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelicic, M., Merckelbach, H., Candel, I., & Geraerts, E. (2007). Detection of feigned cognitive dysfunction using special malinger tests: A simulation study in naïve and coached malingerers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117(8), 1185–1192. doi:10.1080/00207450600934697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge, R. E. (2005). Neuropsychiatric consequences of traumatic brain injury: A review of recent findings. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 289–299. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000165600.90928.92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009). The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1), 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunst, M. J. J., Winkel, F. W., & Bogaerts, S. (2011). Posttraumatic anger, recalled peritraumatic emotions, and PTSD in victims of violent crime. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(17), 3561–3579. doi:10.1177/0886260511403753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, R. T., Edmed, S. L., Sullivan, K. A., French, L. M., & Cooper, D. B. (2013). Utility of the mild brain injury atypical symptoms scale to detect symptom exaggeration: An analogue simulation study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(2), 192–209. doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.761677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2012). Performance validity and symptom validity in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 625–630. doi:10.1017/s1355617712000240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, P. K., Schroeder, R. W., & Odland, A. P. (2015). Neuropsychologists’ validity testing beliefs and practices: A survey of North American professionals. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29, 741–746. doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1087597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley, S. R., Boake, C., Pedroza, C., Brown, S. A., Levin, H. S., Goodman, H. S., & Merritt, S. G. (2005). Postconcussional disorder: Are the DSM-IV criteria an improvement over the ICD-10? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(8), 540–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea, M. A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome: The new evidence base for diagnosis and treatment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merckelbach, H., & Smith, G. P. (2003). Diagnostic accuracy of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) in detecting instructed malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18(2), 145–152. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(01)00191-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merten, T., Diederich, C., & Stevens, A. (2008). Vorgetäuschte beschwerden nach distorsionstrauma der halswirbelsäule: Eine experimentelle feigningsstudie [Feigned symptoms after whiplash injury: An experimental feigning study]. Aktuelle Neurologie, 35, 8–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merten, T., Lorenz, R., & Schlatow, S. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder can easily be faked, but faking can be detected in most cases. German Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 140–149.
   Google Scholar
• Meyers, J. E. (2007). Malingered mild traumatic brain injury: Behavioral approaches used by both malingered actors and probable malingerers. In K. B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective (pp. 239–258), New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Mittenberg, W., Theroux-Fichera, S., Zielinski, R., & Heilbronner, R. L. (1995). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler adult intelligence scale—Revised. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26(5), 491–498. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.26.5.491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey, L. C. (2007). Personality assessment inventory professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Murdoch, M., Hodges, J., Cowper, D., & Sayer, N. (2005). Regional variation and other correlates of department of Veterans affairs disability awards for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Medical Care, 43(2), 112–121. doi:10.1097/00005650-200502000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, N. W., & Doane, B. M. (2013). Research and symptom validity assessment in mild traumatic brain injury cases. In D. A. Carone & S. S. Bush (Eds.), Mild traumatic brain injury: Symptom validity assessment and malingering (pp. 119–144), New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, N. W., Sweet, J. J., Berry, D. T. R., Bryant, F. B., & Granacher, R. P. (2007). Response validity in forensic neuropsychology: Exploratory factor analytic evidence of distinct cognitive and psychological constructs. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(3), 440–449. doi:10.1017/s1355617707070373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proto, D. A., Pastorek, N. J., Miller, B. I., Romesser, J. M., Sim, A. H., & Linck, J. F. (2014). The dangers of failing one or more performance validity tests in individuals claiming mild traumatic brain injury-related postconcussive symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29, 614–624. doi:10.1093/arclin/acu044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp, P. E., & Curley, K. C. (2012). Is a diagnosis of “mild traumatic brain injury” a category mistake? Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 73(2), S13–S23. doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e318260604b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, D., Winter, K., Bleiberg, J., & Kane, R. (2007). ANAM ® genogram: Historical perspectives, description, and current endeavors. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 15–37. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R., Robinson, E. V., & Gillard, N. D. (2014). The SIMS screen for feigned mental disorders: The development of detection‐based scales. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 32(4), 455–466. doi:10.1002/bsl.2131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., Martin, M. A., & Vitacco, M. J. (2003). Detection of feigned mental disorders: A meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering. Assessment, 10(2), 160–177. doi:10.1177/1073191103010002007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohling, M. L., Meyers, J. E., & Millis, S. R. (2003). Neuropsychological impairment following traumatic brain injury: A dose-response analysis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(3), 289–302. doi:10.1076/clin.17.3.289.18086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, S. C., Fischer, A. N., & Heyer, G. L. (2015). How long is too long? The lack of consensus regarding the post-concussion syndrome diagnosis. Brain Injury, 29(7–8), 798–803. doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1004756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shandera-Ochsner, A. L., Berry, D. T. R., Harp, J. P., Edmundson, M., Graue, L. O., Roach, A., & High, Jr., W. M. (2013). Neuropsychological effects of self-reported deployment-related mild TBI and current PTSD in OIF/OEF veterans. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(6), 881–907. doi:10.1080/13854046.2013.802017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharland, M., & Gfeller, J. (2007). A survey of neuropsychologists’ beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(2), 213–223. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. P. (2008). Brief screening measures of the detection of feigned psychopathology. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (pp. 323–339). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Smith & Burger (1997). Detection of malingering: Validation of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25, 183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storzbach, D., O’Neil, M. E., Roost, S. M., Kowalski, H., Iverson, G. L., Binder, L. M., … Huckans, M. (2015). Comparing the neuropsychological test performance of operation enduring freedom/operation Iraqi freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans with and without blast exposure, mild traumatic brain injury, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 21(5), 353–363. doi:10.1017/s1355617715000326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of memory malingering: TOMM. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• van Beilen, M., Griffioen, B. T., Gross, A., & Leenders, K. L. (2009). Psychological assessment of malingering in psychogenic neurological disorders and non-psychogenic neurological disorders: Relationship to psychopathology levels. European Journal of Neurology, 16, 1118–1123. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02655.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke, S. A., Millis, S. R., Axelrod, B. N., & Hanks, R. A. (2013). Assessing effort: Differentiating performance and symptom validity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(8), 1234–1246. doi:10.1080/13854046.2013.835447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Impelen, A., Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M., & Merten, T. (2014). The structured inventory of malingered symptomatology (SIMS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(8), 1336–1365. doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.984763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wäljas, M., Iverson, G. L., Lange, R. T., Hakulinen, U., Dastidar, P., Huhtala, H., … Öhman, J. (2015). A prospective biopsychosocial study of the persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(8), 534–547. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1994). The PTSD checklist-civilian version (PCL-C). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD.
   Google Scholar
• Widows, M. R., & Smith, G. P. (2005). Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Wisdom, N. M., Callahan, J. L., & Shaw, T. G. (2010). Diagnostic utility of the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology to detect malingering in a forensic sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(2), 118–125. doi:10.1093/arclin/acp110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisdom, N. M., Pastorek, N. J., Miller, B. I., Booth, J. E., Romesser, J. M., Linck, J. F., & Sim, A. H. (2014). PTSD and cognitive functioning: Importance of including performance validity testing. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(1), 128–145. doi:10.1080/13854046.2013.863977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick, D. F., Rivara, F. P., Jurkovich, G. J., Hoge, C. W., Wang, J., Fan, M. Y., et al. (2010). Multisite investigation of traumatic brain injuries, posttraumatic stress disorder, and self-reported health and cognitive impairments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1291–1300. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, P., Kowalski, J. T., Alliger-Horn, C., Danker-Hopfe, H., Engers, A., Meermann, R., & Hellweg, R. (2013). Detection of malingering in the assessment of occupational disability in the military. German Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 54–60.
   Google Scholar