Antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection: Swedish recommendations 2019

References

• UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics—2019 fact sheet: UNAIDS [Internet]; 2019. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen J, Albert J, Blaxhult A, et al. Antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection: Swedish recommendations 2016. Infect Dis (Lond). 2017;49:1–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant J, Lazzarin A, Mills A, et al. Bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection (GS-US-380-1489): a double-blind, multicentre, phase 3, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2017;390:2063–2072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax PE, Pozniak A, Montes ML, et al. Coformulated bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide, for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection (GS-US-380-1490): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2017;390:2073–2082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, Squires KE, Molina JM, et al.; DRIVE-AHEAD Study Group,. Doravirine/*lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is non-inferior to efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-naive adults with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: week 48 results of the DRIVE-AHEAD trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:535–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina JM, Squires K, Sax PE, et al. Doravirine versus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 (DRIVE-FORWARD): 48-week results of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e211–e220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, Molina JM, Negredo E, et al.; EMERALD Study Group. Efficacy and safety of switching from boosted protease inhibitors plus emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimens to single-tablet darunavir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide at 48 weeks in adults with virologically suppressed HIV-1 (EMERALD): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e23–e34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eron JJ, Orkin C, Cunningham D, et al. Week 96 efficacy and safety results of the phase 3, randomized EMERALD trial to evaluate switching from boosted-protease inhibitors plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimens to the once daily, single-tablet regimen of darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) in treatment-experienced, virologically-suppressed adults living with HIV-1. Antiviral Res. 2019;170:104543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llibre JM, Hung CC, Brinson C, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of dolutegravir-rilpivirine for the maintenance of virological suppression in adults with HIV-1: phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority SWORD-1 and SWORD-2 studies. Lancet. 2018;391:839–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krentz HB, Campbell S, Lahl M, et al. De-simplifying single-tablet antiretroviral treatments: uptake, risks and cost savings. HIV Med. 2019;20:214–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brännström J, Svedhem V, Yilmaz A, et al. A high occurrence of late presenters and missed HIV diagnosis in clinical care in Sweden. J Int Aids Soc. 2010;13:P169.
   Google Scholar
• Zolopa A, Andersen J, Powderly W, et al.; for the ACTG A5164 Study Team. Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:725–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severe P, Juste MA, Ambroise A, et al. Early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected adults in Haiti. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Study G, Emery S, Neuhaus JA, Phillips AN, et al. Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:1133–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May M, Sterne JA, Sabin C, et al.; Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Cohort Collaboration. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients up to 5 years after initiation of HAART: collaborative analysis of prospective studies. AIDS. 2007;21:1185–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1815–1826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaboration HC, Cain LE, Logan R, et al. When to initiate combined antiretroviral therapy to reduce mortality and AIDS-defining illness in HIV-infected persons in developed countries: an observational study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:509–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al.; for the PARTNER Study Group. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 2016;316:171–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, et al. Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e438–e447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet. 2019;393:2428–2438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zash R, Holmes L, Diseko M, et al. Neural-tube defects and antiretroviral treatment regimens in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:827–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naver L, Albert J, Carlander C, et al. Prophylaxis and treatment of HIV-1 infection in pregnancy – Swedish Recommendations 2017. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50:495–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worm SW, Sabin C, Weber R, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with HIV infection exposed to specific individual antiretroviral drugs from the 3 major drug classes: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) study. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:318–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorjee K, Choden T, Baxi SM, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease associated with exposure to abacavir among individuals with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analyses of results from 17 epidemiologic studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52:541–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nan C, Shaefer M, Urbaityte R, et al. Abacavir use and risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: pooled analysis of data from clinical trials. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5:ofy086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddler SA, Haubrich R, DiRienzo AG, et al. Class-sparing regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2095–2106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
