DIY tDCS: a need for an empirical look

References

• Bikson, M., Pnina Grossman, Chris Thomas, Adantchede Louis Zannou, Jimmy Jiang, Tatheer Adnan, Antonios P. Mourdoukoutas, et al. 2016. “Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016.” Brain Stimulation 9 (5): 641–661. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrera, L. Y., Emily L. Evans, and Roy H. Hamilton. 2014. “Ethics of the Electrified Mind: Defining Issues and Perspectives on the Principled Use of Brain Stimulation in Medical Research and Clinical Care.” Brain Topography 27 (1): 33–45. doi: 10.1007/s10548-013-0296-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, N. J. 2014. “Transcranial Stimulation of the Developing Brain: A Plea for Extreme Caution.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8: 137. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubljević, V. 2015. “Neurostimulation Devices for Cognitive Enhancement: Toward a Comprehensive Regulatory Framework.” Neuroethics 8 (2): 115–126. doi: 10.1007/s12152-014-9225-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubljevic, V., Victoria Saigle, and Eric Racine. 2014. “The Rising Tide of tDCS in the Media and Academic Literature.” Neuron 82 (4): 731–736. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitz, N. S., and P. B. Reiner. 2013. “The Challenge of Crafting Policy for Do-It-Yourself Brain Stimulation.” Journal of Medical Ethics 41 (5): 410–412. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2013-101458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foc.us. 2017. Accessed May 10, 2017. http://foc.us.
   Google Scholar
• Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine; The National Academies of Sciences, E., and Medicine. (2015). Non-invasive Neuromodulation of the Central Nervous System: Opportunities and Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fregni, F., M. A. Nitsche, C. K. Loo, A. R. Brunoni, P. Marangolo, J. Leite, S. Carvalho, et al. 2015. “Regulatory Considerations for the Clinical and Research Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Review and Recommendations from an Expert Panel.” Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs 32 (1): 22–35. doi: 10.3109/10601333.2015.980944
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldsworthy, M. R., Julia B. Pitcher, and Michael C. Ridding. 2015. “Spaced Noninvasive Brain Stimulation.” Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 29 (8): 714–721. doi: 10.1177/1545968314562649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halo. 2017. Accessed May 10, 2017. https://www.haloneuro.com.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, R., S. Messing, and A. Chatterjee. 2011. “Rethinking the Thinking Cap: Ethics of Neural Enhancement Using Noninvasive Brain Stimulation.” Neurology 76 (2): 187–193. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318205d50d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, C. J., Krish D. Singh, and David J. McGonigle. 2016. “Transcranial Modulation of Brain Oscillatory Responses: A Concurrent tDCS–MEG Investigation.” Neuroimage 140: 20–32. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs, J. H. 2012. “The Promises and Perils of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 35 (2): 121–129. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, J. C., Jason D. Forte, and Olivia Carter. 2015. “Quantitative Review Finds No Evidence of Cognitive Effects in Healthy Populations from Single-session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).” Brain Stimulation 8 (3): 535–550. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huet, E. 2016. “How Thync, Startup Behind Brain-Zapping Gadget, Almost Died.” Bloomberg Technology. Accessed May 10, 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-23/how-thync-startup-behind-brain-zapping-gadget-almost-died.
   Google Scholar
• Jog, M. V., Robert X. Smith, Kay Jann, Walter Dunn, Belen Lafon, Dennis Truong, Allan Wu, Lucas Parra, Marom Bikson, and Danny J. J. Wang. 2016. “In-vivo Imaging of Magnetic Fields Induced by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Human Brain using MRI.” Scientific Reports 6: 633. doi: 10.1038/srep34385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jwa, A. 2015. “Early Adopters of the Magical Thinking Cap: A Study On Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) User Community.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 2 (2): 292–335. doi: 10.1093/jlb/lsv017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadosh, R. C., Neil Levy, Jacinta O’Shea, Nicholas Shea, and Julian Savulescu. 2012. “The Neuroethics of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation.” Current Biology 22 (4): R108–R111. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kringelbach, M. L., Ned Jenkinson, Sarah L.F. Owen, and Tipu Z. Aziz. 2007. “Translational Principles of Deep Brain Stimulation.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8 (8): 623–635. doi: 10.1038/nrn2196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefaucheur, J. P., Andrea Antal, Samar S. Ayache, David H. Benninger, Jérôme Brunelin, Filippo Cogiamanian, Maria Cotelli, et al. 2017. “Evidence-based Guidelines on the Therapeutic Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).” Clinical Neurophysiology 128 (1): 56–92. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslen, H., Tom Douglas, Roi Cohen Kadosh, Neil Levy, and Julian Savulescu. 2015. “Do-It-Yourself Brain Stimulation: A Regulatory Model.” Journal of Medical Ethics 41 (5): 413–414. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2013-101692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte-Silva, K., Min-Fang Kuo, Silvia Hessenthaler, Shane Fresnoza, David Liebetanz, Walter Paulus, and Michael A. Nitsche. 2013. “Induction of Late LTP-Like Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex by Repeated Non-invasive Brain Stimulation.” Brain Stimulation 6 (3): 424–432. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIH. BRAIN Initiative: Non-invasive Neuromodulation – Mechanisms and Dose/Response Relationships for Targeted CNS Effects (R01). Accessed May 10, 2017. https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-MH-17-245.html.
   Google Scholar
• Nitsche, M. A., Leonardo G. Cohen, Eric M. Wassermann, Alberto Priori, Nicolas Lang, Andrea Antal, Walter Paulus, et al. 2008. “Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: State of the Art 2008.” Brain Stimulation 1 (3): 206–223. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche, M. A., and W. Paulus. 2011. “Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation – Update 2011.” Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 29 (6): 463–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palm, U., Felix M. Segmiller, Ann Natascha Epple, Franz-Joseph Freisleder, Nikolaos Koutsouleris, Gerd Schulte-Körne, and Frank Padberg. 2016. “Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children and Adolescents: A Comprehensive Review.” Journal of Neural Transmission 123 (10): 1219–1234. doi: 10.1007/s00702-016-1572-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schestatsky, P., L. Morales-Quezada, and F. Fregni. 2013. “Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.” Journal of Visualized Experiments (76). doi:10.3791/50426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SubreddittDCS. Accessed May 10, 2017. https://www.reddit.com/r/tDCS/.
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay, S., Jean-François Lepage, Alex Latulipe-Loiselle, Felipe Fregni, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, and Hugo Théoret. 2014. “The Uncertain Outcome of Prefrontal tDCS.” Brain Stimulation 7 (6): 773–783. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler, A. 2015. “A Pragmatic Analysis of the Regulation of Consumer Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) Devices in the United States.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 2 (3): 669–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler, A. 2016. “The Practices of Do-It-Yourself Brain Stimulation: Implications for Ethical Considerations and Regulatory Proposals.” Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (4): 211–215. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-102704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, A. J., A. Antal, M. Bikson, P. S. Boggio, A. R. Brunoni, P. Celnik, L. G. Cohen, et al. 2016. “A Technical Guide to tDCS, and Related Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Tools.” Clinical Neurophysiology 127 (2): 1031–1048. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar