Barriers to research productivity of academics in Tanzania higher education institutions: the need for policy interventions

References

• Abe, I., & Mugobo, V. (2021). Low research productivity: Transformation, institutional and leadership concern at a South African University. Perspectives in Education, 39(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.18820/2519593X/pie.v39.i2.9
   Google Scholar
• Acharya, K. P., & Pathak, S. (2019). Applied research in low-income countries: Why and how? Front. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 4, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2019.00003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adetayo, A. J., Oketunji, I., & Hamzat, S. A. (2023). Mentoring support for librarians’ research productivity in Southwestern Nigeria: A study of quantity of publications in quality outlets and online channels. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 49(1), 102625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2022.102625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• African Union Development Agency–New Partnership for Africa’s Development (AU-NEPAD). (2019). African innovation outlook III 2019. https://au. int/sites/default/files/documents/38122-docaio %203rd% 20 edition_% 20final_eng_% 20repro.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Akbaritabar, A., Casnici, N., & Squazzoni, F. (2018). The conundrum of research productivity: A study on sociologists in Italy. Scientometrics, 114(3), 859–882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2606-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksom, H., & Vakulenko, V. (2023). Revisiting the scope and suggesting novel domains of institutional theory in the public administration research. Teaching Public Administration. 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/01447394231191935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanna, B., Handl, J., & Heeks, R. (2021). Publication outperformance among global South researchers: An analysis of individual level and publication level predictors of positive deviance. Scientometrics, 126(10), 8375–8431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04128-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allemu, A. (2023). Factors determining research productivity in Ethiopian Universities: The case of Madda Walabu University. Social Sciences and Humanities Open. www.sciencedirect.com/journal/social-sciences-and-humanities-open, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100562
   Google Scholar
• Al-Shalawy, F. A., & Haleem, F. A. (2015). A knowledge attitudes and perceived barriers towards scientific research among undergraduate health sciences students in the central province of Saudi Arabia. Education in Medicine Journal, 7, e16–e21.
   Google Scholar
• Amarante, V., & Zurbrigg, J. (2021). Research on Development Issues from the Southern World. Partnership for Economic Policy Working Paper No. 2020-24. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3903366
   Google Scholar
• Appah, O. R., Tokede, A. M., Ahmad, O. A., & Tunde-Francis, A. A. (2020). Predictor of research productivity among married female research scientists in Oyo State, Nigeria. J. Finance Econ, 8(5), 232–236.
   Google Scholar
• Azad, A. N., & Seyyed, F. J. (2007). Factors influencing faculty research productivity: Evidence from AACSB accredited schools in the GCC countries. Journal of International Business Research, 6(1), 91–112.
   Google Scholar
• Badr, M. Z. (2018). Challenges facing scientific research in developing countries: 2. Environment and resources. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.11131/2018/101388
   Google Scholar
• Bandara, J. B. K., & Amarasinghe, N. T. (2023). Factors affecting the research performance of science research institutions in Sri Lanka. EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD), 8(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016
   Google Scholar
• Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battisti, E., Nirino, N., Leonidou, E., & Thrassou, A. (2022). Corporate venture capital and CSR performance: An extended resource-based view’s perspective. Journal of Business Research, 139, 1058–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley, P. J., & Kyvik, S. (2012). Individual differences in faculty research time allocations across 13 countries. Research in Higher Education, 54(3), 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-012-9273-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland, C. J., Center, B. A., Finstad, D. A., Risbey, K. R., & Staples, J. G. (2005). A theoretical, practical, predictive model of faculty and department research productivity. Academic Medicine, 80(3), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200503000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blicharska, M., Smithers, R. J., Kuchler, M., Agrawal, G. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Hassanali, A., Huq, S., Koller, S. H., Marjit, S., Mshinda, H. M., Masjuki, H. H., Solomons, N. W., Van Staden, J., & Mikusiński, G. (2017). Steps to overcome the North-South divide in research relevant to climate-change policy and practice. Nature Climate Change, 7(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boshoff, N. (2010). South-South research collaboration of countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Scientometrics, 84(2), 481–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0120-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Breetzke, G., & Hedding, D. (2019). The changing and challenging research landscape in South Africa. Studies in Higher Education, 45(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1602758
   Google Scholar
• Brew, A., Boud, D., Namgung, S. U., Lucas, L., & Crawford, K. (2016). Research productivity and academics’ conceptions of research. Higher Education, 71(5), 681–697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9930-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelwa, G. (2021). Does economics have an ‘Africa problem’? Economy and Society, 50(1), 78–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2021.1841933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloete, N., Bunting, I., & Schalkwyk, F. (2018). Research Universities in Africa. African Minds. Somerset West, Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Cocal, C. J., Cocal, E. J., & Celino, B. (2017). Factors limiting research productivity of faculty members of a state university: The Pangasinan State University Alaminos city campus case. Asia Pacific Journal of Academic Research in Social Sciences, 2, 43–48.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. (6th ed.). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Confraria, H., Godinho, M. M., & Wang, L. (2017). Determinants of citation impact: A comparative analysis of the Global South versus the Global North. Research Policy, 46(1), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, W. L., & Swanson, E. B. (2009). Special issue on institutional theory in information systems research: Contextualizing the it. Journal of Information Technology, 24(4), 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2009.17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desselle, S. P., Andrews, B., Lui, J., & Raja, G. L. (2018). The scholarly productivity and work environments of academic pharmacists. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy: RSAP, 14(8), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahy, J. (2000). The resource-based view of the firm: some stumbling-blocks on the road to understanding sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of European Industrial Training, 24(2/3/4), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590010321061
   Google Scholar
• Fahy, J., & Smithee, A. (1999). Strategic marketing and the resource-based view of the firm. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 10, 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Fung, J. L. (2017). Factors impacting research productivity at a highly-ranked university [Doctoral dissertation]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global Database. (Accession No. 1953257810)
   Google Scholar
• Fussy, D. S. (2017). The development of a research culture in Tanzania’s higher education system Enlighten: Theses. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/
   Google Scholar
• Fussy, D. S. (2018). The hurdles to fostering research in Tanzanian universities. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, L. M., Wester, K. L., & Borders, L. D. (2018). Supports and barriers to new faculty researcher development. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 10(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/SGPE-D-18-0002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Brambila, C. N., Reyes-Gonzalez, L., Veloso, F., & Perez-Angón, M. A. (2016). The scientific impact of developing nations. PLOS One, 11(3), e0151328. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamlall, D., & Van Belle, J. (2019). Research barriers experienced by South African academics in information systems and computer science. ICT Education: 47th Annual Conference of the Southern African Computer Lecturers' Association, SACLA 2018, Gordon's Bay, South Africa, June 18–20, 2018, University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Hardré, P. L., Beesley, A. D., Miller, R. L., & Pace, T. M. (2011). Faculty motivation to do research: across disciplines in research-extensive universities. Journal of the Professoriate, 5(1), 36–69.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, J. S., Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Ireland, R. D. (2001). Resource complementarity in business combinations: Extending the logic to organizational alliances. Journal of Management, 27(6), 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazelkorn, E. (2010). Assessing Europe’s university-based research. Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Heng, K., Hamid, M. O., & Khan, A. (2020). Factors influencing academics’ research engagement and productivity: A developing countries perspective. Issues in Educational Research, 30(3), 965–987. http://www.iier.org.au/iier30/heng.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Q., & Gill, T. G. (2000). Is faculty research productivity: Influential factors and implications. Information Resources Management Journal, 13(2), 15–25. http://search.proquest.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/ https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2000040102
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal, M. Z., & Mahmood, A. (2011). Factors related to low research productivity at high education level. Asian Social Science, 7(2), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n2p188
   Google Scholar
• Jameel, A. S., & Ahmad, A. R. (2020). Factors Impacting research productivity of academic staff at the Iraqi higher education system. International Business Education Journal, 13(1), 108–126. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3614806 https://doi.org/10.37134/ibej.vol13.1.9.2020
   Google Scholar
• Jung, J. (2012). Faculty research productivity in Hong Kong across academic discipline. Higher Education Studies, 2(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v2n4p1
   Google Scholar
• Kadikilo, A. C., Kulshrestha, R., Sahay, A., & Nayak, P. (2023). Research promotion strategies to enhance research productivity in Tanzanian higher educational institutions. Review of Education, 11(3),e3436. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazigo, A. K., & Rickard, J. (2021). Examining the barriers and challenges impeding scientific research in COSECSA member countries. East and Central African Journal of Surgery, 25(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.4314/ecajs.v25i4
   Google Scholar
• Kazoka, J. E., & Wema, E. (2020). An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Research Capacity Developments in Higher Education Institutions in Tanzania. University of Dar Es Salaam Library Journal, 15(1), 45–66.
   Google Scholar
• Khalil, O. E. M., & Khalil, N. (2019). Business research productivity and barriers. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 26(1), 34–57. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPQM.2019.096990
   Google Scholar
• Kirigia, J. M., & Barry, S. P. (2008). Health challenges in Africa and the way forward. International Archives of Medicine, 1(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-7682-1-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohi, Y. M. (2000). Science and technology policy in Tanzania. Science and technology policy in East Africa: Country papers and comparative review (pp. 81–142). East African Communities.
   Google Scholar
• Kokwaro, G., & Kariuki, S. (2001). Medical research in Africa: Problems and some solutions. Malawi Medical Journal, 13, 40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345382/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumwenda, S., Niang, E. H. A., Orondo, P. W., William, P., Oyinlola, L., Bongo, G. N., & Chiwona, B. (2017). Challenges facing young African scientists in their research careers: A qualitative exploratory study. Malawi Medical Journal: The Journal of Medical Association of Malawi, 29(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v29i1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzhabekova, A., & Ruby, A. (2018). Raising research productivity in a post-soviet higher education system: A case from Central Asia. European Education, 50(3), 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/10564934.2018.1444942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Interviews: Learning from the craft of qualitative research. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kwanya, A., & Onyancha, T. (2021). Trends, patterns and determinants of research productivity at the Technical University of Kenya. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666920983400
   Google Scholar
• Kwiek, M. (2016). The European research elite: A cross-national study of highly productive academics in 11 countries. Higher Education, 71(3), 379–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9910-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lertputtarak, S. (2008). An investigation of factors related to research productivity in a public university in Thailand [Doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University.
   Google Scholar
• Levitan, A. S., & Ray, R. (1992). Personal and institutional characteristics affecting research productivity of academic accountants. Journal of Education for Business, 67(6), 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.1992.10117569
   Google Scholar
• Mantikayan, J. M., & Abdulgani, M. A. (2018). Factors affecting faculty research productivity: Conclusions from a critical review of the literature. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research, 31(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v31i1.561
   Google Scholar
• Maziku, J. W. (2021). A scientometric analysis of the science system in Tanzania. Stellenbosch University.
   Google Scholar
• Mgaiwa, S. J., & Ishengoma, J. M. (2017). Institutional constraints affecting quality assurance processes in Tanzania’s private universities. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 15(1), 57–67.
   Google Scholar
• Mgaiwa, S., & Kapinga, O. (2021). Mentorship of early career academics in Tanzania: issues and implications for the next generation of academics. Higher Education Pedagogies, 6(1), 114–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2021.1904433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migosi, J. A., Migiro, S. O., & Ogula, P. (2011). Factors that motivate business faculty in Kenya to conduct research. International Journal of Education Administration and Policy Studies, 4, 198–204. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.061
   Google Scholar
• Mills, J., Platts, K., & Bourne, M. (2003). Applying resource-based theory: methods, outcomes and utility for managers. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 23(2), 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570310458429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muia, A. M., & Oringo, J. O. (2016). Constraints on research productivity in Kenyan Universities: Case study of University of Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 03(08), 1785–1794.
   Google Scholar
• Nass, S. J., Levit, L. A., & Gostin, L. O. (2009). Rule I of M (US) C on HR and the P of HITHP. In: The value, importance, and oversight of health research. National Academies Press (US).
   Google Scholar
• National Science Board. (2018). Science and engineering indicators 2018. NSB-2018–1. National Science Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Nature Index. (2015). Africa. Nature, 522, S28–S29. https://doi.org/10.1038/522S28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New Partnership for Africa’s Development [NEPAD] Planning and Coordinating Agency [NPCA]. (2010). African Innovation Outlook 2010. NPCA.
   Google Scholar
• Nganga, C., Bowne, M., & Stremmel, A. (2020). Mentoring as a developmental identity process. Mentoring & Tutoring, 28(3), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2020.1783498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngongalah, L., Emerson, W., Rawlings, N. N., & Musisi, J. M. (2018). Research challenges in Africa – an exploratory study on the experiences and opinions of African researchers. Department of Researcher Development, Collaboration for Research Excellence in Africa (CORE Africa), Douala, Cameroon. https://doi.org/10.1101/446328.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, H. T. (2021). Revealing the pictures of research culture in Vietnamese higher education institutions. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 10(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.14425/jice.2021.10.1.0612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, Q. H. (2015). Factors influencing the research productivity of academics at the research-oriented university in Vietnam [Unpublished PhD thesis]. Griffith University.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. L. H. (2013). The challenges of developing research resources for leading Vietnamese universities. Higher Education Management and Policy, 24(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1787/hemp-24-5k3w5pdwd7g4
   Google Scholar
• North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard, L. P. (2017). Publishing and perishing: an academic literacies framework for investigating research productivity. Studies in Higher Education, 42(3), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1058351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olufadewa, I. I., Adesina, M. A., & Ayorinde, T. (2020). From Africa to the World: Reimagining Africa’s research capacity and culture in the global knowledge economy. Journal of Global Health, 10(1), 010321. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyeyemi, A. Y., Ejakpovi, D. R., Oyeyemi, A. L., & Adeniji, T. (2019). Research Productivity of Academic Staff in a Medical School. Sahel Medical Journal, 22(4), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_13_19
   Google Scholar
• Pasgaard, M., & Strange, N. (2013). A quantitative analysis of the causes of the global climate change research distribution. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), 1684–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peteraf, M. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 33–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich, P. R. (2002). The role of metacognitive knowledge in learning, teaching, and assessing. Theory into Practice, 41(4), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4101_
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, S. R., & Toutkoushian, R. K. (2006). Institutional research productivity and the connection to average student quality and overall reputation. Economics of Education Review, 25(6), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2006.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prathap, G., & Ratnavelu, K. (2015). Research performance evaluation of leading higher education institutions in Malaysia. https://www. Researchgate.net/publication/283169241
   Google Scholar
• R&D Magazine. (2018). 2018 Global R&D Funding Forecast. https://digital.rdmag.com/research and development/2018_global_r_d_funding_forecast?pg=1#pg1
   Google Scholar
• Salager-Meyer, F. (2008). Scientific publishing in developing countries: Challenges for the future. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.03.009
   Google Scholar
• Sanyal, B. C., & Varghese, N. V. (2006). Knowledge for the future: Research capacity in developing countries. International Institute for Educational Planning, 7-9 Rue Eugène Delacroix, 75116 Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyerr, A. (2004). African universities and the challenge of research capacity development. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2(1), 211–240.
   Google Scholar
• Scager, K., Akkerman, S. F., Pilot, A., & Wubbels, T. (2017). Teacher dilemmas in challenging students in higher education. Teaching in Higher Education, 22(3), 318–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1248392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, W. (2004). Institutional Theory: Contributing to a Theoretical Research Program. University.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, W. R. (2001). Institutions and organizations (2nd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and organizations (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sheikh, A. S. F., Sheikh, S. A., Kaleem, A., & Waqas, A. (2013). Factors contributing to lack of interest in research among medical students. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 4, 237–243. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S51536
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simisaye, A. O. (2019). A study of research productivity of the academic staff in research institutes in South-West Nigeria. Samaru Journal of information Studies, 19(2), 75–99.
   Google Scholar
• Snowball, J. D., & Shackleton, C. M. (2018). Factors enabling and constraining research in a small, research-intensive South African university. Research Evaluation, 27(2), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvy002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulo, T., Kendagor, R., Kosgei, D., Tuitoek, D., & Chelangat, S. (2012). Factors affecting research productivity in public universities of Kenya: The case of Moi University, Eldoret. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(5), 475–484.
   Google Scholar
• Szuflita-Zurawska, M., Basinska, B. A., & Leja, K. (2020). Barriers to and facilitators of scientific productivity: A case study from a Polish technical university [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the 36th IBIMA Conference: Education Excellence and Innovation Management: A 2025 Vision to Sustain Economic Development during Global Challenges, Granada, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH). (2005). A survey report of R&Dfunds flow in Tanzania government R&D institutions, 1994–2005.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH). (2017). [Description of the page]. http://www.costech.or.tz/?page_id=1618.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH). (2020). Research Priorities for Tanzania 2015-2020. COSTECH.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU). (2017). http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/RegisteredUniversity.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU). (2019). Handbook for standards and guidelines. http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/RegisteredUniversity.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU). (2021). List of approved university institutions in Tanzania. https://www.tcu.go.tz/.
   Google Scholar
• Teodorescu, D. (2000). Correlates of faculty publication productivity: A cross-national analysis. Higher Education, 39(2), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003901018634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien, H. T., Hai, N. T., & Viet, H. T. (2019). A case study: Institutional factors affecting lecturers’ research engagement in a university in Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. International Education and Research Journal, 5, 459–469.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, T., Trinh, T. P. T., Le, C. M., Hoang, L. K., & Pham, H. H. (2020). Research as a base for sustainable development of universities: Using the Delphi method to explore factors affecting international publishing among Vietnamese academic staff. Perspectives in Education, 39(2), 113–127. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/2519593X/pie.v39.i2.9
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, N. A., Hue, T. T., Lien, L. T., Van, L. H., Nhung, H. T., & Luu Quoc Dat, L. Q. (2022). Management factors influencing lecturers’ research productivity in Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam: A structural equation modelling analysis. Heliyon, 8(9), e10510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UIS-UNESCO. (2020). How much your country invests in R&D? [Data visualization]. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/apps/visualisations/research-and-development-spending
   Google Scholar
• UKaid. (2019). Assessing the needs of the research system in Tanzania. Report for the SRIA program. http://www.dfid.gov.uk
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). (2018). http://data.uis.unesco.org/ [Accessed December 2023].
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). (2019). Research and development. UNESCO Institute of Statistics. http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/research-and-development
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2010). MEASURING R&D: Challenges faced by developing countries. UNESCO Institute of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2015). UNESCO science report: towards 2030.
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (1986). The national science and technology policy. Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (1996). The national science and technology policy for Tanzania. Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2010). The national research and development policy. Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2023). Guidelines for research excellence award to researchers publishing in high-impact factor journals. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2016). Research priorities for Tanzania 2015–2020. Dar es Salaam. http://www.costech.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/COSTECH-RESEARCH_FINAL_Moses-new_29-sept.compressed.pd
   Google Scholar
• Uwizeye, D., Karimi, F., Thiong’o, C., Syonguvi, J., Ochieng, V., Kiroro, F., Gateri, A., Khisa, A. M., & Wao, H. (2021). Factors associated with research productivity in higher education institutions in Africa: A systematic review. AAS Open Research, 4(4), 26. https://doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13211.1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wangenge-Ouma, G., Lutomiah, A., & Langa, P. (2015). Academic incentives for knowledge production in Africa: Case studies of Mozambique and Kenya. In Knowledge Production and Contradictory Functions in African Higher Education (pp. 128–147).
   Google Scholar
• Williams, G., & Anyim, K. J. (2021). Intellectual capital and performance in organizations: An exploration of issues. International Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship, 3, 126–145.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020). Tanzania Macro Poverty Outlook. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/325071492188174978/mpo-tza.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yahui, H. C., & Swaminathan, N. (2017). Knowledge, attitudes, and barriers towards evidence-based practice among physiotherapists in Malaysia. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal, 37, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hkpj.2016.12.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yassinova, K. (2019). Factors impacting research productivity at higher educational institutions in Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, R., Yang, M., & Stapleton, P. (2020). Enhancing undergraduates’ critical thinking through research engagement: A practitioner research approach. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 38, 100737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zall Kusek, J., & Rist, R. (2004). Ten steps to a results-based monitoring and evaluation system: A handbook for development practitioners. The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. (2014). Factors that motivate academic staff to conduct research and influence research productivity in Chinese project 211 universities. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Canberra].
   Google Scholar