•  Daar AS, Tierney C, Fischl MA, Collier AC, Mollan K, Budhathoki C, editors. Final results of ABC/3TC or TDF/FTC with either EFV or ATV/r in treatment naive HIV-infected patients. Proceedings of the 17th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections; San Francisco, CA. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Raffi F, Jaeger H, Quiros-Roldan E, et al. Once-daily dolutegravir versus twice-daily raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (SPRING-2 study): 96 week results from a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:927–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennox JL, DeJesus E, Lazzarin A, et al. Safety and efficacy of raltegravir-based versus efavirenz-based combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: a multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:796–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockstroh JK, DeJesus E, Lennox JL, et al. Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walmsley SL, Antela A, Clumeck N, et al. Dolutegravir plus abacavir-lamivudine for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1807–1818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clotet B, Feinberg J, van Lunzen J, et al. Once-daily dolutegravir versus darunavir plus ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (FLAMINGO): 48 week results from the randomised open-label phase 3b study. Lancet. 2014;383:2222–2231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockstroh JK, DeJesus E, Henry K, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of coformulated elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF vs ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus coformulated emtricitabine and tenofovir DF for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: analysis of week 96 results. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62:483–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolopa A, Sax PE, DeJesus E, et al. A randomized double-blind comparison of coformulated elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: analysis of week 96 results. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63:96–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walmsley S, Bernstein B, King M, et al. Lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir for the initial treatment of HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:2039–2046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada Y, Nishijima T, Komatsu H, et al. Is ritonavir-boosted atazanavir a risk for cholelithiasis compared to other protease inhibitors?. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin KY, Liao SH, Liu WC, et al. Cholelithiasis and nephrolithiasis in HIV-positive patients in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0137660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon A, Martinez E, Mallolas J, et al. Early virological failure in treatment-naive HIV-infected adults receiving didanosine and tenofovir plus efavirenz or nevirapine. AIDS. 2005;19:213–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn P, Madero JS, Arribas JR, et al. Dolutegravir plus lamivudine versus dolutegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (GEMINI-1 and GEMINI-2): week 48 results from two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019;393:143–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocqueloux L, Raffi F, Prazuck T, et al.; MONCAY Study Group. Dolutegravir monotherapy versus dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine for virologically suppressed people living with chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection: the randomized noninferiority *MONotherapy of TiviCAY trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:1498–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijting I, Rokx C, Boucher C, et al. Dolutegravir as maintenance monotherapy for HIV (DOMONO): a phase 2, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e547–e554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson E, Nordquist A, Esbjornsson J, et al. Increase in transmitted drug resistance in migrants from sub-Saharan Africa diagnosed with HIV-1 in Sweden. AIDS. 2018;32:877–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekici H, Amogne W, Aderaye G, et al. Minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in treatment naive East-African and Caucasian patients detected by allele-specific real-time PCR. PLoS One. 2014;9:e111042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JZ, Paredes R, Ribaudo HJ, et al. Low-frequency HIV-1 drug resistance mutations and risk of NNRTI-based antiretroviral treatment failure: a systematic review and pooled analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:1327–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzaule SC, Hamers RL, Noguera-Julian M, et al. Clinically relevant thresholds for ultrasensitive HIV drug resistance testing: a multi-country nested case-control study. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e638–e646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills AM, Cohen C, Dejesus E, et al. Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens. HIV Clin Trials. 2013;14:216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleman S, Soderbarg K, Visco-Comandini U, et al. Drug resistance at low viraemia in HIV-1-infected patients with antiretroviral combination therapy. AIDS. 2002;16:1039–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandamme AM, Sonnerborg A, Ait-Khaled M, et al. Updated European recommendations for the clinical use of HIV drug resistance testing. Antivir Ther (Lond.). 2004;9:829–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks CB, Cahn P, Cooper DA, et al. Durable efficacy of tipranavir-ritonavir in combination with an optimised background regimen of antiretroviral drugs for treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients at 48 weeks in the Randomized Evaluation of Strategic Intervention in multi-drug reSistant patients with Tipranavir (RESIST) studies: an analysis of combined data from two randomised open-label trials. Lancet. 2006;368:466–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youle M, Staszweski S, Clotet B, et al. Concomitant use of an active boosted protease inhibitor with enfuvirtide in treatment-experienced, HIV-infected individuals: recent data and consensus recommendations. HIV Clin Trials. 2006;7:86–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozniak AL, Gallant JE, DeJesus E, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz versus fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: virologic, immunologic, and morphologic changes – a 96-week analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:535–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Study G; El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2283–2296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellberg T, Krabbe J, Gisslen M, et al. HIV-1 low copy viral sequencing - a prototype assay. Infect Dis (Lond). 2016;48:472–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandekerckhove LP, Wensing AM, Kaiser R, et al. European guidelines on the clinical management of HIV-1 tropism testing. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:394–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun XW, Kuhn L, Ellerbrock TV, et al. Human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1343–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham AG, D’Souza G, Jing Y, et al. Invasive cervical cancer risk among HIV-infected women: a North American multicohort collaboration prospective study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62:405–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlander C, Wagner P, Svedhem V, et al. Impact of immunosuppression and region of birth on risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among migrants living with HIV in Sweden. Int J Cancer. 2016;139:1471–1479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlander C, Wagner P, van Beirs A, et al. Suppressive antiretroviral therapy associates with effective treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AIDS. 2018;32:1475–1484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly H, Weiss HA, Benavente Y, et al. Association of antiretroviral therapy with high-risk human papillomavirus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cervical cancer in women living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e45–e58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MJ, Burk RD, Xie X, et al. Risk of cervical precancer and cancer among HIV-infected women with normal cervical cytology and no evidence of oncogenic HPV infection. JAMA. 2012;308:362–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MJ, Burk RD, Massad LS, et al. Cervical precancer risk in HIV-infected women who test positive for oncogenic human papillomavirus despite a normal Pap Test. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1573–1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorsteinsson K, Ladelund S, Jensen-Fangel S, et al. Incidence of cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer in women living with HIV in Denmark: comparison with the general population. HIV Med. 2016;17:7–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massad LS, Hessol NA, Darragh TM, et al. Cervical cancer incidence after up to 20 years of observation among women with HIV. Int J Cancer. 2017;141:1561–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santesso N, Mustafa RA, Schunemann HJ, et al.; the Guideline Support Group. World Health Organization Guidelines for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2-3 and screen-and-treat strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016;132:252–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi S, Clifford GM. Cervical screening: toward an equal risk/equal management approach, irrespective of HIV status. AIDS. 2017;31:1045–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
•  Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Carlander C, Marrone G, Brannstrom J, et al. Assessing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as an indicator disease for HIV in a low endemic setting: a population-based register study. BJOG . 2017;124:1680–1687.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gravitt PE. The known unknowns of HPV natural history. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:4593–4599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schim van der Loeff MF, Mooij SH, Richel O, et al. HPV and anal cancer in HIV-infected individuals: a review. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2014;11:250–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford N, Shubber Z, Calmy A, et al. Choice of antiretroviral drugs for postexposure prophylaxis for adults and adolescents: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:S170–S176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaines H, Albert J, Axelsson M, et al. Six-week follow-up after HIV-1 exposure: a position statement from the Public Health Agency of Sweden and the Swedish Reference Group for Antiviral Therapy. Infect Dis (Lond). 2016;48:93–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grulich AE, Guy R, Amin J, et al. Population-level effectiveness of rapid, targeted, high-coverage roll-out of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: the EPIC-NSW prospective cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e629–e637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387:53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237–2246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns G, McCormack S, Molina JM. The European preexposure prophylaxis revolution. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2016;11:74–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert J, Berglund T, Gisslen M, et al. Risk of HIV transmission from patients on antiretroviral therapy: a position statement from the Public Health Agency of Sweden and the Swedish Reference Group for Antiviral Therapy. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46:673–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodger A, Bruun T, Cambiano V, et al. HIV transmission risk through condomless sex if HIV + partner on suppressive ART: PARTNER Study. Boston (MA): CROI; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Vernazza P, Bernard EJ. HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: the Swiss Statement – eight years later. Swiss Med Wkly. 2016;146:w14246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkhälsomyndigheten. Smittsamhet vid behandlad hivinfektion. Östersund (Sweden): The Public Health Agency of Sweden; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Socias ME, Sued O, Laufer N, et al. Acute retroviral syndrome and high baseline viral load are predictors of rapid HIV progression among untreated Argentinean seroconverters. J Int AIDS Soc. 2011;14:40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodi S, Phillips A, Touloumi G, et al.; CASCADE Collaboration in EuroCoord. Time from human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion to reaching CD4+ cell count thresholds <200, <350, and <500 Cells/mm³: assessment of need following changes in treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:817–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Poon SH, et al. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection. Nature. 2000;407:523–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan CM, Degruttola V, Sun X, et al. The setpoint study (ACTG A5217): effect of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy on virologic set point in recently HIV-1-infected individuals. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:87–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Investigators ST, Fidler S, Porter K, et al. Short-course antiretroviral therapy in primary HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:207–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grijsen ML, Steingrover R, Wit FW, et al.; on behalf of the Primo-SHM Study Group. No treatment versus 24 or 60 weeks of antiretroviral treatment during primary HIV infection: the randomized Primo-SHM trial. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strain MC, Little SJ, Daar ES, et al. Effect of treatment, during primary infection, on establishment and clearance of cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1410–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burbelo PD, Price RW, Hagberg L, et al. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in the Cerebrospinal Fluid: evidence of early treatment impact on central nervous system reservoir? J Infect Dis. 2018;217:1024–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egnell K, Svedhem JV. 23% Of newly diagnosed HIV in 2007 at Karolinska University Hospital had opportunistic infections. Jias. 2008;11:P256.
   Google Scholar
• Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology. 2007;69:1789–1799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
•  Groupe d’experts pour la prise en charge du VIH. Prise en charge médicale des personnes vivant avec le VIH. Infection VIH-2; Diversité des VIH-1 [Internet]. Conseil national du sida et det hépatites virales; 2016. Available from: https://cns.sante.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/experts-vih_diversite.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gilleece Y, Chadwick DR, Breuer J, et al.; on behalf of the BHIVA Guidelines Subcommittee. British HIV Association guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV-2-positive individuals 2010. HIV Med. 2010;11:611–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Mehta SH, et al. Hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine or efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy: role of hepatitis C and B infections. Hepatology. 2002;35:182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunez M, Lana R, Mendoza JL, et al. Risk factors for severe hepatic injury after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:426–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziel MJ. Influence of HIV co-infection on hepatitis C immunopathogenesis. J Hepatol. 2006;44:S14–S18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewden C, May T, Rosenthal E, et al. Changes in causes of death among adults infected by HIV between 2000 and 2005: the “Mortalite 2000 and 2005” surveys (ANRS EN19 and Mortavic). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48:590–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagging M, Wejstal R, Duberg AS, et al.; for the Swedish Consensus Group. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection for adults and children: updated Swedish consensus guidelines 2017. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50:569–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey D, Krantz V, Partisani M, et al. Increasing the number of hepatitis B vaccine injections augments anti-HBs response rate in HIV-infected patients. Effects on HIV-1 viral load. Vaccine. 2000;18:1161–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yapa HM, Boffito M, Pozniak A. Critical review: what dose of rifabutin is recommended with antiretroviral therapy? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:138–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Custodio J, West SK, Collin S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of bicegravir administered twice daily in combination with rifampi. Boston (MA): CROI; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. HIV associated tuberculosis – TB/HIV fact sheet. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Folkhälsomyndigheten [Internet]. Tuberkulos 2018 Stockholm, Sweden. 2019. Available from: https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/folkhalsorapportering-statistik/statistik-a-o/sjukdomsstatistik/tuberkulos/
   Google Scholar
• Zenner D, Abubakar I, Conti S, et al. Impact of TB on the survival of people living with HIV infection in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Thorax. 2015;70:566–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi E, Cozzi-Lepri A, Gori A, et al. HIV-associated TB in a low burden country: is screening for latent TB still needed? Boston (MA): CROI; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Norrby M, Wannheden C, Ekstrom AM, et al. Incidence of tuberculosis and the need of prophylactic treatment in persons living with HIV in Stockholm during the era of anti-retroviral therapy 1996–2013. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50:807–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangaka MX, Wilkinson RJ, Boulle A, et al. Isoniazid plus antiretroviral therapy to prevent tuberculosis: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384:682–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub JE, Cohn S, Saraceni V, et al. Long-term protection from isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in a medium-burden tuberculosis setting: the TB/HIV in Rio (THRio) study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:639–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makadzange AT, Ndhlovu CE, Takarinda K, et al. Early versus delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy for concurrent HIV infection and cryptococcal meningitis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1532–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulware DM, Muzoora C. ART initiation within the first 2 weeks of cryptococcal meningitis is associated with higher mortality: a multisite randomized trial (Abstract #144). Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Atlanta, GA; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Boulware DR, Meya DB, Muzoora C, et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2487–2498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costiniuk CT, Fergusson DA, Doucette S, et al. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis with CD4 count <200 cells/µL and virologic suppression: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2011;6:e28570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojic EM, Kang M, Cespedes MS, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected women. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin CE, Sellors J, Shi JF, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of cervical cancer prevention based on a rapid human papillomavirus screening test in a high-risk region of China. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:1404–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacomet V, Penagini F, Trabattoni D, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-infected and HIV-negative adolescents and young adults. Vaccine. 2014;32:5657–5661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojic EM, Rana AI, Cu-Uvin S. Human papillomavirus vaccination in HIV-infected women: need for increased coverage. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15:105–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naver L, Lindgren S, Belfrage E, et al. Children born to HIV-1-infected women in Sweden in 1982–2003: trends in epidemiology and vertical transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;42:484–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh K, Shevitz A, Zaknun D, et al. Age- and time-related changes in extracellular viral load in children vertically infected by human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:1087–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker AS, Doerholt K, Sharland M, et al.; Collaborative HIVPSSC. Response to highly active antiretroviral therapy varies with age: the UK and Ireland Collaborative HIV Paediatric Study. AIDS. 2004;18:1915–1924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn D, Woodburn P, Duong T, et al.; HIV Paediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study (HPPMCS). Current CD4 cell count and the short-term risk of AIDS and death before the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children and adults. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:398–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The European Collaborative Study. Age-related standards for T lymphocyte subsets based on uninfected children born to human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected women. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11:1018–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Study HIVPPMC; Boyd K, Dunn DT, Castro H, et al. Discordance between CD4 cell count and CD4 cell percentage: implications for when to start antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected children. AIDS. 2010;24:1213–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn D; Group HIVPPMCS. Short-term risk of disease progression in HIV-1-infected children receiving no antiretroviral therapy or zidovudine monotherapy: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;362:1605–1611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2233–2244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penazzato M, Prendergast AJ, Muhe LM, et al. Optimisation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children under 3 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;5:CD004772.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis J, Walker AS, Castro H, et al. Age and CD4 count at initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children: effects on long-term T-cell reconstitution. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:548–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagigi A, Rinaldi S, Cotugno N, et al. Early highly active antiretroviral therapy enhances B-cell longevity: a 5 year follow up. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:e126–e131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesson J, Koumakpai S, Diagne NR, et al. Effect of age at antiretroviral therapy initiation on catch-up growth within the first 24 months among HIV-infected children in the IeDEA West African Pediatric Cohort. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34:e159–e168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persaud D, Patel K, Karalius B, et al. Influence of age at virologic control on peripheral blood human immunodeficiency virus reservoir size and serostatus in perinatally infected adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168:1138–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruel TD, Boivin MJ, Boal HE, et al. Neurocognitive and motor deficits in HIV-infected Ugandan children with high CD4 cell counts. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1001–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection–United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenthal ED, Ellenberg JH, Machine E, et al. Association between efavirenz-based compared with nevirapine-based antiretroviral regimens and virological failure in HIV-infected children. JAMA. 2013;309:1803–1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukonzo JK, Okwera A, Nakasujja N, et al. Influence of efavirenz pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics on neuropsychological disorders in Ugandan HIV-positive patients with or without tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA Drug Safety Communication: serious health problems seen in premature babies given Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) oral solution [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-serious-health-problems-seen-premature-babies-given-kaletra
   Google Scholar
• EMA. Updated advice on body fat changes and lactic acidosis with HIV medicines. London: European Medicines Agency; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Westling K, Naver L, Vesterbacka J, et al. Transition of HIV-infected youths from paediatric to adult care, a Swedish single-centre experience. Infect Dis (Lond). 2016;48:449–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keiser PH, Sension MG, DeJesus E, et al.; for the ESS40003 Study Team. Substituting abacavir for hyperlipidemia-associated protease inhibitors in HAART regimens improves fasting lipid profiles, maintains virologic suppression, and simplifies treatment. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llibre JM, Domingo P, Palacios R, et al. Sustained improvement of dyslipidaemia in HAART-treated patients replacing stavudine with tenofovir. AIDS. 2006;20:1407–1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobius U, Lubach-Ruitman M, Castro-Frenzel B, et al. Switching to atazanavir improves metabolic disorders in antiretroviral-experienced patients with severe hyperlipidemia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39:174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EACPR. SCORE - European High Risk Chart [Internet]. In: EAfCPa, editor. Rehabilitation. Available from: http://wwwescardioorg/static_file/Escardio/Subspecialty/EACPR/Documents/score-chartspdf2012
   Google Scholar
• Fichtenbaum CJ, Gerber JG, Rosenkranz SL, Segal Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG Study A5047. AIDS. 2002;16:569–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsyu PH, Schultz-Smith MD, Lillibridge JH, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between nelfinavir and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors atorvastatin and simvastatin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:3445–3450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servoss JC, Kitch DW, Andersen JW, et al. Predictors of antiretroviral-related hepatotoxicity in the adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group (1989–1999). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:320–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann AE, Pizzoferrato T, Bedford J, et al. Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:283–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward CL, Hall AM, Williams IG, et al. Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity. HIV Med. 2009;10:482–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill A, Hughes SL, Gotham D, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: is there a true difference in efficacy and safety? J Virus Erad. 2018;4:72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl D, Oka S, Clumeck N, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) vs. Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate (TDF), each coformulated with Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine (E/C/F) for initial HIV-1 treatment: week 96 results. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax PE, Wohl D, Yin MT, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, coformulated with elvitegravir, cobicistat, and emtricitabine, for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: two randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet. 2015;385:2606–2615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yombi JC, Pozniak A, Boffito M, et al. Antiretrovirals and the kidney in current clinical practice: renal pharmacokinetics, alterations of renal function and renal toxicity. AIDS. 2014;28:621–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallal S, Nolan D, Witt C, et al. Association between presence of HLA-B*5701, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor abacavir. Lancet. 2002;359:727–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AM, Nolan D, Gaudieri S, et al. Predisposition to abacavir hypersensitivity conferred by HLA-B*5701 and a haplotypic Hsp70-Hom variant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:4180–4185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, Wang J, Bergin C, et al. An epidemiologic study to determine the prevalence of the HLA-B*5701 allele among HIV-positive patients in Europe. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2010;20:307–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, et al. HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:568–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslangul E, Assoumou L, Bittar R, et al. Rosuvastatin versus pravastatin in dyslipidemic HIV-1-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors: a randomized trial. AIDS. 2010;24:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Willig JH, Mugavero MJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness and toxicity of statins among HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellet D, Hsu A, Qian J, et al. Effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl oestradiol in healthy female volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;46:111–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar