Alcohol misuse and traumatic brain injury: a review of the potential roles of dopaminergic dysfunction and physiological underarousal post-injury

References

• Adams, R. S., Larson, M. J., Corrigan, J. D., Ritter, G. A., Horgan, C. M., Bray, R. M., & Williams, T. V. (2016). Combat-acquired traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and their relative associations with postdeployment binge drinking. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(1), 13. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcock, B., Gallant, C., & Good, D. (2018). The relationship between concussion and alcohol consumption among university athletes. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 7, 58–64. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2018.02.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander, S., Kerr, M. E., Yonas, H., & Marion, D. W. (2004). The effects of admission alcohol level on cerebral blood flow and outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(5), 575–583. doi:10.1089/089771504774129900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. (1990). The abbreviated injury scale, 1990 revision. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Bales, J. W., Wagner, A. K., Kline, A. E., & Dixon, C. E. (2009). Persistent cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: A dopamine hypothesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 981–1003. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, M. H., Ditchfield, M., Maller, J. J., Catroppa, C., Godfrey, C., Rosenfeld, J. V., … Anderson, V. A. (2011). Hippocampus, amygdala and global brain changes 10 years after childhood traumatic brain injury. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 29(2), 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., St-Onge, F., Blackburn, M. C., Banville, A., Paradis-Giroux, A. A., & Ouellet, M. C. (2018). Alcohol and drug use before and during the first year after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(3), E51–E60. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A. (2001). Neurobiology of decision making: Risk and reward. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6(3), 205–216. doi:10.1053/scnp.2001.22927
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bechara, A., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). The somatic marker hypothesis: A neural theory of economic decision. Games and Economic Behavior, 52(2), 336–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295–307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275(5304), 1293–1295. doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: Some questions and answers. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 159–162. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Dolan, S., & Hindes, A. (2002). Decision-making and addiction (part II): Myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward? Neuropsychologia, 40(10), 1690–1705. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00016-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.56.6.893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Beck depression inventory manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Bigler, E. D. (2007). Anterior and middle cranial fossa in traumatic brain injury: Relevant neuroanatomy and neuropathology in the study of neuropsychological outcome. Neuropsychology, 21(5), 515. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.5.515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 75–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, K., Chen, A. L., Giordano, J., Borsten, J., Chen, T. J., Hauser, M., … Barh, D. (2012). The addictive brain: All roads lead to dopamine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 134–143. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.685407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø, R., Billieux, J., & Landrø, N. I. (2016). Which facets of impulsivity predict binge drinking? Addictive Behaviors Reports, 3, 43–47. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2016.03.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bombardier, C. H., Rimmele, C. T., & Zintel, H. (2002). The magnitude and correlates of alcohol and drug use before traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83(12), 1765–1773. doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.36085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bombardier, C. H., Temkin, N. R., Machamer, J., & Dikmen, S. S. (2003). The natural history of drinking and alcohol-related problems after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(2), 185–191. doi:10.1053/apmr.2003.50002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadwater, M. A., Lee, S. H., Yu, Y., Zhu, H., Crews, F. T., Robinson, D. L., & Shih, Y. Y. I. (2018). Adolescent alcohol exposure decreases frontostriatal resting‐state functional connectivity in adulthood. Addiction Biology, 23(2), 810–823. doi:10.1111/adb.12530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahalan, D., & Cisin, I. (1968). American drinking practices: Summary of findings from a national probability sample: I. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 29, 130–151.
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy, J. D., Carroll, L., Peloso, P., Borg, J&X;R., von Holst, H., Holm, L., … Coronado, V. (2004). Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 36, 28–60. doi:10.1080/16501960410023732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. H., Huang, E. Y. K., Kuo, T. T., Miller, J., Chiang, Y. H., & Hoffer, B. J. (2017). Impact of traumatic brain injury on dopaminergic transmission. Cell Transplantation, 26(7), 1156–1168. doi:10.1177/0963689717714105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. M., Yi, H. Y., Yoon, Y. H., & Dong, C. (2012). Alcohol use at time of injury and survival following traumatic brain injury: Results from the National Trauma Data Bank. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(4), 531–541. doi:10.15288/jsad.2012.73.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherner, M., Temkin, N. R., Machamer, J. E., & Dikmen, S. S. (2001). Utility of a composite measure to detect problematic alcohol use in persons with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(6), 780–786. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.23263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conte, R., Ladd, F. V. L., Ladd, A. A. B. L., Moreira, A. L., Le Sueur-Maluf, L., de Barros Viana, M., & Céspedes, I. C. (2019). Behavioral and stereological analysis of the prefrontal cortex of rats submitted to chronic alcohol intake. Behavioural Brain Research, 362, 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D. (1995). Substance abuse as a mediating factor in outcome from traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76(4), 302–309. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80654-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D., & Bogner, J. (2007). Initial reliability and validity of the Ohio State University TBI identification method. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 22(6), 318–329. doi:10.1097/01.HTR.0000300227.67748.77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D., Bogner, J., Mellick, D., Bushnik, T., Dams-O'Connor, K., Hammond, F. M., … Kolakowsky-Hayner, S. (2013). Prior history of traumatic brain injury among persons in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(10), 1940–1950. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.05.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D., & Cole, T. B. (2008). Substance use disorders and clinical management of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA, 300(6), 720–721. doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D., Cuthbert, J. P., Harrison-Felix, C., Whiteneck, G. G., Bell, J. M., Miller, A. C., … Pretz, C. R. (2014). US population estimates of health and social outcomes 5 years after rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(6), E1–E9. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D., & Deutschle, J. J. Jr, (2008). The presence and impact of traumatic brain injury among clients in treatment for co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse. Brain Injury, 22(3), 223–231. doi:10.1080/02699050801938967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, P., King, B., Cooper, H., & Milling, T. J. (2012). Self-reported alcohol use is an independent risk factor for head and brain injury among cyclists but does not confound helmets’ protective effect. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 43(2), 244–250. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.05.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbert, J. P., Pretz, C. R., Bushnik, T., Fraser, R. T., Hart, T., Kolakowsky-Hayner, S. A., … Sherer, M. (2015). Ten-year employment patterns of working age individuals after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A national institute on disability and rehabilitation research traumatic brain injury model systems study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(12), 2128–2136. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, D. R., Cantanzaro, A. M., Firestone, J., Schwartz, M., & Stuss, D. T. (2006). Changes in coping style following traumatic brain injury and their relationship to productivity status. Brain and Cognition, 60(2), 214–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sousa, A., McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2011). Understanding deficits in empathy after traumatic brain injury: The role of affective responsivity. Cortex, 47(5), 526–535. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Chiara, G., & Imperato, A. (1988). Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(14), 5274–5278. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.14.5274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durazzo, T. C., Tosun, D., Buckley, S., Gazdzinski, S., Mon, A., Fryer, S. L., & Meyerhoff, D. J. (2011). Cortical thickness, surface area, and volume of the brain reward system in alcohol dependence: Relationships to relapse and extended abstinence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(6), 1187–1200. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01452.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, B. E., Greaves-Lord, K., Euser, A. S., Tulen, J. H., Franken, I. H., & Huizink, A. C. (2012). Alcohol and tobacco use and heart rate reactivity to a psychosocial stressor in an adolescent population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126(3), 296–303. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyer, M. M., Renier, C. M., Woehrle, T. A., Vogel, L. E., Conway, P. G., & McCarty, C. A. (2017). Alcohol use at the time of traumatic brain injury: Screening and brief intervention in a community hospital. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 24(2), 116. doi:10.1097/JTN.0000000000000275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fann, J. R., Burington, B., Leonetti, A., Jaffe, K., Katon, W. J., & Thompson, R. S. (2004). Psychiatric illness following traumatic brain injury in an adult health-maintenance organization population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(1), 53–61. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felde, A. B., Westermeyer, J., & Thuras, P. (2006). Co-morbid traumatic brain injury and substance use disorder: Childhood predictors and adult correlates. Brain Injury, 20(1), 41–49. doi:10.1080/02699050500309718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortier, C. B., Leritz, E. C., Salat, D. H., Lindemer, E., Maksimovskiy, A. L., Shepel, J., … McGlinchey, R. E. (2014). Widespread effects of alcohol on white matter. Microstructure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(12), 2925–2933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, A.-K., Thompson, J., Chen, L., Dagda, M., Dertien, J., Dossou, K. S. S., … Kruman, I. I. (2014). Differential sensitivity of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to alcohol-induced toxicity. PLoS One, 9(9), e106945. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerra, G., Zaimovic, A., Moi, G., Bussandri, M., Delsignore, R., Caccavari, R., & Brambilla, F. (2003). Neuroendocrine correlates of antisocial personality disorder in abstinent heroin‐dependent subjects. Addiction Biology, 8(1), 23–32. doi:10.1080/1355621031000069846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, D. P., & Cardon, A. L. (2008). An update on substance use and treatment following traumatic brain injury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141(1), 148–162. doi:10.1196/annals.1441.029
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gros, D. F., Korte, K. J., Horner, M. D., Brady, K. T., & Back, S. E. (2016). Co-occurring traumatic brain injury, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol use in veterans. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 266–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, K. L., Schiehser, D. M., Clark, A. L., Sorg, S. F., Kim, R. T., Jacobson, M. W., … Delano-Wood, L. (2016). Problem alcohol use in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury: Associations with cognitive performance and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(10), 1115–1130. doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1198468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heltemes, K. J., Dougherty, A. L., MacGregor, A. J., & Galarneau, M. R. (2011). Alcohol abuse disorders among US service members with mild traumatic brain injury. Military Medicine, 176(2), 147–150. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrold, A. A., Jordan, N., High, W. M., Babcock-Parziale, J., Chambers, R. A., Smith, B., … Pape, T. L.-B. (2014). Alcohol use and craving among Veterans with mental health disorders and mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 51(9), 1397–1410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrold, A. A., Sander, A. M., Wilson, K. V., Scimeca, L. M., Cobia, D. J., & Breiter, H. C. (2015). Dual diagnosis of traumatic brain injury and alcohol use disorder: Characterizing clinical and neurobiological underpinnings. Current Addiction Reports, 2(4), 273–284. doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0078-3
   Google Scholar
• Hibbard, M. R., Uysal, S., Kepler, K., Bogdany, J., & Silver, J. (1998). Axis I psychopathology in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 13(4), 24–39. doi:10.1097/00001199-199808000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommer, D. W., Bjork, J. M., & Gilman, J. M. (2011). Imaging brain response to reward in addictive disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1216(1), 50–61. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05898.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horner, M. D., Ferguson, P. L., Selassie, A. W., Labbate, L. A., Kniele, K., & Corrigan, J. D. (2005). Patterns of alcohol use 1 year after traumatic brain injury: A population-based, epidemiological study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11(3), 322–330. doi:10.1017/S135561770505037X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilie, G., Mann, R. E., Hamilton, H., Adlaf, E. M., Boak, A., Asbridge, M., … Cusimano, M. D. (2015). Substance use and related harms among adolescents with and without traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(5), 293–301. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. A., Eick-Cost, A., Jeffries, V., Russell, K., & Otto, J. L. (2015). Risk of alcohol use disorder or other drug use disorder among US service members following traumatic brain injury, 2008–2011. Military Medicine, 180(2), 208–215. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalechstein, A., & van Gorp, W. (2007). Neuropsychology and Substance Use. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kalivas, P. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2005). The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(8), 1403–1413. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karelina, K., Gaier, K. R., & Weil, Z. M. (2017). Traumatic brain injuries during development disrupt dopaminergic signaling. Experimental Neurology, 297, 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karelina, K., Nicholson, S., & Weil, Z. M. (2018). Minocycline blocks traumatic brain injury-induced alcohol consumption and nucleus accumbens inflammation in adolescent male mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 69, 532–539. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, T., Harrington, D. E., Adams, R., Anderson, T., Berrol, S., Cicerone, K., … Harley, P. (1993). Mild traumatic brain injury committee, american congress of rehabilitation medicine, head injury interdisciplinary special interest group. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8, 86–87.
   Google Scholar
• Kobori, N., Clifton, G. L., & Dash, P. K. (2006). Enhanced catecholamine synthesis in the prefrontal cortex after traumatic brain injury: Implications for prefrontal dysfunction. Journal of Neurotrauma, 23(7), 1094–1102. doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.1094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, J. F., Morgenstern, H., Fife, D., Conroy, C., & Nourjah, P. (1989). Blood alcohol tests, prevalence of involvement, and outcomes following brain injury. American Journal of Public Health, 79(3), 294–299. doi:10.2105/AJPH.79.3.294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzer, J., Leininger, B. E., Doherty, K., & Waaland, P. K. (1987). General health and history questionnaire. Richmond, VA: Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Medical College of Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Kreutzer, J. S., Witol, A. D., & Marwitz, J. H. (1996). Alcohol and drug use among young persons with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 29(6), 643–651. doi:10.1177/002221949602900608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlois, J. A., Rutland-Brown, W., & Thomas, K. E. (2006). Traumatic brain injury in the United States: Emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
   Google Scholar
• Langlois, J. A., Rutland-Brown, W., & Wald, M. M. (2006). The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: A brief overview. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 21(5), 375–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumma, A. L., Kok, B. E., & Singer, T. (2015). Is meditation always relaxing? Investigating heart rate, heart rate variability, experienced effort and likeability during training of three types of meditation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 97(1), 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martindale, S. L., Epstein, E. L., Taber, K. H., Rowland, J. A., Brancu, M., Beckham, J. C., … Yoash-Gantz, R. E. (2018). Behavioral and health outcomes associated with deployment and nondeployment acquisition of traumatic brain injury in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 99(12), 2485–2495. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masse, L. C., & Tremblay, R. E. (1997). Behavior of boys in kindergarten and the onset of substance use during adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(1), 62–68. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830130068014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massucci, J. L., Kline, A. E., Ma, X., Zafonte, R. D., & Dixon, C. E. (2004). Time dependent alterations in dopamine tissue levels and metabolism after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. Neuroscience Letters, 372(1–2), 127–131. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias, C. W., & Stanford, M. S. (2003). Impulsiveness and arousal: Heart rate under conditions of rest and challenge in healthy males. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(2), 355–371. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00195-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh, L., & Wood, R. L. (2008). Using a temporal discounting paradigm to measure decision-making and impulsivity following traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. Brain Injury, 22(9), 715–721. doi:10.1080/02699050802263027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horwood, J., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M. (2009). Adolescent psychiatric symptoms following preschool childhood mild traumatic brain injury: Evidence from a birth cohort. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24(3), 221–227. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181a40590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel, S. F., Cannella, L. A., Razmpour, R., Lutton, E., Raghupathi, R., Rawls, S. M., & Ramirez, S. H. (2017a). Factors affecting increased risk for substance use disorders following traumatic brain injury: What we can learn from animal models. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 77, 209–218. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel, S. F., Razmpour, R., Lutton, E. M., Tallarida, C. S., Heldt, N. A., Cannella, L. A., … Ramirez, S. H. (2017b). Adolescent traumatic brain injury induces chronic mesolimbic neuroinflammation with concurrent enhancement in the rewarding effects of cocaine in mice during adulthood. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(1), 165–181. doi:10.1089/neu.2015.4275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, S. R., Graham, D. P., & Teng, E. J. (2015). Examining the influence of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder on alcohol use disorder in OEF/OIF veterans. Military Medicine, 180(1), 45–52. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzkin, J. C., Baskin‐Sommers, A., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2014). Neural correlates of substance abuse: Reduced functional connectivity between areas underlying reward and cognitive control. Human Brain Mapping, 35(9), 4282–4292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler, E. J. (2005). Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction? Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1445. doi:10.1038/nn1578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Jile, J. R., Ryan, L. M., Parks-Levy, J., Betz, B., & Gouvier, W. D. (2004). Sensation seeking and risk behaviors in young adults with and without a history of head injury. Applied Neuropsychology, 11, 107–112. doi:10.1207/s15324826an1102_7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson-Madden, J. H., Brenner, L., Harwood, J. E., Emrick, C. D., Corrigan, J. D., & Thompson, C. (2010). Traumatic brain injury and psychiatric diagnoses in veterans seeking outpatient substance abuse treatment. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 25(6), 470–479. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181d717a7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagulayan, K. F., Temkin, N. R., Machamer, J. E., & Dikmen, S. S. (2016). Patterns of alcohol use after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(14), 1390–1396. doi:10.1089/neu.2015.4071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry-Jones, B. L., Vaughan, F. L., & Cox, W. M. (2006). Traumatic brain injury and substance misuse: A systematic review of prevalence and outcomes research (1994–2004). Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 16(5), 537–560. doi:10.1080/09602010500231875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polusny, M. A., Kehle, S. M., Nelson, N. W., Erbes, C. R., Arbisi, P. A., & Thuras, P. (2011). Longitudinal effects of mild TBI and PTSD comorbidity on post-deployment outcomes in National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(1), 79–89. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford, J., Alway, Y., & Gould, K. R. (2018). Epidemiology and natural history of psychiatric disorders after TBI. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 30(4), 262–270. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18040093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford, J., Whelan-Goodinson, R., & Bahar-Fuchs, A. (2007). Alcohol and drug use following traumatic brain injury: A prospective study. Brain Injury, 21(13–14), 1385–1392. doi:10.1080/02699050701796960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragsdale, K. A., Neer, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Frueh, B. C., & Stout, J. W. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in OEF/OIF veterans with and without traumatic brain injury. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(4), 420–426. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, J. M., & Read, C. A. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 21(13–14), 1321–1333. doi:10.1080/02699050701765700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropacki, S., Nakase-Richardson, R., Farrell-Carnahan, L., Lamberty, G. J., & Tang, X. (2018). Descriptive findings of the VA polytrauma rehabilitation centers TBI model systems national database. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 99(5), 952–959. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushby, J. A., Fisher, A. C., McDonald, S., Murphy, A., & Finnigan, S. (2013). Autonomic and neural correlates of dysregulated arousal in severe traumatic brain injury. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89(3), 460–465. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, A. L., Fenske, C. L., Gordon, W. A., Hibbard, M. R., Perez, K., Brandau, S., … Spielman, L. A. (2009). Co-morbidity of substance abuse and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 5(3–4), 404–417. doi:10.1080/15504260903182755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption‐II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, B., Mussel, P., & Hewig, J. (2013). I'm too calm—Let's take a risk! On the impact of state and trait arousal on risk taking. Psychophysiology, 50(5), 498–503. doi:10.1111/psyp.12032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selzer, M. L., Vinokur, A., & van Rooijen, L. (1975). A self-administered short Michigan alcoholism screening test (SMAST). Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 36(1), 117–126. doi:10.15288/jsa.1975.36.117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevy, S., Hassoun, Y., Bechara, A., Yechiam, E., Napolitano, B., Burdick, K., … Malhotra, A. (2006). Emotion-based decision-making in healthy subjects: Short-term effects of reducing dopamine levels. Psychopharmacology, 188(2), 228–235. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0450-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, S., Yallampalli, R., Merkley, T. L., McCauley, S. R., Bigler, E. D., MacLeod, M., … Wilde, E. A. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric analysis of the ventral striatum in adults with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 26(3), 201–210. doi:10.3109/02699052.2012.654591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher, K. J., Bartholow, B. D., & Wood, M. D. (2000). Personality and substance use disorders: A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, (5), 818. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X,68.5.818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, S. H., Hong, H. G., & Jeon, S. M. (2012). Personality and alcohol use: The role of impulsivity. Addictive Behaviors, 37(1), 102–107. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiroma, E. J., Ferguson, P. L., & Pickelsimer, E. E. (2012). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in an offender population: A meta-analysis. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27(3), E1–E10. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182571c14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, J. M., Kramer, R., Greenwald, S., & Weissman, M. (2001). The association between head injuries and psychiatric disorders: Findings from the New Haven NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Brain Injury, 15(11), 935–945. doi:10.1080/02699050110065295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg, N. D., & Iverson, G. L. (2011). Etiology of the post-concussion syndrome: Physiogenesis and psychogenesis revisited. NeuroRehabilitation, 29(4), 317–329. doi:10.3233/NRE-2011-0708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait, R. J., Anstey, K. J., & Butterworth, P. (2010). Incidence of self-reported brain injury and the relationship with substance abuse: Findings from a longitudinal community survey. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 171. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor, L. A., Kreutzer, J. S., Demm, S. R., & Meade, M. A. (2003). Traumatic brain injury and substance abuse: A review and analysis of the literature. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13(1–2), 165–188. doi:10.1080/09602010244000336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonks, J., Williams, W. H., Frampton, I., Yates, P., & Slater, A. (2007). Reading emotions after child brain injury: A comparison between children with brain injury and non-injured controls. Brain Injury, 21(7), 731–739. doi:10.1080/02699050701426899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topolovec-Vranic, J., Ennis, N., Colantonio, A., Cusimano, M. D., Hwang, S. W., Kontos, P., … Stergiopoulos, V. (2012). Traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1059. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1059
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Noordt, S., & Good, D. (2011). Mild head injury and sympathetic arousal: Investigating relationships with decision-making and neuropsychological performance in university students. Brain Injury, 25(7–8), 707–716. doi:10.3109/02699052.2011.580312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn, M. G., Salas-Wright, C. P., John, R., Holzer, K. J., Qian, Z., & Veeh, C. (2019). Traumatic brain injury and psychiatric co-morbidity in the United States. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(1), 151–158. doi:10.1007/s11126-018-9617-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veeh, C. A., Vaughn, M. G., & Renn, T. (2018). Coping strategies and traumatic brain injury in incarcerated youth: A mediation analysis. Brain Injury, 32(13–14), 1795–1802. doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1537007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura, J., Liberman, R. P., Green, M. F., Shaner, A., & Mintz, J. (1998). Training and quality assurance with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P). Psychiatry Research, 79(2), 163–173. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00038-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdejo-Garcia, A. P. G. M., Pérez-García, M., & Bechara, A. (2006). Emotion, decision-making and substance dependence: A somatic-marker model of addiction. Current Neuropharmacology, 4(1), 17–31. doi:10.2174/157015906775203057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. J., & Swanson, J. M. (2004). Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: Results from imaging studies and treatment implications. Molecular Psychiatry, 9(6), 557. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. K., Drewencki, L. L., Chen, X., Santos, F. R., Khan, A. S., Harun, R., … Dixon, C. E. (2009). Chronic methylphenidate treatment enhances striatal dopamine neurotransmission after experimental traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurochemistry, 108(4), 986–997. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05840.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. K., Sokoloski, J. E., Ren, D., Chen, X., Khan, A. S., Zafonte, R. D., … Dixon, C. E. (2005). Controlled cortical impact injury affects dopaminergic transmission in the rat striatum. Journal of Neurochemistry, 95(2), 457–465. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03382.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1994a). PTSD checklist—civilian version. Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1994b). PTSD checklist—military version. Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division.
   Google Scholar
• Weil, Z. M., Corrigan, J. D., & Karelina, K. (2016b). Alcohol abuse after traumatic brain injury: Experimental and clinical evidence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 62, 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil, Z. M., & Karelina, K. (2017). Traumatic brain injuries during development: Implications for alcohol abuse. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 135. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil, Z. M., Karelina, K., & Corrigan, J. D. (2019). Does pediatric traumatic brain injury cause adult alcohol misuse: Combining preclinical and epidemiological approaches. Experimental Neurology, 317, 284–290. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil, Z. M., Karelina, K., Gaier, K. R., Corrigan, T. E., & Corrigan, J. D. (2016a). Juvenile traumatic brain injury increases alcohol consumption and reward in female mice. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(9), 895–903. doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, S. L. (2011). Substance use among persons with traumatic brain injury: A review. NeuroRehabilitation, 29(1), 1–8. 10.3233/NRE-2011-0671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte, J., Hart, T., Vaccaro, M., Grieb-Neff, P., Risser, A., Polansky, M., & Coslett, H. B. (2004). Effects of methylphenidate on attention deficits after traumatic brain injury: A multidimensional, randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83, 401–420. doi:10.1097/01.PHM.0000128789.75375.D3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde, E. A., Bigler, E. D., Hunter, J. V., Fearing, M. A., Scheibel, R. S., Newsome, M. R., … Levin, H. S. (2007). Hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia morphometrics in children after moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 294–299. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00294.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winqvist, S., Luukinen, H., Jokelainen, J., Lehtilahti, M., Näyhä, S., & Hillbom, M. (2008). Recurrent traumatic brain injury is predicted by the index injury occurring under the influence of alcohol. Brain Injury, 22(10), 780–785. doi:10.1080/02699050802339397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, H. Q., Kline, A. E., Ma, X., Hooghe-Peters, E. L., Marion, D. W., & Dixon, C. E. (2001). Tyrosine hydroxylase, but not dopamine beta-hydroxylase, is increased in rat frontal cortex after traumatic brain injury. Neuroreport, 12(11), 2323–2327. doi:10.1097/00001756-200108080-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar